Chemistry Notes for Final Grade

11
Chapter 1
Atomic Theory
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All matter is composed of atoms

These atoms cannot be destroyed and are rearranged during chemical
reactions
Physical can chemical properties depend on the bonding and the
arrangement of these atoms

States of Matter
-

Matter is everywhere
o Made up of particles- atoms, molecules or ions
o Has particle sin constant motion
o Occupies volume or space
o Has mass
1.1Nature of matter and chemical change
- 3 States of Matter
o Solid
Fixed volume
Fixed shape
Cannot be compressed
Attracted forces within the particles hold them together
Always vibrating in fixed position (constant motion)
o Liquid
Fixed volume
No fixed shape-adapts to the container it occupies
Cannot be compressed
Weaker forces than solids, particle around freer
Particles vibrate, rotate and translate by moving around
o Gas
No fixed volume
NO fixed Shape- expanding to cover the volume or space
available
Can be compressed
Weaker forces between molecule allows for particle to move
freely and faster than liquid
- Temperature
o The way these particles move depends on the temperature
More temp. = More kinetic energy= particle moving more
o Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin (K)

0 K= -273 C* known as absolute zero, when all moving particles have

stopped
When temperatures above this, particles are moving again

Changes in State
o Temp changes during changes in state
o Ex. Ice is heated until the the right temp is reached at 0* C (273K).
Ice melts and the solid liquid equilibrium is set up
There is no temperature change during the state change
All energy being used to disrupt the attractive force within the
lattice structure freeing the molecules
o Boiling and Boiling are endothermic
Energy must be transferred from the surroundings to begin the
process for the water

Elements and Compounds

o Elements= Atom of only one type
o Compounds contain more than one atom, in molecules or ions
Mixtures
o Pure substance= matter that has a constant composition
Chemical and physical properties are distinct and consistant
Can combine to form Mixtures
o Elements or compounds that make up a mixture are chemically bound
together
o Homogeneous= both uniform composition and properties throughout
the mixture
Brass or water
o Heterogeneous= non uniform composition and their properties vary
within the mixture
Writing Equations
o Ions= Species that is charged
Anions= Negative Charge
Cations=Positive Charge
Types of Reactions
o Synthesis
Reactions involving the combination of two or more substances
to make a single product
C(s)+O2(g)CO2

Decomposition
Opposite of Synthesis
Single reactant decomposed into 2 products

Single Replacement
One element replaces another in a compound

Double Replacement
Reaction between ions in solution to form insoluble substances
and weak

1.2 The Mole Concepts

-

Mole= SI unit (mol) fixed amount

Avogadros #- 6.02x1023 mol-1

Errors
-

Random
o Equally likely to be too high or too low
o Average of many trials reduces errors
o Better estimate of what the acutely value of the uncertainty is
o Graphs-lines of best fit (Trend lines) diffuse random errors

Systematic Errors
o Due to Experimental design or execution
o Same results with the same mistakes unless action taken
o Improve but analyzing area of mistake (FIRST FINDING IT OFCOURSE)
o Direction of the systematic errors

Percent Error
o My result-accepted value/ accepted value x 100

Accurate vs Precise
o Single Data Point
Accurate= it is close to the anticipated value
Precise= it has many decimals places/significant figures (1.05
less precise then 1.05342)
o Multiple Points of Data
Accurate=Average of data points are near the data point
Precision= data point sets are close together

Chapter 2/3 Atom Theory and Periodicity

The Atom
-

Composed of three different subatomic particles

o Neutron
Hevier than electron
Relative Charge= 0
Relative Mass= 1
Located in the nucleus
o Proton
Hevier than electron
Relative mass= 1
Relative charge=+1
Nucleus
o Electron
Relative mass of 5x10-4
Relative charge= -1
Outer shells

99% of the mass of the atom is in the nucleus

Mass number
o # of protons and neutrons
Carbon 12-Scale
o The mass of the atoms are actually measure relative to carbon 12
o Carbon 12 is exactly 12, all other relative to that
Atomic Number
o # of protons
o Same # as the location of the element on the periodic table of
elements
Charge
o Either positive or negative or ZERO (neutral)
o Nothing written at neutral
o Neutral= Protons and electrons have the same amount
Relative Atomic Mass
o # given in the periodic table of elements
o Weighted average of all the different isotopes of an element that occur
in nature
Ions
o Positive or negative charge
o Where more protons vs more electrons
Isotopes
o Atoms with same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Chemical Properties
o Chemical properties depend on the number of ELECTRONS since
ISOTOPES have same # of electrons
o Isotopes have same chemical properties
Physical Properties
o Depend on mass of atom
o Isotopes are slightly different (Boiling point, density)
Natural Abundance
o All Elements are made up of many different isotopes
o The amount of each found naturally is the isotopes natural abundance

Calculating Mass Spectrometry

-

Ions are accelerated towards the charged slit

Magnetic fields deflects the ions the lightest ions the most

Electro Magnetic Spectrum

-

Visible light is a form of electromagnetic radiation

o It is wave radiation
o Described in frequency and wavelength
o Frequency
# of cycles a wave goes through in one second
o Wavelength
Distance between the waves
Vacuum
o All electromagnetic radiation travels at 3x108ms-1 = SPEED OF LIGHT
o Speed of light = Frequency (V) x the Wavelength (

Frequency of radiation relates to the energy of the radiation using

E=hv=hc/wavelength
H= Planks constant- 6.626x10-34J s
Light is only part of the electromagnetic spectrum
o Other higher and lower as gamma rays and infrared along the
spectrum
Continuous Spectra
o Contain all wavelengths of radiation
o If its in visible light, it show up like a rainbow with all colors
Line Spectra
o Does not contain all the wavelengths of visible light
o Atoms are able to absorb and emit energy at specific wavelengths
o Emission Spectra
Thin gas atoms do not experience many collisions (Due to low
density)
Emission lines are linked to photons of discrete energies that
emit when excited atomic states in the gas make transition in
the lower levels
o Absorption
Light passes through a cold, dilute gas and atoms in the gas
absorb frequencies
Since the re-emitted light will not likely emit in the same
direction as the absorbed, the dark lines appear (absence of
light)
Hydrogen Emission Spectrum
o Radiation emitted when item that glows is heated
o 1 electron
o
o
o

Atoms and Electromagnetic Spectrum

-

Light can figure out the identity and structure of unkown elemnts
o 1. Examination of light (emissions spectrum) given off when excited
with heat or electricity
Emission and Absorption
o All elements have different # of electrons
o Different energies around nucleus
o Different arraignment of electrons in the levels
Results in emitting unique spectra of energy when excited
o Electrons will move up energy levels when excited (heat or electricity)
For electron to jump, has to absorb the exact amount of energy
of the wavelength
When electron relaxes, releasing the energy in form of light

Electrons
-

Found in different regions of the atom called ORBITALS

Orbitals

Do not predict where finding of electron is but rather will it most likely
will be
o Shape are mathematical models based from the wave properties
o NEED TO KNOW- basic shape of orbitals to understand how bonds form
Electrons described by a series of numbers`
o