Chemistry 103 Lab Exam Review

Experiment A: ATOMS AND LINE SPECTRA

Experiment B: STOICHIOMETRY AND REACTIONS IN
AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earths crust and the third most
abundant element.
KAI(SO4)2*12H2O is called alum or potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate
First the scraps of aluminum from pop cans will be dissolved by reaction with
hot potassium hydroxide. According to
Al(s)+KOH)aq)+H2OK++Al(OH)4-(aq)+H2O
Second sulfuric acid is added. Initially a white solid Al(OH) 3 forms according to
Al(OH)4-(aq)+H2SO4 Al(OH)3+H2O+SO4However, the Al(OH)3 then undergoes further reaction according to the
equation:
Al(OH)3+ H2SO4Al3++SO42-+H2O(l)
Al(OH)3 is amphoteric
The label of fertilizers displays 3 numbers such as 10-20-10. The first is the
guarantee minimum mass percent of total nitrogen, the second is the
available phosphoric acid, and the third is the soluble potash. Usual
phosphorous compound is (NH4)H2PO4.
Excess magnesium sulfate solution is added to form MgNH 4PO4*6H2O(s) related
to P2O5 by
P2O5(NH4)H2PO4MgNH4PO4*6H2O

Experiment C: COMPOUNDS OF COPPER

Nitric acid (HNO3) is a strong oxidizing agent

In the traditional copper cycle experiment, copper is transformed to copper(II)
sulfate by the following steps:
CuCu(NO3)2CuCO3CuSO4
Cu+NH3+H2OCu(NO3)2+NO(g)+H2O(l)
NO(g)+O2NO2-Poisonous Reddish Brown Gas
Cu(NO3)2+Na2CO3CuCO3+Na2(NO3)
CuCO3 +H2SO4CuSO4*5H2O Carbon dioxide also given of
In water NH3 acts as a weak base and produces OH -. Addition of small
amounts of aqueous ammonia to the copper sulfate solution leads to the
formation of the light blue Cu(OH)2. However when large amounts of
aqueous ammonia are added, the ammonia bonds to Cu 2+ in solution
producing the dark blue complex ion Cu(NH3)4. Tetraamminecopper (II)
sulfate monohydrate is very soluble in water but not in ethyl alcohol.
Finally copper metal will be recovered by adding Zn to CuSO 4, the following
reaction occurs:
Zn+CuSO4ZnSO4+Cu(s)

Your initial mass is equivalent to a mass of copper.

Experiment F: ANALYSIS OF VITAMIN C IN TABLETS AND IN

TANG

Ascorbic acid or vitamin C (C6H8O6) prevents scurvy.

Vitamin C is water soluble due to formation of hydrogen bonds.
Iodate titration with vitamin c
o The iodate anion reacts with I- and H+ to form I2 according to
IO3+5I+6H+3I2+3H2O
Note that each IO that is added forms three I 2.
Once formed I2 is reduced immediately by vitamin C back to I -.
Each IO3 that is added results in the reaction of three vitamin c molecules.
In our titration with NaOH, vitamin C reacts in a 1:1 mole ratio. Note that
although vitamin C contains four OH groups only one of these will react with
hydroxide at the conditions of our experiment.
Titration with NaOH determines total acidic protons. Titration with iodate
determines only acidic protons due to vitamin c.

Experiment I: BONDING AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

The strength of the acid is affected by

o The ability of R to draw electrons form the O-H
o The stability of the anion. As the anion becomes more stable, the
position of the equilibrium will lie further to the right, so the acid would
be stronger.
Substituents R containing electronegative atoms such as CL or Br
result in delocalization of negative charge over these atoms, thereby
stabilizing the anion and increasing the acidity of the corresponding
acid.

FLAME TESTS

Lithiumred
Sodiumyellow
Potassiumpurple
Calciumorange
Strontiumred
Copperblue
Ironyellow
Zinclight blue