The Philippine Revolution (called the Tagalog War by the Spanish)[2] (Filipino: Himagsikang Pilipino) was fought

between the people of the Philippines and the Spanish colonial authorities.
The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, when the Spanish authorities discovered Katipunan, an anticolonial secret organization. The Katipunan, led by Andrs Bonifacio, was a liberationist movement whose goal was
independence from Spain through armed revolt. The organization began to influence much of the Philippines. During
a mass gathering inCaloocan, the leaders of Katipunan organized themselves into a revolutionary government,
named the newly established government "Haring Bayang Katagalugan", and openly declared a nationwide armed
revolution.[3] Bonifacio called for an attack on the capital city of Manila. This attack failed; however, the surrounding
provinces began to revolt. In particular, rebels in Cavite led by Mariano Alvarez and Emilio Aguinaldo (who were from
two different factions of Katipunan) won early victories. A power struggle among the revolutionaries led to Bonifacio's
death in 1897, with command shifting to Aguinaldo, who led his own revolutionary government. That year, the
revolutionaries and the Spanish signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, which temporarily reduced hostilities. Aguinaldo
self-exiled himself to Hong Kong. However, the hostilities never completely ceased.[4]
On April 21, 1898, the United States launched a naval blockade of Cuba, which was the first military action of
the SpanishAmerican War.[5] On May 1, the U.S. Navy's Asiatic Squadron, under Commodore George
Dewey decisively defeated the Spanish navy in the Battle of Manila Bay, effectively seizing control of Manila. On May
19, Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with the United States, returned to the Philippines and resumed attacks against the
Spaniards. By June, the rebels had gained control of nearly all of the Philippines, with the exception of Manila. On
June 12, Aguinaldo issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence.[6] However, neither Spain nor the United
States recognized Philippine independence.[7]
The Spanish rule of the Philippines officially ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1898, which also ended the Spanish
American War. In the treaty, Spain ceded control of the Philippines and other territories to the United States.[4] There
was an uneasy peace around Manila, with the American forces controlling the city and the weaker Philippines forces
surrounding them.
On February 4, 1899, in the Battle of Manila, fighting broke out between the Filipino and American forces, beginning
thePhilippineAmerican War. Aguinaldo immediately ordered "[t]hat peace and friendly relations with the Americans
be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies".[8] In June 1899, the nascent First Philippine Republic formally
declared war against the United States.[9][1
Martial law (19721981)
In September 1972, then Defence Minister Juan Ponce Enrile was ambushed while en route home. The
assassination attempt (which has been confirmed to have been staged citizen unrest, a restless student body who
demanded educational reforms, a rising crime rate and a growing Communist insurgency. On September 21
President Marcos issued Presidential Proclamation No. 1081, proclaiming a State of martial law in the Philippines, he

used the alleged ambush as a pretext to declare martial law.Marcos, who henceforth ruled by decree, curtailed press
freedom and other civil liberties, abolished Congress, controlled media establishments, and ordered the arrest of
opposition leaders and militant activists, including his staunchest critics Senators Benigno Aquino, Jr. and Jose W.
Diokno. Initially, the declaration of martial law was well-received, given the social turmoil of the period. Crime rates
decreased significantly after a curfew was implemented. Political opponents were given the opportunity to go into
exile. As martial law went on for the next nine years, the excesses committed by the military emerged.
Though it was made clear that Martial law was no military take-over of the government, the immediate reaction of
some sectors of the nation was of astonishment and dismay, for even if everyone knew that the gravity of the
disorder, lawlessness, social injustice, youth and student activism and other disturbing movements had reached a
point of peril, they felt that martial law over the whole country was not yet warranted. Worse, political motivations
were ascribed to be behind the proclamation, what with the then constitutionally unextendible term of President
Marcos about to expire, and this suspicion became more credible when opposition leaders and outspoken antiadministration media people were immediately placed under indefinite detention in military camps and other unusual
restrictions were imposed on travel, communication, freedom of speech and of the press, etc. In a word, the martial
law regime was anathema to no small portion of the populace.[6]
It was in the light of the above circumstances and as a means of solving the dilemma aforementioned that the
concept embodied in Amendment No. 6 was born in the Constitution of 1973. In brief, the central Idea that emerged
was that martial law may be earlier lifted, but to safeguard our country and people against any abrupt dangerous
situation which would warrant the exercise of some authoritarian powers, the latter must be constitutionally allowed,
thereby to obviate the need to proclaim martial law and its concomitants, principally the assertion by the military of
prerogatives that made them appear superior to the civilian authorities below the President. In other words, the
problem was what may be needed for national survival or the restoration of normalcy in the face of a crisis or an
emergency should be reconciled with the popular mentality and attitude of the people against martial law.[7]
In a recent speech before his fellow alumni of the University of the Philippines College of Law, President Marcos
declared his intention to lift martial law by the end of January 1981.[8]
The reassuring words for the skeptic came on the occasion of the University of the Philippines law alumni reunion on
December 12, 1980 when the President declared: "We must erase once and for all from the public mind any doubts
as to our resolve to bring martial law to an end and to minister to an orderly transition to parliamentary government."
The apparent forthright irrevocable commitment was cast at the 45th anniversary celebration of the Armed Forces of
the Philippines on December 22, 1980 when the President proclaimed: "A few days ago, following extensive
consultations with a broad representation of various sectors of the nation and in keeping with the pledge made a year
ago during the seventh anniversary of the New Society, I came to the firm decision that martial law should be lifted
before the end of January, 1981, and that only in a few areas where grave problems of public order and national
security continue to exist will martial law continue to remain in force."[9]
The first phase was from 1898 to 1935, during which time Washington defined its colonial mission as one of tutelage
and preparing the Philippines for eventual independence. Political organizations developed quickly, and the popularly

elected Philippine Assembly (lower house) and the U.S.-appointed Philippine Commission (upper house) served as a
bicameral legislature. The ilustrados formed the Federalista Party, but their statehood platform had limited appeal. In
1905 the party was renamed the National Progressive Party and took up a platform of independence. The
Nacionalista Party was formed in 1907 and dominated Filipino politics until after World War II. Its leaders were
not ilustrados. Despite their immediate independence platform, the party leaders participated in a collaborative
leadership with the United States. A major development emerging in the post-World War I period was resistance to
elite control of the land by tenant farmers, who were supported by the Socialist Party and the Communist Party of the
Philippines. Tenant strikes and occasional violence occurred as the Great Depression wore on and cash-crop prices
collapsed.
The second period of United States rulefrom 1936 to 1946was characterized by the establishment of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines and occupation by Japan during World War II. Legislation passed by the U.S.
Congress in 1934 provided for a 10-year period of transition to independence. The countrys first constitution was
framed in 1934 and overwhelmingly approved by plebiscite in 1935, and Manuel Quezon was elected president of the
commonwealth. Quezon later died in exile in 1944 and was succeeded by Vice President Sergio Osmea.
Japan attacked the Philippines on December 8, 1941, and occupied Manila on January 2, 1942. Tokyo set up an
ostensibly independent republic, which was opposed by underground and guerrilla activity that eventually reached
large-scale proportions. A major element of the resistance in the Central Luzon area was furnished by the Huks (short
for Hukbalahap, or Peoples Anti-Japanese Army). Allied forces invaded the Philippines in October 1944, and the
Japanese surrendered on September 2, 1945.
World War II was demoralizing for the Philippines, and the islands suffered from rampant inflation and shortages of
food and other goods. Various trade and security issues with the United States also remained to be settled before
Independence Day. The Allied leaders wanted to purge officials who collaborated with the Japanese during the war
and to deny them the right to vote in the first postwar elections. Commonwealth President Osmea, however,
countered that each case should be tried on its own merits. The successful Liberal Party presidential candidate,
Manual Roxas, was among those collaborationists. Independence from the United States came on July 4, 1946, and
Roxas was sworn in as the first president. The economy remained highly dependent on U.S. markets, and the United
States also continued to maintain control of 23 military installations. A bilateral treaty was signed in March 1947 by
which the United States continued to provide military aid, training, and matriel.
The Japanese occupation of the Philippines occurred between 1942 and 1945, when the Empire of
Japanoccupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World War II.
The invasion of the Philippines started on December 8, 1941, ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. As at Pearl
Harbor, American aircraft were severely damaged in the initial Japanese attack. Lacking air cover, the
American Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines withdrew to Java on December 12, 1941. General Douglas MacArthur fled,
abandoning his men at Corregidor on the night of March 11, 1942 for Australia, 4,000 km away. The 76,000 starving

and sick American and Filipino defenders on Bataan surrendered on April 9, 1942, and were forced to endure the
infamous Bataan Death March on which 7,00010,000 died or were murdered. The 13,000 survivors on Corregidor
surrendered on May 6.
Japan occupied the Philippines for over three years, until the surrender of Japan. A highly effective guerilla campaign
by Philippine resistance forces controlled sixty percent of the islands, mostly jungle and mountain areas. MacArthur
supplied them by submarine, and sent reinforcements and officers. Filipinos remained loyal to the United States,
partly because of the American guarantee of independence, and also because the Japanese had pressed large
numbers of Filipinos into work details and even put young Filipino women into brothels.[1]
General MacArthur kept his promise to return to the Philippines on October 20, 1944. The landings on the island of
Leyte were accompanied by a force of 700 vessels and 174,000 men. Through December 1944, the islands
of Leyte and Mindoro were cleared of Japanese soldiers. During the campaign, the Imperial Japanese
Army conducted a suicidal defense of the islands. Cities such as Manila were reduced to rubble. Between 500,000
and 1,000,000 Filipinos died during the occupation. Americas Colonial Rule in the Philippines, by Vince Boudreau,
focuses on Americas imperialist rule in the Philippines during 18981946. The article covers major issues and events inside of
and surrounding the American era of colonial Philippines, including comparisons to both the previous Spanish rule and foreign
colonization over other nearby countries. Moreover, Boudreau expands on how Americas colonial rule in the Philippines
impacted the archipelagos government, culture, education, and economy. Although the changes that America brought to the
islands were mostly positive, they came with an abundance of negative repercussions, including multiple rebellions and American
hypocrisy.
Overview
Government
When America colonized the the Philippines, they planned on eventually making the Philippines an independent nation. America
was not after colonization, and did not want to annex the country, although President McKinley did mull over the idea of it. The
Filipinization process, as it was known as, begann in 1901, when America began to turn power back over to the Filipinos in
small doses. in 1907, an elected legislative assembly was was made, which turned into a bicameral legislature not dissimilar to
Americas with the Jones Act. This act was important because it was a formal promise to the Philippine nation from America of
eventual independence. More changes included commonwealth status in 1935, and the replacement of the American governor
with a Filipino president.
Culture