MPPE 1123 ADVANCED EDUCATONAL PSYOCHOLOGY

Semester II Session 2014/2015

WOON CHING LING

MPP141355
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

FACULTY OF EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

MARCH

CHAPTER FOUR
PERSONAL, SOCIAL, AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Definition
Changes in peoples personality in different stages
How individuals respond to their environment in different stages.

Personal
development

Social
development

Enhancement of ability people make to interact and get along with

others.

Moral
development

Advances in individuals conception of right and wrong.

Develop proper attitude and behaviour.

Environmental influences on Development

According to Bronfenbrenners model, a persons development is influenced by a complex set
of system as below:

Microsystem

The people & activities in the childs immediate surroundings.

( Examples: family, peers, neighbour and school )

Interaction and connections between family, peers, schools and

neighbour.
( Examples: Involvement of parents in school activity. )

Societal influences that affect both micro- and mesosystems.

( Examples: Parents job may affect the consuming of time to spend
with their children. )

Cultural influences
( Example: Born in a poor family makes people work harder.)

Mesosystem

Exosystem
Macrosystem

Parents Influence on Development

Parenting styles
Authoritative parents
- high expectations
- warm and responsive

General patterns of personal development

-

mature, considerate, confident, secure and

successful in school

withdrawn, sometime defiant, and weak in

social skills

Permissive parents
- few expectations
- warm

immature, compulsive, and unmotivated

Uninvolved parents
- few expectations
- cold and unresponsive

lack self-control
disobedient and easily frustrated

Authoritarian parents
- high expectations
- cold and unresponsive

Peers Influence on Development

1. Attitudes ad Value:
-Peer context has positive net effects on students attitudes and values in various aspects.
-Peers of diverse races, culture, or gender can reinforce the development.
- Academically oriented peer groups promote hard work, studying and achievement.

2. Opportunities to practice social skills:

- Children's social skills are important for early school success and later adjustment.
- Peers provide opportunities to practice these skills.
- Children without adequate social skills often rejected by their peers and have fewer
opportunities to practise social skills.

3. Emotional Support:
- Peers provide emotional support and sense of identity.
- Students seek emotional support from friends with similarity.
- Example: A piano player tends to associated with other musical lover.

Obstacles to Healthy Development

- immediate health risks: high blood pressure and high cholesterol
- social problems: peer rejection and negative perceptions
- low achievement
Alcohol and drugs
- lead to health problems, car accidents and suicide
- changes in behaviour, academic performance and appearance
Child abuse
- teacher need to be aware of their students changes
- School violence: an extreme form of aggression that involves serious
bodily injury or death.
Peer aggression
- Bullying: peer aggression that involves systematic or repetitious abuse
of power between students.
Physical Development
Obesity

1) Early Childhood and Elementary Years

- Physical development during middle childhood is highly individualized.
- Some children experience rapid growth spurts while others grow more slowly.
- School, sports and other activities provide opportunities to develop both gross and
fine motor skills.
2) The Adolescent Years
- Most growth in height generally occurs during one, single growth period, or
"growth spurt."
- A growth spurt usually occurs near the time of puberty.
- Puberty usually occurs in girls between the ages of 10 and 14, while in boys it
generally occurs later, between the ages of 12 and 16.

The Development of Identity and Self-Concept

Self-Concept: a cognitive appraisal of our social, physical, and academic competence
Self-Esteem: An emotional reaction to, or an evaluation of, one self.
Ethnicity identity: An awareness of ethnic group membership and a commitment to the
attitudes, values, and behaviours of that group.
Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development
- Proposed development proceeds into 8 psychosocial stages.
- A particular psychosocial crisis occur in each stage
- The crisis at each stage must be resolved positively before master the subsequent stages.

Contemporary Views of Identity Development

- Marcia proposed 4 major identity states:

i.
ii.

Identity moratorium
Identity achievement

iii.
iv.

Identity diffusion
Identity foreclosure

v.
vi.
vii.
x.

xv.

viii.
C
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
d
N
o
t
C
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
d

xi.

xii.

xvi.

xvii.

Experience
Crisis
Identity
Achieveme
nt
Undergone a
crisis and
made a
commitment

Identity
Moratoriu
m
Undergone a
crisis but
failed to
commit to a
value

ix.
xiii.
xiv.

xviii.
xix.

Not in Crisis
Identity
Foreclosure
Not
undergone a
crisis but
made a
commitment
anyway
Identity
Diffusion
Neither crisis
nor
commitment
has been
made

xx.
xxi.
xxii.
xxiii.
xxiv.
-

Social Development
Perspective Taking

The ability to see things from anothers viewpoint

Shown in older children
Children with perspective taking will show empathy and compassion
Without this ability, youngsters remain self-centred and dont feel guilty when
they hurt others feeling.

xxv.
xxvi.
Social Problem Solving
- Occurs in four sequential step:
i.
Observe and interpret social cues.
ii.
Identify social goals.
iii.
Generate strategies.
iv. Implement and evaluate the strategies.
xxvii.
xxviii.
Development of Morality, Social Responsibility, and Self-Control
xxix.
xxx.
Piagets Theory of Moral Development
xxxi.
- Piaget divided childrens responses to moral problems into two stages:
xxxii.

xxxiii.

xxxiv.

xxxvii.

xlii.
xliii.
xliv.
xlv.
xlvi.
xlvii.
xlviii.

E
xt
er
n
al
m
or
al
it
y
A
ut
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
m
or
ai
ty

xxxv.
xxxvi.

xxxviii.
xxxix.
xl.
xli.

- view rules as fixed and permanent

- children follow strict rules and are obedient to
authority
- occurs in younger children

- children begin to learn to take the perspective of

others
- morality of cooperation
- view moral rules as socially-agreed upon
guidelines designed to
benefit the group

Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development

- used moral dilemmas that require a person to make moral decision
- describe moral reasoning in three levels:

xlix.

l.
li.
lii.
liii.
liv.
lv.
lvi.
lvii.
lviii.
lix.
lx.
lxi.
lxii.

Emotional Factors in Moral Development

Shame : The painful feeling arising from the consciousness of something
dishonourable,
improper, ridiculous, etc., done by oneself or another.
Guilt
wrong.

: A feeling of responsibility or remorse for some offense, crime,

Emphaty : Children learn to consider what the feelings of others might be

and how their
actions may affect those feelings
Guilt and shame are considered "self-conscious" emotions, because they are
of primary importance to an individuals self-evaluation.