Tutorial 8

Question 1:
What are the similarities and differences between the two chi-square tests?
The chi-square put on when the variables are nominal or ordinal. Chi-square tests if one group of
amounts is higher or lower than you would expect by coincidence. The similarities and
differences between the chi-square tests (Goodness-Of-Fit and Test of Independence) are:

Similarities of Goodness-Of-Fit and Test of Independence

The math of the chi-square test of independence is the same as for the chi-square test of
goodness-of-fit, only the method of calculating the expected frequencies is different. For the
goodness-of-fit test, you use a theoretical relationship to calculate the expected frequencies. For
the test of independence, you use the observed frequencies to calculate the expected. While in
principle, the chi-square test of independence is the same as the test of goodness-of-fit, in
practice, the calculations for the chi-square test of independence use shortcuts that don't require
calculating the expected frequencies.

Differences of Goodness-Of-Fit and Test of Independence

The goodness-of-fit tests and tests of independence for quite different experimental designs and
they test different null hypotheses, so treat the chi-square test of goodness-of-fit and the chisquare test of independence as two distinct statistical tests.

Question 2:
Null hypothesis: there are no differences in number of road accidents cases between 2012 and
2013.
Research hypothesis: there are differences in number of road accidents cases between 2012 and
2013.
Number of road accidents cases
Year 2012(x)

Year 2013(y)

(x-y)

(x-y)2

(x-y)2
y

1396
1418
1367
1444
1840
2098
1687
879

1402
1432
1533
1636
1894
2091
1689
870

-6
-14
-166
-192
-54
7
-2
9

-36
-196
-27556
-36864
-2916
49
4
81

12129

12547

-418

-174724

-0.02568
-0.13687
-17.9752
-22.533
-1.5396
0.023434
0.002368
0.093103
42.0915
13.92556

Degree of freedom, df = Number of categories 1

= 8-1
=7
Based on the table of Critical values for the Chi square test for goodness-of-fit, the critical
value to reject the null hypothesis is 14.06(2-tailed, df=7, p value at .05). This means that the
value of the calculated x2, which is 42.09 (observed value), is far greater than critical value
14.06 (expected value). The research results show that there is significant difference in the
number of road accidents cases in eight districts, where most of the road accidents are at high
cases in year 2013 compare to 2012.

Question 3
Question 4

Question 5:
a) Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in a group of nurses between the
motivation level and stress level.
Research hypothesis: There is significant difference in a group of nurses between the
motivation level and stress level.
b) Analyze the data using chi square test for independence.
c) Which of the stress group has :
I.
The highest
II.
The lowest motivation levels?
Chi-Square Tests
Value

df

Asymp. Sig. (2sided)

Pearson Chi-Square

27.025a

.000

25.816

.000

5.762

.016

Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear Association
N of Valid Cases

45

a. 6 cells Stress
(66.7%)* have
expected
count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 4.67.
Motivation
Crosstabulation
Motivation
Low
Str

Low

es
s

Count
Expected Count

Std. Residual
Nominal by Interval
Eta
Average

Count
Expected Count

High

Total

2 Measures
11
Directional
5.7

5.7

-1.5Dependent
2.2
Stress
2
3
Motivation
Dependent

High
4
5.7

17
17.0
Value

-.7
9

14
14.0

4.7

4.7

4.7

-1.2

-.8

2.0

11

14

Expected Count

4.7

4.7

4.7

14.0

Std. Residual

2.9

-1.7

-1.2

Count

15

15

15

45

15.0

15.0

15.0

45.0

Std. Residual

The

Average

Total

Count

Expected Count

.628
.563

chi

square test (Pearson chi-square) results (x2=27.025, df =4, p>.000) shows that there is significant
difference in stress level between motivation level in a group of nurses. The standardized
residual value of 2.9 is highest (low motivation high stress level), 2.2 (average motivation level
average stress level) and 0.7 is lowest (High motivation level low stress level) contribute to
the differences. This means that significantly in the population that was the source of samples

between motivation and stress level of a group nurses shows that when they motivated highly
their stress level is low. If the is low motivation level their stress level is high.

Motivation * Stress Crosstabulation

Stress
Low
Motivation

Low

Total

High

11

15

5.7

4.7

4.7

15.0

-1.5

-1.2

2.9

11

15

Expected Count

5.7

4.7

4.7

15.0

Std. Residual

2.2

-.8

-1.7

15

Expected Count

5.7

4.7

4.7

15.0

Std. Residual

-.7

2.0

-1.2

Count

17

14

14

45

17.0

14.0

14.0

45.0

Std. Residual

High

Average

Count
Expected Count

Average

Total

Count

Count

Expected Count

Chi-Square Tests
Value
Pearson Chi-Square
Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear Association

df

Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

27.025a

.000

25.816

.000

5.762

.016

N of Valid Cases

45

a. 6 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 4.67.

Directional Measures
Value
Nominal by Interval

Eta

Motivation Dependent

.563

Stress Dependent

.628

The chi square test (Pearson chi-square) results (x2=27.025, df=4, p>.000) shows that there is
significant difference in motivation level between stress level in a group of nurses. The
standardized residual value of 2.9 is highest (low motivation high stress level), 2.2 (average
motivation level average stress level) and 0.7 is lowest (High motivation level low stress
level) contribute to the differences. This means that significantly in the population that was the
source of samples between motivation and stress level of a group nurses shows that when they
motivated highly their stress level is low. If the is low motivation level their stress level is high.