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BICYCLE FRAME
SUBMITTED BY:
ADARSH KUMAR (12000712103)
AKASHDEEP KUMAR (12000712105)
ABINASH KUMAR (12000712102)
ABHISHEK ROY (12000712100)
ABHISHEK SINGH (12000712101)
AKHILESH KUMAR (12000712106)
ADITYA RAJ (12000712104)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:
MR. SUMAN KARMAKAR
DURGAPUR 713206
Certification
This is to certify that the project entitled to Static Analysis of a
Bicycle Frame was completed by Adarsh Kumar, Akashdeep
Kumar, Abinash Kumar, Abhishek Roy, Abhishek Singh, Akhilesh
Kumar and Aditya Raj for the Bachelor of Technology in
Mechanical Engineering under my guidance and supervision. The
work fulfills the requirement for which it is being submitted.
Project Advisor
.
Prof. Suman Karmakar
Department of Mechanical engineering
Dr. B.C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur
Counter Signed By
...
Dr. N. R. Dey
Head of Department
Mechanical Engineering
Dr. B.C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur
Acknowledgement
We express our sincere gratitude to Prof. Suman Karmakar and
Head of Department Dr. N. R. Dey of Mechanical Engineering
Department , Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering college, Durgapur for
extending their valuable time and inspiration for taking of this
project.
We would like to thank our Guide Prof. Suman Karmakar, who has
been cooperative and motivating throughout the course of the
project. His ideas and suggestions have always been the most
appropriate and feasible.
NAME
1. ADARSH KUMAR
(12000712103)
2. AKASHDEEP KUMAR
(12000712105)
3. ABINASH KUMAR
(12000712102)
4. ABHISHEK ROY
(12000712100)
5. ABHISHEK SINGH
(12000712101)
6. AKHILESH KUMAR
7. ADITYA RAJ
(12000712106)
(12000712104)
Approval
The forgoing project is hereby approved as a work done and
presented in a manner of satisfactory to demand its acceptance
as a pre requisite to the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Mechanical Engineering for which it has been submitted.
Board of Examiners
Abstract
Contents
1. Introduction
..01
2. Background.....02
3. Places Visited:
3.1Steel Melting Shop......02
3.2Continuous Casting Shop...07
3.3Forge Shop. .07
3.4Blooming & Billet Mill....08
3.5Conditioning Shop...10
3.6Heat treatment & Finishing Shop...11
3.7Plate Mill......12
3.8MRS Department.....13
4. Activities of safety engineering department...14
5. Production planning & control department(PPCD)......15
6. Power Distribution......16
In the earlier days of finite element analysis, the user would pore
through reams of numbers generated by the code, listing
displacements and stresses at discrete positions within the
model. It is easy to miss important trends and hot spots this way
and modern codes use graphical displays to assist in visualizing
the results. A typical postprocessor display overlays colored
contours representing stress levels on the model, showing a full
field picture similar to that of photoelastic experimental results.
NODE
A node is a coordinate location in space where the degrees of
freedom (DOFs) are defined. The DOFs for this point represent the
possible movement of this point due to the loading of the
structure. The DOFs also represent which forces and moments are
transferred from one element to the next. The results of a finite
element analysis, (deflections and stresses), are usually given at
the nodes.
The DOF of a node (which is based on the element type) also
relates what types of forces and restraints are transmitted
through the node to the element. A force (axial or shear) is
equivalent to a translation DOF. A moment is equivalent to a
rotational DOF. Thus, to transfer a moment about a certain axis,
the node must have a rotational DOF about the axis. If a node
does not have that rotational DOF, then applying a moment to the
node will have no effect on the analysis. This fact may also place
requirements on how two parts are connected together. Additional
modeling may be required to insure that the connection between
the parts does not produce a hinge. See the page "Meshing
Overview: Creating Contact Pairs: Examples of Contact" for
examples.
In
the
real
world, a
Translation
X
Y
Z
Rotation
X
Y
Element
Truss,
spring,
gap
Beam
Ye
s
Ye
s
Yes
Ye
s
Ye
s
Ye
s
Yes
2-D
Membrane
Plate, shell
Brick,
tetrahedra
Ye
s
Ye
s
Ye
Ye
s
Ye
s
Ye
Yes
Yes
Ye
s
Yes
*
Yes
*
Disadvantages of FEM
We need the computer programs and other facilities for the finite
element method analysis.
It does not give accurate results. All the results are approximate.
FEM gives solution only at nodal point.
A general closed-form solution, which would permit one to
examine system response to changes in various parameters, is
not produced.
The FEM has "inherent" errors. Mistakes by user can be fatal.s
The disadvantage is the models are time-consuming to create,
and verify, can be sensitive to boundary conditions (stress
concentrations, local stresses) and sometimes the model needs to
be refined repeatedly to give assurance that the results are
reasonably accurate/valid.
In spite of the great power of FEA, the disadvantages of computer
solutions must be kept in mind when using this and similar
methods: they do not necessarily reveal how the stresses are
influenced by important problem variables such as materials
properties and geometrical features, and errors in input data can
ANSYS
INTRODUCTION
ANSYS is a general purpose finite element simulation package for
numerical solving a wide variety of design engineering problems.
These problems include: static/dynamic structural analysis (both
linear and non-linear), heat transfer and fluid problems, as well as
acoustic and electromagnetic problems. There is possibility of
solving mixed problems connecting the ones described above.
The product includes many special tools that help in analyzing
such effects as: plasticity, large deformations, hiperplasticity,
creep, high deflection, interface contact, dependence of various
properties on temperature and pressure, anisotropy and radiance.
For example, the possibility of substructures, submodelling and
optimization are available. The ANSYS has been already used for
commercial purposes since 1970. A variety of specializations
under the umbrella of the mechanical engineering discipline (such
as aeronautical, biomechanical, and automotive industries)
commonly use ANSYS software package in design and
development of their products. It is also used in electronic and
power engineering, including nuclear power engineering, oil and
steel industry as well as in material engineering.
The finite element analysis package ANSYS enables engineers:
Construction of geometrical model or reproduction of
existing models already made in other commonly used CAD
programmes.
Introduction of exploitation loads or other conditions
connected with the work of analyzed system.
Analysis of stresses, temperature distribution, etc.
Designed system optimization at the pre-calculation stage.
FIGURE 1
The first task was to discretize the structure into nodes and
elements. For this discretization process, the experience of the
user was needed. First, to devise a finite element model that
would yield an acceptable stress distribution (reasonable element
shapes and sizes). Second, to optimize the wave front (number of
active equations in the solution process), to allow the model to be
solved in the available memory of the computer in a reasonable
period of time.
To create the finite element model, the user would separate the
geometry into four flat panels and then generate a pattern of
nodes to produce quadrilateral shell elements on each panel. The
number of nodes on each edge could not be too high, in order to
minimize the wave front. The frontal method equation solver has
to build up the element matrices from the node and element
numbers. In order to minimize the wave front, the numerical
difference of the node numbers defining an element needed to be
kept as small as possible.
For demonstration purposes, only the simple model was meshed
(Fig. 2). It can be seen that the sorting of the elements is
important for the wave front. The element connectivity should be
started along the shortest edge of the structure in the direction of
the arrow. The advantage of the frontal equation solver is that
FIGURE 2
The next problem to overcome was the assembly of the finite
element meshes on each side panel. To achieve this, the nodes on
each mating edge of the panels needed to have the same
numbers and the same spatial definitions to enable assembly. A
command to merge coincident nodes like
nummrg,node was not available in Rev. 2.
A further consideration during the model development was to
minimize the amount of data to be entered using the generation
capabilities available in the program. Data entry was a laborious
task and could take hours of manual typing on a computer key
cardpunch or computer terminal. ANSYS allowed nodes to be
generated using a geometric increment or filling node numbers
between the existing ones. Using a node number increment, a
given pattern of elements could be generated. At the time, a lot
of users wrote their own small FORTRAN programs to generate
the input data sets for special classes of geometry.
One additional item should be mentioned to review the use of
ANSYS in the past, which was the issue of graphical output. It is
very tedious to perform a finite element calculation without
graphics. After using the drum plotter located in the data center
for many years, the first graphical screen was delivered. The time
to get a plot was then reduced by a factor of 5 to 10. There were
no interactive graphics like todays programs. A hardware
dependent plot file was written using software libraries provided
by the hardware vendor. This was one of the major changes of
graphic systems using finite element software.
This short review of the difficulties in the past is intended to show
the development of the enhanced capabilities of the ANSYS
program. Today, this simple model can be defined and meshed
within a few minutes.
Advantages of ANSYS
TRUSS
FRAME
Frames are structures with at least one multi-force member, i.e.
at least one member that has 3 or more forces acting on it at
different points.