1.

One of the two signals s = E and s = E is transmitted over a channel

o
o
1
1
with additive noise as shown below.

The noise is additive white Laplacian noise with density

p(n ) =

2 n
1
exp(
)
n
2 n

Let the prior message probabilities be p(1)=p and p(0)=q . The receiver compares
the channel output y=x+n to a threshold T, and chooses message 0 when y T.
Derive an expression for the threshold that minimizes the probabilities of the
error.
Sol:

y=x+n

p( y | so ) =

2 y Eo
1
exp(
)
n
2 n

p( y | s1 ) =

2 y E1
1
exp(
)
n
2 n

Choose so when
q

n=yx

p(so)p(y| so) p(s1)p(y| s1)

2 y Eo
2 | y E1 |
1
1
exp(
) p
exp(
)
n
n
2 n
2 n

2 | y Eo |
2 | y E1 |
q
exp(
+
)
p
n
n

ln

2 | y Eo |
2 | y E1 |
q

+
p
n
n

n q
ln | y E1 | + | y Eo |
2 p

Assume

E o y E1

n q
ln ( y E1 ) + ( y Eo )
2 p

q
n ln 2 y ( E1 + Eo )
2 p

E1 + Eo
n
q
ln +
y
2 2 p
2

Therefore the optimal threshold T,

Topt =

E1 + Eo
n
q
ln +
2 2 p
2

2. The information in an analog waveform, with maximum frequency fm = 4 kHz, is to be transmitted

over an M-level PCM system, where the number of pulse levels is M = 16. The quantization
distortion is specified not to exceed 0.5% of the peak-to-peak analog signal.
(a) What is the minimum number of bits/sample, or bits/PCM word, that should be used in this
PCM system ?
(b) What is the minimum number required sampling rate, and what is the resulting bit
transmission rate ?
(c) What is the PCM pulse or symbol transmission rate ?
Sol:
(a) Using Equation (2.72), we calculate

l log 2

1
= log 2 100 6.64
0.01

Therefore, use l = 7 bits/sample to meet the distortion requirement.

(b) Using the Nyquist sampling criterion, the minimum sampling rate fs = 2fm = 8000
samples/second. From part(a), each sample will give rise to a PCM word composed of 7 bits.
Therefore, the bit transmission rate R=7

8000 = 56000 bits/s.

(c) Since multilevel pulses are to be used with

M = 16 = 2k levels, k = log216 = 4 bits/symbol.

Therefore, the bit stream will be partitioned into groups of 4 bits to form the new 16-level
PCM digits, and the resulting symbol transmission rate Rs is R/k = 56000/4 = 14000
symbols/s.

3. Assume a binary sequence with equally likely binary levels. The sequence can be represented by
either a bipolar or a unipolar signal set. Show that if the corresponding bipolar signal and unipolar
signal have the same peak-to-peak amplitude separation, the bipolar signal uses less average power
than the unipolar signal.
Sol :
Let the peak-to-peak amplitude separation be A volt

Bipolar

Unipolar

A/2

-A/2
Average power =

Average power =

1 A 2 1 A 2 A2
( ) + ( ) =
2 2
2 2
4

1
1 2 A2
2
A + 0 =
2
2
2

Bipolar signaling requires half the average power for the same separation between the binary one
and zero.

4. Determine the coefficients of a three-tap transversal filter equalizer that will force
one zeros on either side of the main response. Compute the sample values out to
3T. The sample values for the channel response are
pc(-3)= 0.05, pc(-2)= -0.1, pc(-1)= 0.2, pc(0)= 1, pc(1)= -0.1, pc(2)= 0.1, pc(3)= -0.05
Sol:
1.0

[ pc ] = 0.1
0.1

0.2
1.0
0.1

0.9687
0.1140

0.1804
0.9592

0.0855

0.1140

[ pc ]1 =

0.1
0.2

1.0
0.1330
0.1804

0.9687

The coefficients of a three-tap transversal filter equalizer are:

-0.1804, 0.9592, 0.1140

5. A desired impulse response of a communication system is the ideal h(t)=(t),

where (t) is the impulse function. Assume that the channel introduces ISI so that
the overall impulse response becomes h(t)=(t)+(t-T), where <1, and T is the
symbol time.
(a) Calculate interference caused by the previous pulse.
(b) If the zero-forcing equalizer is used to suppress the ISI, and the equalizer is
construct as a transversal filter with the form
E(t)=co(t)+c1(t-T)+c2(t-2T). Determine the coefficients of co, c1, and c2.
(c) Calculate the output of the equalizer.
Sol:
(a) The interference caused by the previous pulse is .
(b) We need a equalizer with impulse response E(t) that force h(t)*E(t)=(t), we have
h(t)*E(t)= co(t)+c1(t-T)+c2(t-2T)
+ co(t-T)+c1(t-2T)+c2(t-3T)
=(t)
Therefore, we have co =1
c1+ co=0
c1= -co=-
c2+c1=0
c2= -c1=2
Thus the equalizer impulse response is:
E(t)= (t)-(t-T)+ 2(t-2T)
(c) And the output is:
h(t)*E(t)= co(t)+c1(t-T)+c2(t-2T)
+ co(t-T)+c1(t-2T)+c2(t-3T)
=(t)+ 3(t-3T)
6. Consider the signal g(t)=[(t-1)/2] and the impulse
response ho(t) of the filter matched to this signal,
both g(t) and ho(t) are sketched in figures shown in
right.
(a) Sketch the output signal go(t).
(b) What is the value of go(tmax)?
(c) Give the range of tmax to guarantee the causality
of this system.
Sol: (a)

(b) go(tmax)=2 (volt)2-seconds, is the energy in the input signal.

(c) To guarantee the causality of this system , tmax > 2.
7. For the partial response signaling, if N=3, wo=1 w1=2, and w2=1, then
(a) Determine p3(t), and
(b) Determine P3(w).
(c) What is the bandwidth of P3(w)?
Sol: (a)
p3 (t ) = p1 (t ) + 2 p1 (t Tb ) + p1 (t 2Tb )
= sinc[ ( tTbTb ) ] + 2 sinc[ ( t Tb2Tb ) ] + sin c
=

( t 3Tb )
Tb

2 2 sin c[(t 2Tb ) / Tb ]

2 [( / Tb )(t 2Tb )]2

(b) P3 ( w) = P1 ( w)[1 + 2e jwTb + e j 2 wTb ]

= P1 ( w)(1 + e jwTb ) 2
= P1 ( w)4 cos2

( )e
wTb
2

jwTb

(c) The bandwidth of P3(w) is equal to that of P1(w), is given by

W=/Tb=wb/2.

8. Rectangular pulse are transmitted over a

channel with transfer function
H ( w) =

a
jw + a

at a rate of 2B pulses/sec

where B is the 3-dB bandwidth of the

channel. Determine the interference caused
(a) Transmitted signal. (b) Received signal.

by a pulse at the neighboring pulse. For convenience, you can assume the first
pulse to start at t=-To/2.
Sol:
The first pulse reaches its peak value Ap at t=0, and decays as Ape-at, and interferer
second pulse at t=To in the amount of Ape-aTo. Hence, , the ratio of the interfering
signal to the desired signal is
= e aTo
The 3-dB bandwidth of the channel is

a
2

B=

and the rate of pulses is 2B/sec. Hence

=
2B a

To =

=e

Thus the interference is about 4.3%.

= e = 0.043

9. (a) Determine the constant a that makes the two functions x1(t)=e-t and x2(t)=1-ae-3t
(x 2(t)0), for t0, orthogonal over the interval [0, ].
(b) Determine the constant a that makes the two functions x1(t)

and x2(t)

orthogonal over the interval [0, 1].

(c) The complex exponential k(t)=exp(-j2kt) forms a complete basis set over the
interval [0, 1]. Give the representation of x1(t) and x2(t) with respect to that
basis.
Sol: (a)

e t (1 ae 3t )dt = 0

a=4
(b)

(1 ae 3t )dt = 0

a = 4 1 e
1 e 4
(c)

x1 (t ) =

e j 2 kt [

k =

x 2 (t ) =

e
k =

j 2 kt

e t e j 2 kt dt ]

1
0

(1 ae 3t )e j 2 kt dt ]

10. A bipolar binary signal, si(t), is a +1 or 1 V pulse during the interval (0,T). Additive white
Gaussian noise having two-sided power spectral density of 10-3 W/Hz is added to the signal. If the
received signal is detected with a matched filter, determine the maximum bit rate that can be sent
with a bit error probability of PB 10-3.
Sol :
Using Equation (2.67)

2 Eb
PB = Q
No

Where Eb = A2T for bipolar signaling, and A=1. Thus, Eb = T.

PB = Q(x) = 10-3

x =

2Eb
3.09 ( from Table B .1 )
No

Therefore, Eb/No = 4.77 ; No/2 is given as 10-3

Eb = T = 4.77 10-3 2
Thus, R = 1/T =104.8 bits/s.