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Dalam pandangan formalis, matematika adalah penelaahan struktur abstrak yang didefinisikan
secara aksioma dengan menggunakan logika simbolik dan notasi matematika; ada pula
pandangan lain, misalnya yang dibahas dalam filosofi matematika.
Struktur spesifik yang diselidiki oleh matematikawan sering kali berasal dari ilmu pengetahuan
alam, dan sangat umum di fisika, tetapi matematikawan juga mendefinisikan dan menyelidiki
struktur internal dalam matematika itu sendiri, misalnya, untuk menggeneralisasikan teori bagi
beberapa sub-bidang, atau alat membantu untuk perhitungan biasa. Akhirnya, banyak
matematikawan belajar bidang yang dilakukan mereka untuk sebab estetis saja, melihat ilmu
pasti sebagai bentuk seni daripada sebagai ilmu praktis atau terapan.Matematika tingkat lanjut
digunakan sebagai alat untuk mempelajari berbagai fenomena fisik yg kompleks, khususnya
berbagai fenomena alam yang teramati, agar pola struktur, perubahan, ruang dan sifat-sifat
fenomena bisa didekati atau dinyatakan dalam sebuah bentuk perumusan yg sistematis dan penuh
dengan berbagai konvensi, simbol dan notasi. Hasil perumusan yang menggambarkan prilaku
atau proses fenomena fisik tersebut biasa disebut model matematika dari fenomena.
Faktanya, kita melihat bahwa siswa kelas rendah (umumnya siswa kelas 1)
lebih
menyenangi
pelajaran
matematika
dibanding
pelajaran
bahasa
Nama
mbol
Dibaca
sebagai
Penjelasan
Contoh
x = y berarti x and y
mewakili hal atau nilai
yang sama.
1+1=2
12
Kategori
kesamaan
sama dengan
Umum
Ketidaksamaan
tidak sama
dengan
Umum
ketidaksamaan
<
lebih kecil dari;
lebih besar dari
>
order theory
3<4
5>4
inequality
3 4 and 5 5
5 4 and 5 5
order theory
tambah
tambah
aritmatika
disjoint union
the disjoint
union of and
A1={1,2,3,4}
A2={2,4,5,7}
A1 + A2 = {(1,1),
(2,1), (3,1), (4,1),
(2,2), (4,2), (5,2),
(7,2)}
teori himpunan
kurang
Kurang
9 4 berarti 9 dikurangi 4. 8 3 = 5
aritmatika
tanda negatif
Negative
(5) = 5
aritmatika
set-theoretic
complement
minus; without
set theory
multiplication
Kali
3 4 means the
multiplication of 3 by 4.
7 8 = 56
aritmatika
Cartesian
product
the Cartesian
product of
and ; the
{1,2} {3,4} =
{(1,3),(1,4),(2,3),
(2,4)}
direct product of
and
teori himpunan
cross product
Cross
(1,2,5) (3,4,1) =
(22, 16, 2)
vector algebra
division
bagi
2 4 = .5
12/4 = 3
aritmatika
square root
akar kuadrat
4 = 2
bilangan real
complex square
root
if z = r exp(i) is
represented in polar
coordinates with - <
(-1) = i
the complex
square root of;
square root
, then z = r exp(i/2).
bilangan
complex
absolute value
||
absolute value
of
n! is the product
12...n.
4! = 1 2 3 4 =
24
X ~ N(0,1), the
standard normal
distribution
numbers
factorial
faktorial
combinatorics
probability
distribution
has distribution
statistika
material
implication
A B means if A is true
then B is also true; if A is
false then nothing is said
about B.
implies; if ..
then
propositional
logic
x = 2 x2 = 4 is
true, but x2 = 4 x
= 2 is in general false
(since x could be 2).
material
equivalence
A B means A is true if B
is true and A is false if B is
false.
x + 5 = y +2 x +
3=y
propositional
logic
logical negation
The statement A is true if
and only if A is false.
not
propositional
logic
logical
conjunction or
meet in a
(A) A
x y (x = y)
lattice
and
propositional
logic, lattice
theory
logical
disjunction or
join in a lattice
or
propositional
logic, lattice
theory
exclusive or
xor
The statement A B is
true when either A or B,
but not both, are true. A
B means the same.
(A) A is always
true, A A is always
false.
propositional
logic, Boolean
algebra
universal
quantification
predicate logic
existential
quantification
there exists
predicate logic
uniqueness
quantification
there exists
exactly one
! n N: n + 5 = 2n.
predicate logic
:=
definition
is defined as
everywhere
x := y or x y means x is
defined to be another
name for y (but note that
cosh x := (1/2)
can also mean other
(exp x + exp (x))
things, such as
congruence).
A XOR B :
(A B) (A B)
P : Q means P is defined
to be logically equivalent to
Q.
set brackets
{,}
N = {0,1,2,...}
teori himpunan
set builder
notation
{:}
{|}
teori himpunan
himpunan
kosong
{}
himpunan
kosong
teori himpunan
everywhere,
teori himpunan
subset
is a subset of
A B means every
element of A is also
element of B.
A B A; Q R
A B means A B but A
B.
teori himpunan
superset
is a superset of
A B means every
element of B is also
element of A.
A B B; R Q
A B means A B but A
B.
teori himpunan
set-theoretic
union
AB AB=B
teori himpunan
set-theoretic
intersection
intersected
with; intersect
teori himpunan
set-theoretic
complement
minus; without
teori himpunan
function
application
of
teori himpunan
()
precedence
grouping
umum
f:X
function arrow
from ... to
set Y.
{|a| : a Z} = N
Z means {...,
3,2,1,0,1,2,3,...}.
{a : |a| N} = Z
teori himpunan
function
composition
composed with
teori himpunan
natural numbers
N
N
numbers
integers
Z
Z
numbers
rational
numbers
3.14 Q
Q
numbers
real numbers
R
R
R means {limn an :
n N: an Q, the limit
exists}.
R
(1) R
numbers
complex
numbers
C means {a + bi :
a,b R}.
i = (1) C
is an element of the
extended number line that
is greater than all real
numbers; it often occurs in
limits.
limx0 1/|x| =
berarti perbandingan
(rasio) antara keliling
A = r adalah luas
lingkaran dengan jari-
numbers
infinity
infinity
numbers
pi
pi
Euclidean
geometry
lingkaran dengan
diameternya.
jari (radius) r
k=1n ak means a1 +
a2 + ... + an.
k=14 k2 = 12 + 22 +
32 + 42 = 1 + 4 + 9 +
16 = 30
k=14 (k + 2) = (1 +
2)(2 + 2)(3 + 2)(4 +
2) = 3 4 5 6 =
360
n=13R = Rn
norm
|| ||
linear algebra
summation
aritmatika
product
aritmatika
Cartesian
product
the Cartesian
product of; the
(n+1)-tuples (y0,...,yn).
direct product of
set theory
derivative
'
prime;
derivative of
kalkulus
indefinite
integral or
antiderivative
indefinite
f(x) dx means a function
integral of ;
whose derivative is f.
the
antiderivative of
x2 dx = x3/3 + C
kalkulus
definite integral
kalkulus
gradient
del, nabla,
gradient of
If f (x,y,z) = 3xy + z
then f = (3y, 3x, 2z)
{x : ||x|| 2} =
{x : || x || = 2}
kalkulus
partial
derivative
partial
derivative of
kalkulus
boundary
boundary of
topology
perpendicular
x y means x is
is perpendicular perpendicular to y; or more If lm and mn then
to
generally x is orthogonal to l || n.
y.
geometri
bottom element
the bottom
element
x = means x is the
smallest element.
x : x =
A A A
lattice theory
entailment
|=
entails
model theory
|-
inference
infers or is
derived from
propositional
logic, predicate
x y means y is derived
from x.
A B B A
logic
normal
subgroup
is a normal
subgroup of
N G means that N is a
normal subgroup of group
G.
Z(G) G
Q / {1, 1} V,
where Q is the
quaternion group and
V is the Klein fourgroup.
group theory
quotient group
mod
group theory
isomorphism
is isomorphic to
group theory