Environment A Guidelines For S Me S 20120530

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TableofContents
Contents
Introduction ...............................................................................................................................3
1. ProceduretoobtaintheEnvironmentProtectionLicense(EPL).......................................5
2.SectoralGuidelines ................................................................................................................ 6
2.1Agriculture........................................................................................................................6
2.1.1Cultivation................................................................................................................. 6
2.2AgroProcessing................................................................................................................ 9
2.2.1RiceMills ................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.2GrindingMills .......................................................................................................... 11
2.2.3SugarMills............................................................................................................... 15
2.2.4TeaProcessingIndustries .......................................................................................19
2.3Manufacturing ...............................................................................................................22
2.3.1AsphaltProcessingIndustries .................................................................................22
2.3.2DesiccatedCoconutIndustry ..................................................................................26
2.3.3ClayRoofingtilemanufacturingindustries.............................................................29
2.3.4PolymerBasedIndustries .......................................................................................32
2.4BakeryandConfectioneryandFoodProductManufacturingIndustries......................35
2.5PoultryFarming.............................................................................................................. 38
Sectorspecificenvironmentalguidelinesforfurtherreading.............................................41
2.6Quarrying&MetalcrushingIndustries..........................................................................42
2.7Hotels&Restaurants ..................................................................................................... 46
2.8FillingStations&VehicleServiceStations .....................................................................50
2.9HealthcareServices........................................................................................................54
2.10GeneralConditions ...................................................................................................... 58
4.PollutionControlStandards.................................................................................................61
4.1WastewaterEffluentDischargeToleranceLimits..........................................................61
4.1.(A).ToleranceLimitsfortheDischargeofIndustrialWastetotheInlandWaters ..61
4.1.(B)ToleranceLimitsforIndustrialWasteDischargedonLandforIrrigationPurposes
..........................................................................................................................................62
4.1.(C)HydraulicLoadingApplicableforDifferentSoils:................................................63
4.1.(D)ToleranceLimitsforIndustrialandDomesticWasteDischargedintoMarine
CoastalAreas.................................................................................................................... 63
4.1.(E)ToleranceLimitsforWasterfromRubberFactoriesbeingDischargedintoInland
SurfaceWaters................................................................................................................. 65
4.1.(F)Tolerancelimitsforwastefromtextileindustrybeingdischargedintoinland
surfacewaters.................................................................................................................. 65
4.1.(G)ToleranceLimitsfordischargeofeffluentsintoPublicSewerswithCentral
TreatmentPlants .............................................................................................................66
4.2AmbientAirQualityRegulations....................................................................................67
4.3NoiseControlRegulations .............................................................................................68
4.3.(A)GeneralActivities ................................................................................................68
4.3.(B)ConstructionActivities ........................................................................................69
4.3.(C)IndustrialActivities ..............................................................................................69
4.4ProposedAirblastoverPressureandGroundVibrationStandardsforSriLanka........71
4.4.(A)BuildingClassification..........................................................................................71
4.4.(B)InterimstandardsforVibrationoftheOperationofmachinery,construction
activitiesandvehicleMovementstraffic.........................................................................72
4.4.(C)InterimstandardsonAirBlastOverPressureandGroundVibrationforBlasting
Activities...........................................................................................................................73
4.4.(D)InterimStandardsonVibrationfortheinconvenienceoftheoccupantsin
buildings...........................................................................................................................74
5.PrescribedActivitiesthatRequireEnvironmentalProtectionLicensing .............................75
5.1.PrescribedActivitiesPartA........................................................................................75
5.2.PrescribedActivitiesPartB ........................................................................................79
5.3.PrescribedActivitiesPartC ........................................................................................81
Introduction
The promotion of Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) growth and their
competitivenesswillnotonlyyieldincreasingsocialandeconomicreturnsdomestically,
but also empowers private sector integration to the global economy. However, this
processhadbeenconstrainedbythelimitedavailabilityofformalfinancialresourcesto
meetavarietyofoperationalandinvestmentneedsoftheSME.
Having recognised these issues the Government of Sri Lanka is making an effort to
addresstheSMEissuesinSriLanka.Inthiscontext,thepresentWorldBankfacilityof
US$57millionfortheSMEs,forstrengtheningaccesstofinanceisapositiveinitiative.
Infact,itissaidthattheprojectsupportsSriLankanGovernmentseffortstoimprove
accesstofinanceforSMEsaffectedbytheglobalfinancialcrisis.
The SME Development Facility (SMEDeF) Project, funded under the crisis response
windowoftheWorldBank,includesalineofcredittoparticipatingcommercialbanks
defined as Participating Financial Institutions (PFIs) in this Project for providing SME
loans, and a risk sharing facility and provides partial credit guarantees to reduce the
banksriskoflendingtoSMEborrowers.Thesecondcomponentfocusesontechnical
assistancetosupportbanksindevelopingtheirSMEbankingcapabilitiesandtosupport
SMEsintheirbusinessdevelopmentandsustenance.
ThisenvironmentalguidelineisacomplementtotheEnvironmentalRiskManagement
Framework
(ERMF)
of
the
SMEDeF
Project
available
at
http://www.treasury.gov.lk/depts/dfd/smedef/guidelines/envirmentvol1.pdf.
AccordingtoestimatesoftheIndustrySurveyof2009conductedbytheDepartmentof
Census & Statistics, there are over 17,000 industries operating in Sri Lanka ranging
frommicrotosmall&mediumtolargescaleindustries.TheSMEsectorinSriLankais
highly a diversified sector which ranges from manufacturing to services with value
addition in various degrees. The sector contributes immensely to the GDP of the
country. While some of their contributions are through subcontracting and similar
meanswheretheirproductsandservicesareboughtbyorrenderedtothelargescale
playersandsomearedirectlyinvolvedinexports.
With their strong influence on economic and social matters, SME activities contribute
significantly towards environmental impacts significantly. Although waste from
individual SMEs could be small, the cumulative environmental and health impacts on
thesocietyfromthesectorcanbequitehighnotonlyintermsofmagnitudebutalsoin
diversity.TakingthisintoaccounttheNationalEnvironmentalAct(NEA)addressesthe
issuesandimpactsofindustrialpollutionandhaspublishedpollutionstandardsandhas
brought in regulations of obtaining Environmental Protection Licences for majority of
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industriestooperateinSriLanka.FromtimetotimethisNationalRegulationisrevised
andnewsectorsareintroduced.
Environmental Pollution mitigation is regulated by the regulations gazettedunder the

NationalEnvironmentActNo.47of1980asamendedbyActNos.56of1988and53of2000
fortheindustrialsectorbeitsmall,mediumorlargescalesectors.The regulations are
gazetted under Gazette Extraordinary No. 1533/16 dated January 25, 2008, for a variety of
sectors involving in manufacturing, construction or services which need to obtain
Environment Protection Licenses (EPL). The license so issued to an industry will
stipulate the standards and criteria under which is it allowed to discharge waste and
otheremissionlevels.TheEPLissuedtoanindustryislegallybindingandviolationof
conditionsinthelicenseisapunishableoffenceundertheNEA.EPLsareissuedbythe
CEA or a designated body which can be local authorities for low polluting industries,
BoardofInvestment(BOI)forBOIindustries.IntheNorthWesternProvince,wherea
separate Provincial Environmental Authority exists, the EPLs are issued by the North
WesternProvincialEnvironmentalAuthority(NWPEA).
This document is mainly prepared as a technical reference for the (a) PFIs to aid
environmental appraisal of projects by highlighting environmental risk factors of
lending associated with various SME sectors, (b) provide guidance to SMEs on
environmentaleligibilityforqualifyingasapotentialloanapplicant,(c)raiseawareness
and understanding of SMEs on environmental standards and regulatory obligations
expectedoftheindustryinordertoachieveincreasedcompetitiveness.
It can be used as a technical guidelinefor existing industries or those willing to enter

intonewventuresunderthesectorsmentionedherein,intermsofmitigatingpollution.
Each sector elaborates the point sources and key environmental issues briefly
categorisedunderthetypeofpollutantnamelysolidwaste,liquidwaste,airpollutants
and noise & vibration that is generated from the process and gives recommendations
foreachtype.Eachsectoralsoexplainsregulatoryobligationsforindustriestoobtain
EPLs.Anyindustrialistinterestedinstudyingfurtheronpollutioncontroltechnologies
canrefertothesectiononFurtherReadingundereachsector.
1. ProceduretoobtaintheEnvironmentProtectionLicense
(EPL)
Environmental Protection License procedure implemented under the National
Environment Act plays a major role in environment protection by having the
industrialiststocomplyandadoptpollutioncontrolmethodologies.
EnvironmentalProtectionLicense(EPLs)isrequiredforactivitiesthatcouldharmthe
environment through the release of pollutants. EPLs aim to prevent or minimise the
releaseofenvironmentallyharmfulwasteandpollution,incompliancewiththenational
dischargeandemissionsstandards.Additionally,EPLsareawayofstrengtheningthe
regulatorysystemasregardstheenvironment.
EPLs require the industry or activity to take adequate measures to control water, air,
noise and other pollutants and to dispose of wastes so as to minimize environmental
impacts.Inmostcasesapplicantswillhavetotakeappropriatemeasurestoabatethe
pollution if these discharges and emissions exceed the stipulated environmental
standardshavingassessedthelevelofpollutionoftheindustryinquestion.
ApprovalwillbegivenonlyaftertheCEAissatisfiedwiththemethodologiesadoptedby
the applicant that are in compliance with the National Environmental Act and its
regulations.Ifapproved,theEPLwillbeissuedbytheCEAorbyadelegatedauthority
foradesignatedperiodoftime.
EPLsaregivenaccordingtothreecategoriesasspecifiedintheGazettenamelyPartsA,
B&Cdependingonthelevelofpollution.(ReferChapter5,sections5.1,5.2and5.3).
ThesectorsthatfallintoPartsA&Baregrantedforaperiodofoneyearandrenewal
bemadeannuallybytheCentralEnvironmentalAuthority.ThosethatfallintoCategory
Caregrantedforaperiodofthreeyearsandaregrantedbythelocalauthoritywhere
theindustryislocated.EPLsmaythenberenewedatleastonemonthpriortoitsexpiry
andneedrevalidationincaseanyanticipatedchangesoralterationsarecarriedoutto
theactivitiesthatwereoriginallyapproved.
Inthecaseofnewindustries,theapplicantneedstoobtainanEnvironmentalClearance
toinitiatetheprojectandcommissionbeforetheEPLisobtained.Oncecommissioned
the applicant could then request for the EPL. The environmental clearance can be
obtainedfromtheCEAorthelocalauthorityconcerneddependingonthecategorythat
theprojectfallsinto.
2.SectoralGuidelines
2.1Agriculture
2.1.1Cultivation
SriLankabeingpredominantlyanagriculturebasedcountry,itseconomyhadbeenbuilt
around agriculture and plantation for centuries. Rice is the main source of food and
hencealargelandareaisallocatedforitscultivationinalmostallpartsofthecountry
amounting to 708,000 hectares. In the dry zone areas, paddy cultivation generally
dependsonrainwaterorirrigatedwater.Fromtheancienttimeskingswhoruledthe
countryfocusedonirrigatedwaterforthewaterstresseddryzonethroughachainof
cascading manmade tanks and irrigated channels. It was the duty of the King to
provideirrigatedwatertothepaddycultivation.Hencethewewa&dagabaconcept
cameintobeingfromancienttimes.
Incontrast,inthewetzone,paddycultivationmainlydependsuponthemonsoonalrain.
Sri Lanka being a tropical island located close proximity to the Bay of Bengal is
subjected to tropical cyclones and heavy monsoonal rains. The island gets its rain
mainly from the southwest monsoons from midMay to October and northeast
monsoons from December to March while the two intermonsoonal periods lie in
between.Paddyiscultivatedintwoseasons,YalaandMahawhichissynonymouswith
thetwomonsoonalrainperiods,whereMahaseasonisduringthenortheastmonsoons
whiletheYalaisduringthesouthwestmonsoonperiod.
During the Maha season of 2010/11, a total of 525.017 hectares have been harvested
and obtained a yield of 1,993, 014 MT. Paddy cultivation is quite demanding when
comes to obtaining a high yield. A fair amount of research is taken place and novel
varietiesthatyieldbumperharvesthavebeeninvented.Seedpaddyofthesevarietiesis
distributedamongthefarmerswiththeviewtoobtainahighyield.
ProductionProcess
Paddy cultivation has been mechanised in many parts of the island in recent years as
withtheuseoftractorstoploughfieldsasagainsttheuseofbuffalo.Similarlymanual
labourforsowingseedsorplantingthepaddyandharvestinghasbeenreplacedlargely
withmechanisedtechnologysuchascombineharvesters.
In the ploughing process paddy stalk is buried in the soil as a conditioner and at the
sametimeitnourishesthesoil.TheGovernmenthascarriedoutawarenesscampaigns
to discourage burning of the paddy stalk and the paddy husk but to use as a soil
conditioner. After sowing seed paddy or by planting the seed sprout, it is allowed to
grow.Fromtimetotimeweedicides,pesticidesandchemicalfertilizerareappliedon
demand,duringtheperiodofgrowthupuntilharvesting.
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Onceharvested,sheavesofpaddyaresubjectedtotheseparationprocessofpaddyfrom
theshaftwhereitisdonetraditionallybygettingbuffaloestotrample.Thisprocessis
gradually mechanising using motored paddy separators. This is an in situ process.
Collectedpaddyistheneitherstoredormilledtoproducerice.
PollutingProcess(pointsource)
In paddy cultivation key polluting steps, although limited, takes place mainly in the
cultivatingandpostharvestingphases.
(1) Landpreparationforcultivation
(2) Useoffertilizerandpesticidesandweedicides
(3) Harvesting
(4) Postharveststorageandtransportation
SummaryofKeyEnvironmentalissues
Solid waste During the postharvest phase a large amount of solid organic waste is
generated and is generally used as fodder for cattle or organic manure for the next
season, thereby encouraging the use of organic farming while discouraging the use of
chemicalfertilizer.
WastewaterOverapplicationofchemicalfertilizerandpesticides/weedicidescauses
soil and ground/surface water pollution. Farmers are warned and advised by the
district agrarian officers of its harmful effects to the environment and public health.
However, as a signatory to the Rotterdam Convention, Sri Lanka does not use any
hazardouschemicalmentionedintheConvention.
Besidespaddy,otherplantationcropssuchasteaandrubberplayamajorroleisterms
offoreignexchangeearningstothecountry.Avarietyofnonexportcropsaregrownin
variousclimaticzonesfortheexportmarketandlocalconsumption.Dependingonthe
climateandsoilconditionprevailinginthezone,thevegetablevarietiesandrootcrops
are being grown. Hence agricultural crops fall into "up country" and "low country"
varieties. All crop varieties are distributed by a transporting mechanism and the
produce is distributed to all parts of the country making it available for consumers
scatteredinthecountry.
Incommercialagriculture,manycropsarenowbeinggrownusingthelatesttechnology
suchasploytunnelling,carefullyusingthelimitedlandandwaterresourcesavailable.
Hencetopsoildegradationistakencareof.Thosethatdon'tusethemoderntechnology
stillusethetraditionalfarmingmethods.TheChenacultivationisonesuchmethodand
is still being practiced in rural areas despite limited land availability in a scale less
intensethanitwascarriedoutmanydecadesago.However,useofagrofertilizerand
chemical pest control methods are employed widely. Under the Control of Pesticides
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Act,useofharmfulorphasedoutchemicalfertilizerandpesticideshavebeenbanned
andtheyarenolongeravailableinthemarket.
Cropsthatareprocessedforvalueadditionarecategorisedunderagroprocessing.This
includes processed tea, coconut processing industries, paddy milling etc. Generally
vegetables and pulses have little value addition as they are consumed directly by the
localswhilefruitsareusedinbothmakingjams,chutneys&beveragesforthelocaland
foreignmarkets&consumeddirectly.
Recommendedpollutionpreventionandcontroltechnologies
In cultivation, it is always best practices that need to be employed. General
recommendationscannotbeemployedincultivationasitvaries anddependuponthe
soiltype,areaofcultivationi.e.dryzoneorwetzoneandtopography,croptypeandthe
specificagriculturesector.However,carefulandminimaluseofchemicalfertilizerand
pesticides/weedicidesthroughgoodpracticessuchasIntegratedPestManagementand
Integrated Plant Nutrition Management etc., that facilitate sustainable agricultural
development should be essentially promoted. At the same time careful soil
managementneedstobetakencareoftopreventsoilerosionandtopsoildegradation.
Among other best practices would be organic cultivation. Although in commercial

agricultureitmayseemanuneconomicaltaskitwouldcertainlybeaninitiativeandbe
anewavenueforSMEs.
Sectorspecificenvironmentalguidelinesforfurtherreading
1. CEA.(1997).EnvironmentalGuidelinesforAgricultureSectorProjectsinSriLanka.
CentralEnvironmentalAuthority.
2. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Plantation Crop
Production.April30,2007.InternationalFinanceCorporation.
2.2AgroProcessing
2.2.1RiceMills
Descriptionoftheindustry
The staple diet in the South Asian region consists of rice and preparations from rice
flour. From paddy cultivation to harvesting and all other operations pertaining to
paddycultivationtakesplaceinallregionsinSriLanka.Inthemillingprocess,thehard
huskofthericegrainisremovedmechanicallytoobtaintheedibleseedofrice.Most
millingofpaddyforcommercialpurposesaredoneinregisteredmillsinalargescale
while small scale operations also takes place for individual or personal consumption.
Mostricemillsofcommercialoperationareprivatesectorownedandoperatedbythe
rice traders. Generally they purchase harvested paddy from growers and milled and
soldasricetothemarketmaintainingadequatestocksofriceinthemarketandpaddy
inthestores.
Thusrealvalueadditiontakesplaceatthismillingoperation.Ricemillswhetherthey
operatethedryprocessorwetprocess,needtoobtainEPLfortheiroperation.
Productionprocess
Depending on the type of rice required, paddy is parboiled prior to milling or milled
without parboiling. These two operations are known as wet and dry process
respectively.
Inthemillingprocess,beitwetordryaprecleaningtakesplacewheretheimpurities
are removed in the first instance. If paddy is milled using the dry method, paddy is
driedbeforemilling.Thenissubjectedtothedehuskingprocessandthereafterriceis
polishedusingverticalconepolishers.
Incontrary,inthewetprocess,paddyisfirstcleanedtoremoveanyimpurities.Thenit
is soaked in water, drained and boiled. Once boiling is done, paddy is dried and de
husked.Finallyitispolishedtoobtainthefinalproduct.
Pollutingprocess:(pointsources)
Inricemillingindustrythemainpollutingsourcesare
(1) Precleaningprocess
(2) Soakingprocess&draining
(3) Boilingprocess
(4) Dehusking

Summaryofkeyenvironmentalissues:
According to the level of pollution, rice mills have been categorised under the E2 in
termsofpollutionleveloftheERMF.
SolidWasteIntheprecleaningprocessanyremnantsofstrawordriedplantdebris
mayberemovedassolidwaste.Itisestimatedthatnearly200Kgofhuskisgenerated
for a ton of paddy milled. Along with the husk, rice bran is also removed and is
discarded as dust. Husk is the main solid waste that is generated in the paddy mills.
Particulatematteranddustisgeneratedintheprocess.
Huskisusedasasourceoffuelforfurnacesinthemill.Partiallyitisusedaspoultry
feedasitcontainsricebranandalsousedtoproducebricks.Unutilisedhuskisburntin
openwhichcausesairpollution.Flyashcausesanuisanceifnotdisposedofproperly.
Mostlytheunusedexcesshuskisburntinheaps.Attimestheseheapsaredumpedin
opengroundwhichtakesyearstodecompose.Thuslandbecomesnonarable.Atthe
same time if it gets into a water body, it becomes polluted and silted leading to
eutrophication.
Wastewater Water used for soaking paddy is discarded as waste water. As this
wastewatercontainshighlevelsofBOD,dischargingtothevicinityisquitedetrimental
totheenvironment.Nutrientsinthewastewatermaypromotealgalgrowthleadingto
eutrophication in the water body where the waste is discharged. If hot water is
discharged,itcanbringaboutadverseeffectstothefaunaandflorainsoilorthewater
body.
Air Pollution In the milling process, although Air Pollution is not a significant
element,indoorairpollutioncanbeassociatedwithparticulatematteranddustinthe
air.Thiswillcauseallergicreactionsinworkers.
Recommendedpollutionpreventionmethods
Solidwaste
General solid waste disposal methods include composting if the matter is of organic
origin,sanitarylandfill,orincineration.Inthecaseofsolidwastegeneratedfromthe
paddymills,itcanbeconsideredtobeoforganicorigin.Hencethiscanbecompostedin
siteoratadifferentlocation.Discardingpaddyhuskisarawmaterialformakingbricks
whereitisusedextensivelybythebrickmakersandisusedasafuelforfurnacesinthe
mill itself or for other industries. Any excess paddy husk that needs to be discarded
shouldbeburntinaproperlyconstructedincineratorandflyashshouldbedisposedof
inapropermannerensuringnosolidwastegetsintoanywaterbody.
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Wastewater
Disposal of wastewater needs to comply with the industrial wastewater discharging
standardsgazettedbytheCentralEnvironmentalAuthority.(ReferChapter4,section
4.1).
After a pretreatment of screening, the wastewater can be anaerobically treated in an

anaerobicdigesterfollowedbyaerobictreatmentinanoxidationditchoraeratedpond
or activated sludge system depending on the BOD level that needs to be reduced.
Treated clarified effluent is then channelled through a sand bed to remove any
suspendedparticles.
AirPollution
Particulate matter and dust that is generated needs to be taken care of. The wet
scrubbers,cyclonicparticlecollectorsorevenexhaustswithdustbagscanbeinstalled
topreventanyparticulatematterbeingsentoutofpremises.Thesedusttrapsneedto
becleanedorreplacedperiodicallyforefficiency.(ReferChapter4,section4.2).
2.2.2GrindingMills
Commercialgrindingmillscameintooperationwiththeopeneconomyandchangesin
lifestyle where more and more females being employed and seeking convenience in
preparationoffood.Lifehasmadeconvenientbyhavingaccesstoeasytopreparefood
formulationssuchasDosamixtures,stinghoppermixtures,hoppermixturesandspices
&condimentsetc.
AllgrindingmillsneedtoobtainEPLfortheiroperation.
Productionprocess
In the production process, whatever the item being ground, is first washed and de
stoned.Rawmaterialsaredriedtoreducethemoisturecontenttothelevelwhereitcan
begroundmechanicallyandsievedtoremoveanyhardsolidparticles.Finallytheyare
mixedwithotheringredientsifformulationsormixturesaretobepreparedorpacked
mechanically.
Adequate care should be taken in all steps to avoid contamination from chemical and
biological substances as food products can be vehicles for food borne diseases.
Maintenanceofhygienicconditionsistoppriorityinhandlingfoodpreparations.
Pollutingprocess(pointsources)
(1)
Washinganddestoningprocess
(2)
Dryingandroastingprocess
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(3)
Grindingprocess
(4)
Packing
Summaryofkeyenvironmentalissues
GrindingmillshavebeencategorisedintoE2intermsofpollutionleveloftheERMFas
peritslevelofpollution.
SolidwasteItisquiteunlikelythatanyoftherawmaterialswillbecomewastematter
except in an unlikely event where the raw materials are of poor quality and become
inedible. In the grinding process certain solid matter may remain to be disposed of.
Fineparticulatemattercanbecomeairbornecausinganoccupationhealthhazard.
WastewaterDuringwashingofrawmaterialcertainparticulatematterordebrismay
bewashedaway.ThiswashingmaybehighinBODandCODcontentandmayinclude
suspendedsolidparticles.
AiremissionsAsfarasairemissionsareconcerned,particulatematterifbecomesair
bornemaycauseanoccupationalhazardandperhapsbeapollutant.Dustparticlesare
generatedinthegrindingprocessandatthepackingprocess.Certaincondimentswhen
grinding may emit aromatic compounds which are not affecting the environment or
health.Certainrespiratoryissuescancreateanimpacttotheworkforceifproperand
adequatepreventivemeasuresarenottaken.
In commercial scale operations, drying is done using steam and hence boilers can
generateairemissionsduetotheuseoffuel.
Noise/vibrationAsgrindingoperationisdonemechanically,thenoiseandvibration
are generated. This becomes an annoyance in long term operations causing sever
distresstotheworkersandmayevencauseimpairmenttohearing.Measuresneedto
betakentopreventanysuchdamagefromoccurring.
Solidwaste
Dust and particulate matter are the main concerns in the grinding mill operation in
termsofsolidwasteandisdiscussedunderairpollution.
Topreventoccupationalhealthhazards,workersshouldbegivenfacemasks.
Wastewater
Wastewater generated during the washing process may contain a high BOD and COD
levels.Thewashingsareoforganicoriginandhenceafterinitialscreeningtoremove
anysuspendedsolids,itcanbetreatedanaerobicallytoreducetheBODandCODlevels
followed by aerobic treatment. However, in highly urbanised areas, as the limiting
factorisland,achemicaltreatmentmethodmaybeemployedto settlethesuspended
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anddissolvedsolidsfollowedbyaclarificationprocess.(ReferChapter4,section4.1for
wastewatereffluentdischargestandards).
Airpollution
Wetscrubbingmethodscanbeusedtotrapthearomaticorganicpollutantswhiledust
traps/bagsorcyclonicseparatorsareemployedtocollectairborneparticulatematter.
(ReferChapter4,section4.2).
Noise/vibration
Asmostofthesmallscaleoperatingmillsislocatedamongstcommercial buildings or
homes noise and vibration can be an annoyance to the inhabitants. In larger scale
commercial operations, the factories can adopt proper enclosure with sound proof
insulation material or isolate the machines that generate noise. (Refer Chapter 4,
section4.3forNoisestandards).
Butintheonesthatarelocatedinurbanareascanemploysimplertechnologiessuchas
use of insulation material to the walls. Proper servicing of machinery, lubrication of
movingpartsandreplacementofwarnoutpartswillminimisenoiseandvibration.
Impropermountingofequipmenttendtogiveoutvibrationmuchmorethatthosethat
are properly mounted. Adequate care must be taken to install equipment in the first
place.(ReferChapter4,section4.4).
Wastetype
SolidWaste
Polythene
Cardboard/paper
Paddyhull/husk
Flyash
LiquidWaste
Suspendedsolids
Clarifiedliquidwaste
Migratory/AbatementMeasure
Recycle;noopenburning
Use as a raw material for brick making
orasanimalfeedorincinerate
Bury
Usescreeningmesh(Pretreatment)
Anaerobic treatment followed by
Aerobic treatment. Clarification in a
sandbed.
GaseousWaste
Suspendedparticulatematter
Usedusttraps
Air emissions from stove/ boiler Minimumchimneystackheighttobe30
rooms
feet
Noise/Vibration
Machinesinoperation
Encloseinaroom
Vibration
Propermountingofmachinery
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Regulatoryobligations
Description
Rice mills having wet process and having a production
capacityof5,000kgormoreperday
Ricemillshavingwetprocesswithaproductioncapacityof
morethan1,000kgperday
Ricemillshavingadryprocess
Grinding mills having production capacity of more than
1,000kgpermonth
Grindingmillshavingproductioncapacityoflessthan1,000
kgpermonth
EPLCategory
A
B
C
B
C
1. Environmental Resources Management Lanka (Pvt.) Ltd. (2001). Pollution

ControlGuidelineNo.1PaddyMills.CentralEnvironmentalAuthority.

ControlGuidelineNo.7GrindingMills.CentralEnvironmentalAuthority.
3. IFC.(2007).Environmental,HealthandSafetyGuidelinesforFoodandBeverage
Processing.April30,2007.InternationalFinanceCorporation.
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2.2.3SugarMills
SugarproductioninSriLankaisnotawidelydevelopedindustry.Thefirstfactorywas
established as a Government Corporation in the early 70's and eventually sought
private sector investment and entrepreneurship for economic viability. Subsequently
severalotherfactoriesalsocameintobeinginthedryzoneoftheisland.Thesugarcane
plantation also began to provide the raw material for the industry. Sugar cane
plantationencountersseveralnaturalenvironmentalproblemssuchasdroughtandfire,
mainlybeinginthedryzoneandalsoconstantlybeingattackedbywildelephants.
Productionprocess
Sugar cane, once ready to harvest are cut and cleared of all vegetative parts and
manuallycleanedbeforebeingfedintothemechanicalcrushers,intotheprocesscalled
milling. Milling takes place in several continual stages; cane juice is extracted and
collectedineachstage.Thecrushedcaneisremovedasbagasseandisadrymassof
solidvegetativematerial.Theextractedjuiceisthenstrainedtoremoveanyparticulate
matter.Limeandsolublephosphateareaddedtotherawcanejuiceandheatedtoform
athickprecipitateofinsolubleparticulatematterwhichislaterseparatedoutfromthe
sugar syrup. Lime is added to neutralise the organic acids in the extract. The
precipitateisthenseparatedintheclarifierandiscalled"mud".Themudisfilteredand
filtercakeisdisposedof.
The clarified sugar syrup called molasses is heated and subjected to an evaporation
process in several stages where a concentrated syrup is obtained. This is clarified by
addinglime,phosphoricacidandapolymerflocculentandcrystallinesugarisobtained.
Inamoresophisticatedprocessvacuumpansareused.Thecrystallisationcommences
with the addition of a seeding solution consists of liquor and crystals known as
massecuite. The process takes place in several stages and finally the massecuite is
centrifugedtoseparatethemolassesfromthecrystallisedbrownsugar.
The refining process takes place with a washing process called affination with warm
andsaturatedsyruptoloosenthemolassesfilm.Thisisthenfollowedbyseparationof
crystals from the syrup in a centrifugal and washing ofseparated crystals with jets of
hotwater.Havingcarriedoutthecleaningprocess,thesyrupisthensenttoaclarifier
followed by decolourisation and deodorisation processes respectively. The final
productisthusobtainedasrefinedsugar.
15

Inthesugarprocessingindustry,thekeypollutingsourcesare:
(1) Initialcleaning
(2) Crushing
(3) Clarificationprocess
(4) Afflinationprocess
(5) Decolourisationanddeodorisation
In the ERMF sugar mills have been categorised under E2 according to the pollution
level.
Solid waste Solid waste is generated at three stages in the sugar manufacturing
industry.Attheinitialstagewherethepartsofthedriedleafmatterisseparatedfrom
thetrunks.Thesevegetativepartsarenotamajorissueastheyarebiodegradableand
not detrimental to the environment. Similarly, the bagasse which is obtained after
crushingandextractionofsugar,ismostlyusedtheindustryitselftofiretheboilers.
Thefiltercakeproducedaftertheclarificationprocessismaycontainbemostlyofmud
andothersuspendedsolidsfoundinthesyrup.Thismayalsocontainahighnutrient
levelhenceneedstobedisposedofinamethodthatisnotharmfultotheenvironment;
especiallyitshouldnotcontaminateanywaterbody.Similarly,insugarmanufacture,
there are several clarification processes takes place hence all the sludge produced
shouldbedisposedofinanenvironmentfriendlymanner.
WastewaterSugarindustryproducesliquidwasteinstagesbuttheliquidwastethus
generated is reused in the production process; hence the actual wastage is generally
minimal.However,possiblegeneratingpointsareatthecrushingprocess,clarification
process,afflinationprocess,decolourisationanddeodorisationprocesses.Molassesat
different grades are reused in the production process and it is also sold as a raw
materialforethanolindustry.Incaseofaspillage,propercareshouldbetaken.
Generally,thewastewatermaycontainahighBODandCODvalues;thereforeitneedsto
betreatedbeforebeingdischarged.
Air emissions Possible air pollutants in the sugar industry generates in all the
processes.Amongthepollutantsareparticulatemattersarisingfromcleaningprocess
are generally harmless. Other potentially harmful substances are the volatile organic
compounds, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and sulphur oxides
generatinginthecombustionprocess.
Odourbecomesaproblemonlywithinthefactorypremises.
16
Noise/vibrationInthecrushingprocessgeneratenoiseandvibration.Apartfrom
this, in other operations noise may generate which is generally an inhouse matter.
Adequatemeasuresmaybenecessarytopreventannoyance.
Solidwaste
Solidwastegeneratedinsugarindustryisgenerallyoforganicorigin.Hence,itcanbe
composted.Thebagasseisusedasfueltothefiretheboilersorasarawmaterialfor
industries such as paper and pulp industry, ethanol production or as fuel for any
industry that may use it. Any excess solid waste needs to be buried or composted.
However, composting may take a long time as it contains cellulose and fibrous
substancesthat is not easily degraded. Inthe event allsuch methods are not feasible
theyshouldbeincinerated.
Thefiltercakeneedstobeburiedandpreventfromgettingintoanywaterbody.
Wastewater
Wastewater generated in the industry may contain high BOD and COD contents. This
needs to be treated prior to disposal. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.1 for waste water
effluentdischargestandards).
After initial screening process waste should be treated with alum to flocculate any
suspendedsolidsfollowedbyaerobictreatmentsuchasoxidationditchoraeratedpond
which would reduce the BOD levels to accepted levels.Final clarificationandtertiary
treatmentmethodcanbeemployedpriortofinaldisposal.
AirEmissions
Asforairemissionsinsugarindustry,thedustparticlesmaybecollectedbyclothdust
collectorsandshouldpreventfromharmingtheworkers.Inthecaseofnitrogenoxides,
sulphur dioxides and volatile organic compounds wet scrubbers can be used. Mostly,
theplantsareequippedwithcyclonicaircollectorsandthiscanbereleasedtohigher
atmosphere. The boiler chimney stack height should be maintained to prevent any
indoororourdoorairpollution.(ReferChapter4,section4.2forAmbientAirQuality
Standards).
Noise/vibration
Thenoiselevelscanbemaintainediftherespectivemachinesareenclosedinaroom.
However, the workers be given adequate protection from being subjected to inhouse
noisepollution.(ReferChapter4,sections4.3and4.4forNoisestandardsandproposed
Vibrationstandards).
17

Wastetype
SolidWaste
Vegetativeparts
Bagasse
Polythene
Cardboard/paper
Flyash
LiquidWaste
Suspendedsolids
GaseousWaste
Airemissionsfromstove/boiler
rooms
Noise/Vibration
Machinesinoperation
Vibration
Compostandburial
Useasfuelorasarawmaterialfor
ethanolindustryorpaperandpulp
industry
Useasarawmaterialforbrickmaking
orasanimalfeedorincinerate
Bury
Usescreeningmesh(Pretreatment)
InitialscreeningfollowedbyAerobic
treatment.Clarificationandtertiary
treatmentmethod.
Usedusttraps
Useofwetscrubbersandinstallationof
cyclonicaircollectors.
Minimumchimneystackheighttobe30
feet
Encloseinaroom
Description
EPLCategory
Sugarmanufacturingindustriesorsugarrefineries
A
Sugar cane based industries excluding sugar factories or
B
sugarrefineries
1. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Sugar

Manufacturing.April30,2007.InternationalFinanceCorporation.
18
2.2.4TeaProcessingIndustries
CeylonTeaisaproductwhichhasbeenrenownedforitsqualityforoveracentury.It
wasintroducedtoCeylonbytheBritishandtheydevelopedtheinfrastructureneeded
toensurethestabilityoftheplantationandtheindustry.Fromageoldtraditions,the
industryhasbeenmodernisedandmechanisedtoagreaterdegreeovertheyears.This
has uplifted the quality and the quantity of the product which fetches a large sum of
foreignexchangetothecountry.
Increasing demand for tea globally has created a need to explore the possibilities of
convenience where instant tea was introduced to the world market, similar to instant
coffee.BoththeseindustriesneedanEPLtooperateitsfactories.
Productionprocess
Tea is plucked by hand and is one of most labour intensive processes. The unopened
bud and the first two leaves are handpicked and collected in large baskets. Bulk tea
leavesarethenbroughttothemastershedwhereitisweighed,collectedandplacedin
theconveyor.
This special conveyerwith the tea leaves passes through a blower to wither the fresh
leaves. Once the leaves are properly withered, they are transferred to mechanical
rollers. These rollers would physically break the leaf structures and cellular
membranestoreleasethecellularsap.Uponcontactwiththeatmosphericoxygen,the
polyphenols get oxidised giving the colour to black tea. This oxidation process is
commonlyknownasthefermentingprocess.Propertemperatureandhumidityshould
be maintained during withering, rolling and fermenting processes and proper timing
shouldbemaintainedtopreservetheflavouroftheteaduringthefermentationprocess.
Once fermentation process is completed, the tea is dried in blow dryers to bring the
moisture content to a level where it stops the further fermentation process and to
developthebackcolourationintea.
Sorting of bulk tea into different grades and sizes takes place manually or using
machines.Teaisexportedasbulkteaorasfullypackagedtea.
(1) Withering
(2) Rolling
(3) Firing/Drying
(4) Sorting
(5) Packing
19

Solid waste When bulk tea leaves are loaded on to the trough for the withering
process and initial sorting is done and spoiled or diseased leaves and twigs are
removed. This becomes the initial vegetative matter to be disposed of. In the rolling
process also certain pieces of tea gets blown away. In the final stage of sorting and
packingdustparticlesmaybeprevalentintheindooratmosphere.
WastewaterWastewaterisnotasignificantissueintheteaindustry.
AiremissionsIntermsofatmosphericemissions,pointsourcesaremainlyfromthe
combustion process in the boilers or kilns. Energy for the boilers is generated by
combusting fuel wood or furnace oil. This will emit sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides,
carbon monoxide and other greenhousegases.Meanwhile,flyashwillbeproducedif
fuelwoodisusedinthecombustionprocess.
Noise/vibrationNoisemaygeneratefromtherollingmachinesandinthewithering
process.Thisnoiseisgenerallyaconcernfortheinhouseandwouldrarelyaffectthe
outsideenvironment.
Solidwaste
Asthesolidwastegeneratedisoforganicorigin,itcanbeeasilybiodegradable.Hence
bestmeansofdisposalwouldbeburialorcomposting.
Wastewater
Wastewater generation is not a major concern for the tea manufacturing industry as
processwaterisnotgenerated.
Airpollution
Airpollutantsinteamanufacturingindustryaregeneratedatthesourcewherepower
generationtakesplace.ThisgivesoutNOx,SOx,CO,CO2,etc.,dependingonthetypeof
fuelusedtogeneratepower.Thiscanbereducedoralteredifcleanerfuelsareused.
As for treatment technologies, wet scrubbers can be used. The dust particles can be
separatedoutusingcyclonicseparatorsordustbagsortraps.Thecollectedparticulate
matterneedstobedisposedofinanacceptablemanner.Thebagsshouldbecleanedor
replacedperiodicallyformaximumefficiency.
Theminimumstackheightshouldbemaintainedat30feetinordertoavoidmixingof
pollutantswiththeloweratmosphericair.(ReferChapter4,section4.2forAmbientAir
QualityStandards).
20

Noise/vibration
Noise levels should be maintained as per regulations standards. This may not be a
significant factor since the machinery are located inside a building and noise may not
emanate to outside. (Refer Chapter 4, sections 4.3 and 4.4 for Noise standards and
proposedVibrationstandards).
Wastetype
SolidWaste
Polythene
Cardboard/paper
Refusetea
Compost/bury
GaseousWaste
Particulatematter
Usedusttraps,cyclonicseparates
SOx,NOx,CO,CO2
Usewetscrubbers
rooms
feet
Noise/Vibration
Machinesinoperation
Encloseinaroom
Vibration
Proper mounting of machinery/
equipment
Description
EPLCategory
Instantteaorcoffeeprocessingindustries
A
Teafactoriesexcludinginstantteaprocessing
C
1. AIT.(2002).SmallandMediumscaleIndustriesinAsia:EnergyandEnvironment
TeaSector.AsianInstituteofTechnology.
21
2.3Manufacturing
2.3.1AsphaltProcessingIndustries
Thisisanindustrythathasasignificantvaluetotheconstructionindustrymainlytothe
roadsector.Intheprocesssand,quarrydustandquarryaggregatesaremixedwithhot
bitumeninabatchprocessororindrumstoobtainthefinalproduct.Duetoproduction
of a variety of hazardous air pollutants during the manufacturing process adequate
precautions should be taken to avoid them being eliminated to the atmosphere.
Sophisticatedengineeredtechnologiesshouldbeemployedtocurtailairpollution.Due
tothis highpollutingnature thisindustry,an EPL isneededfor itsoperationwhich is
renewedannually.
Productionprocess
Asphalt production takes place commonly in a batch mixing plant or a drum mixing
plant.Ineachcasetheingredientsusedremainsameandonlytheprocesswillchange
slightly.Asthenameimplies,batchmixingisdoneinbatcheswhilethedrummixingis
acontinuousprocess.
In the batch mixing process, the aggregate is fed into hoppers and conveyed to the
rotary dryer where the aggregate gets dried. This is then sieved and separated into
severalgradesaccordingtothesize.Theweightoftheaggregateismeasuredandwith
the proper amount of liquid bitumen is poured into a batch mixture to obtain the
correctweighttovolumeratiosofaggregateandasphalt.Inthebatchmixture,thetwo
ingredients are mixed well and then dried in a dryer. Meanwhile additional liquid
asphalt is added to the mixture and mixed for an additional time. This hot asphalt
aggregateisthenstoredinsilosuntilitisdisbursed.
The drum mixing plant differs slightly due to the fact that this is a continuous mixing
processinadrumandtheaggregateisaddedfromtopofthedrumwhichisplacedinan
inclined position. Firing takes place at the end and the aggregate heats up. At a
midpoint asphalt cement is added. Mixing takes place and the combustion process
begins.Exhaustgasesescapefromthisandreleasefromanopening.Dryingtakesplace
before the final product is released to the conveyor. The final product comes from
belowandisthenstoredinstoragesilos.
(1) Unloadingofrawmaterial
(2) Mixtureplant
(3) Furnace
(4) Storageinsilos
22
(5)
(6)
Loadingoffinalproduct
Rawmaterialstorageandloadingbays
SolidwasteLargeparticlesfromaggregateandmetalarethesolidmatterscattered
around would be the raw materials and it can be used in the process or as the final
product.
Wastewater Wastewater is not a significant issue in the asphalt manufacturing

process.
Air emissions A significant amount and a variety of air pollutants are generated
duringtheprocessofasphaltproduction.Amongthemareparticulatematter,Carbon
dioxide (CO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx),
Volatileorganiccompounds(VOCs),Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons(PAHs),Phenols,
Volatile Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) etc. Heated air is also generated and the
surroundingareamaybecomeheated.
Aggregate dust and particulate matter becomes an issue and at loading bays this is
significant.
Noise/vibrationNoisefromoperatingmachinerycanbeasignificantissue.Trucks
for loading and unloading of raw material may also contribute to the noise pollution.
Similarlyoperatingmachinesmaygiveoutvibrationtothesurroundingenvironment.
Solidwaste
Asthereisnosignificantsolidwastearisingfromtheindustry,solidwastepollutionis
notasignificantpollutioncategory.
Wastewater
Since wastewater is not produced during the process, this is not a major pollution
categoryfortheindustry.
Airpollution
Althoughthisisamajorconcerntheplantaregenerallydesignedtocapturethemostof
thegaseousemissionsintoaductedcollector.Thesearefittedwithcyclonicseparators
andmostparticulatematteriscollectedandreintroducedtothesystem.Airpollutants
aretrappedusingscrubbers.Highlyengineeredtechnologiesareusedindesigningof
plantstoaddresstheairpollutantissues.(ReferChapter4,section4.2forAmbientAir
QualityStandards).
Workersneedtobegivensafelywearsuchasgogglesandfacemasksasthecertainair
pollutantsmaycauseeyeirritationandchronicrespiratoryproblems.
23

As these are large facilities, installation of a single exhaust system is difficult. Hence
pollution prevention needs to be addressed to the point sources. If loading areas are
separated from the rest of the facility, exhausts can be installed to collect particulate
matter. As for general dust, spraying of water can be done which will prevent from
particulate matter becoming air borne. Periodical cleaning of dust traps/ bags is
necessaryforhigherefficiency.
Noise/vibration
Noise and vibration can only be curtailed by enclosing the facility and with proper
mountingofmachinery.Inhousenoisepollutionandvibrationcanbecontrolledwith
thepropermaintenanceandmountingofmachinery.(ReferChapter4,sections4.3and
4.4forNoisestandardsandproposedVibrationstandards).
Workers need to use ear muffs to avoid exposure to high noise levels as longterm
exposuremaycausehearingimpairments.
Establishment of a green belt could certainly reduce noise from emanating to the
surroundingandproperhousekeepingwouldalsobeadvantageous.
Wastetype
SolidWaste
Solidaggregate
Reuseintheproductionprocess
LiquidWaste
Suspendedsolids
Use a screening mesh (if a waste
treatmentunitisinplace)
GaseousWaste
Particulatematter
Use of wet scrubber systems and
cycloneseparators
Dust
Spraying of water in the loading and
unloadingareas
VolatileOrganicCompounds(VOCs) Use of wet scrubber systems and
cycloneseparators
Noxiousgases
cycloneseparators
Hazardousairpollutants(HAPs)
cycloneseparators
Noise/Vibration
Machinesinoperation
Enclose in a room to avoid noise
dissemination
Generator
Encloseinaroom
Housekeeping
Growthofagreenbufferbelt
Vibration
24

Description
EPLCategory
Asphaltprocessingplants
A
1. USEPA.(2000)HotMixAsphaltPlantsEmissionAssessmentReport2000.U.S.
EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.
25
2.3.2DesiccatedCoconutIndustry
Coconut palm, for centuries, had been associated closely with lives of the Ceylonese.
Sometimes entire livelihoods depend on this palm tree mainly because its uses are
numerous. Along the coastal belt and the areas between Colombo, Kurunegala and
Chilawknownasthecoconuttriangleisfamousforthegrowthofthecoconuttreeand
manufactureofproductsderivedfromthepalm.
Among the products of the coconut tree, Desiccated Coconut (DC) yields a high value
additionandfetchesalargesumofforeignexchangetothecountry.Amongtheusesof
DC,bestqualityisexportedtoproduceconfectioneryitemsandbakeryindustry.
Sri Lanka competes with India, Malaysia, Indonesia and the West Indies for the DC
export.
Productionprocess
Best quality DC is produced only if the coconuts selected are well matured. Once
selected,theyarestoredfornearlyamonthwiththehusk.Duringthisstorageperiod,
thewaterinsidethekernelgetsabsorbedandthekernelgetsdriedanddetachedfrom
the shell. Coconuts are dehusked and shelled and the kernel is then taken for DC
production.ThisistheinitialprocessintheDCproduction.
Theouterbrowncoatingorthetestaisscrapedofftoobtainwhitecoconutkernel.This
is them washed and broken into large pieces. They are then mechanically crushed to
obtainDC.ThusobtainedDCisthensievedtogradeaccordingtothesize.Thisisthen
dried in trays in drying chambers at 180 0F. It is cooled and sized again before it is
packed.
Strict hygienic conditions are adhered to prevent any pathogens from getting into the
productasitisdirectlyusedinfoodindustry.
(1) Dehusking&shelling
(2) Paring
(3) Drying
(4) Packing
SolidwasteInthedehuskingandshellingprocesses,solidwastematterisproduced
namelythefibrouscoconuthuskandthehardcoconutshell.Althoughthesearewaste
productsfortheDCindustrytheybecomerawmaterialsforvariousotherindustriesor
fordomesticusage.
26

WastewaterWaterusedforwashingofthekernelisdiscardedaswastewater.This
water may sometimes contain high chlorine content as for hygienic conditions
chlorinatedwaterisused.
Besides this, coconut water which is the content in the middle of the kernel is also
discardedalongwithotherwashedwaterandthisisveryhighinorganiccontent.This
needstobetreatedbeforedischarged.
Air emissions During the paring process and the sieving process particulate matter
and may get air borne. The heat and steam generated to dry DC is escaped into the
atmosphere.
Noise/vibrationNoiseisnotasignificantpolluterintheindustryhencenoimpactis
envisaged.
Solidwaste
The husks and the shells are the main solid substances produced in the DC industry.
However,theybecomerawmaterialforvariousotherauxiliaryindustries.Thehuskis
used to make briquettes but extracting the pith and fibre is used for various other
industries.Thecoconutshellisusedtomakecharcoaloractivatedcarbon.Henceall
theseproductsaresoldtootherindustries.
Wastewater
CoconutwaterishighinorganiccontentandhasaveryhighBODlevel.Thiscoconut
wateralongwithwaterusedtowashthekernelsformsthewastewaterintheindustry.
Thecombinedwastewatergenerallyhashighconcentrationsofoil,greaseanddissolved
solids.Thewastewaterisinitiallyscreedtoremoveanysuspendedparticulatematter
and both anaerobic and aerobic treatment methods may be employed to reduce the
BODandCODlevelstoacceptedlevelspriortodischarge.(ReferChapter4,section4.1
forwastewatereffluentdischargestandards).
It is advisable to separate coconut water from other wash water and treat separately
whichwillreducethesizeofthebiologicaltreatmentunitsandtheconstructioncost.
Airpollution
Suspended particulate matter in the air is removed by installation of exhausted fans
withdustbags.Thisisessentialinordertomaintainhighstandardsofhygienicquality
of the final product. Heated airand steammay escape during the production process
anditcanbebestavoidediftheconveyersareenclosedinacabinetandtheheatedairis
exhaustedtoouterenvironment.(ReferChapter4,section4.2forAmbientAirQuality
Standards).
27

Noise/vibration
Theboilersmaygeneratenoiseandvibration.Theyarebestlocatedinanenclosureso
thatnoisemaynotbeaproblemtotheworkers.(ReferChapter4,section4.4).
Wastetype
SolidWaste
Useofdusttrapsorcollectors
LiquidWaste
Coconutwater(ifseparatedfromrest AnaerobicandAerobictreatmentoruse
ofwashwater))
as raw material for vinegar industry or
bottleddrinkingcoconutwater.
Suspendedsolids
Useascreeningmesh
AnaerobicandAerobictreatment
GaseousWaste
Particulatematter
Useofdusttrapswithbags
Noise
Machinesinoperation
dissemination
Generator
Encloseinaroom
Description
EPLCategory
Desiccatedcoconutmillsorcoconutprocessingindustries
A
where10ormoreworkersareemployed.
1. AIT.(2002).SmallandMediumScaleIndustriesinAsiaEnergyandEnvironment,
DesiccatedCoconutSector.AsianInstituteofTechnology.
2. CEA.(1992).IndustrialPollutionControlGuidelinesNo.3DesiccatedCoconut
Industry.CentralEnvironmentalAuthority.
28
2.3.3ClayRoofingtilemanufacturingindustries
PotteryandclayindustrieshavebeendevelopedinSriLankafromancienttimesinthe
areas where clay deposits are found. From ancient times, people of Ceylon had been
usedtostorewaterinclaypotsandtocooktheirmealsinearthenware.Mostofthese
operateassmallscalecottagetypeindustries.Withmodernisationandimprovementin
qualityoflife,peoplestartedtoreplacestandardroofingmaterialwithclaytiles.This
initiallybeganinreligiousplacefollowedbytherichinvillagesandnowitisacommon
practice.
Clayroofingtilemanufacturingindustryisahighlyaspecialisedindustryandislocated
in pockets where clay deposits are easily accessible. This enables them to maximise
theirprofitmarginsbyreducingthecostincursforthetransportationofrawmaterial.
Productionprocess
Theproductionoftheroofingtilesbeginswithobtainingthebestclay.Thisisthenput
inspecialstrainerswheretheoutersurfaceofthe"clayball"itiswashedwithwaterto
remove any detritus. This in then kneaded or rolled to soften by adding the right
amountofwater.Atthesametimetheotherrawmaterialsarepreparedformixing,i.e.
sandandlime.Therightproportionofrawmaterialsaremixedtogetherandpassedon
totheextruderorthepress.Thiswillhydraulicallypressfittingintothemould.Then
thisisplacedintraystopartiallydryinair.Oncethetilesarepartiallydriedtheyare
transferredintothekilnsandbakedinhightemperaturefornearly6hrs.
Someofthemodernkilnsaregasfiredwhilethereststilloperateswithfurnaceoilor
firewood to some extent. Once the baking process is completed, the finished tiles are
checkedforqualityandstakedfordistribution.
(1) Extractionofrawmaterial
(2) Kneading/rolling
(3) Pressing
(4) Firing/bakingprocess
SolidwasteClayisarawmaterialthatisextractedfromthedepositsinthevicinityof
the kilns. Raw material once extracted and the deposit gets exhausted the extractors
abandonthedeposits.Theybecomebreedinggroundsformosquitoesandbecomean
environmentalandhealthhazard.Theseabandonedclaypitsneedtoberehabilitated
inordertopreventanyhealthhazardsfromoccurring.
29
During storage, finished tiles may break and broken pieces may be a problem in
discarding.Theycouldonlybecrushedandburiedorsometimesusedasaninsulator
forsomeindustries.
Wastewater Although wastewater does not have a significant impact on the

environmentfromthisindustry,washingsmaycontainsiltandsuspendedsolids.Hence
wastewater is needed to collect and allow the silt to sediment before goes into the
environment.
Air emissions Air emissions of this sector is generally from the kilns. Incomplete
combustion may produce gases such as CO and CO2. Combustion of furnace oil may
result in the production of NOx and SOx. Fly ash becomes an issue and is required to
disposeofcarefully.
In dry and windy situations, dust and particulate matter may be blown away into the
air.
Noise/vibrationNoiseandvibrationisoccurswhenthemachinesareinoperation.
Otherthanthat,theindustrymaynotgeneratenoise.
Solidwaste
Itismandatorythatthelicenseisobtainedtoextractclay.Thishasamajorimpacton
mitigating environment pollution during pre or post extraction periods. Proper
resource extraction must be ensured in accordance with license conditions. Once
extraction is complete industrialists should make necessary measures to rehabilitate
the abandoned clay pits in order to avoid potential environmental issues described
above.
Wastewater
Althoughwastewaterisnotasignificantissueintheindustry,itisnecessarytocollect
the water that is discharged to a tank where it is allowed to settle the sediment of
suspendedparticulatematterandtodisposetheclarifiedliquidwaste.(ReferChapter
4,section4.1).
Airpollution
Kilnsaregenerallyconstructedforcompletecombustionprocess.Theirstackheights
shouldbemaintainedataminimumlevelrecommendedbytheCEA.(ReferChapter4,
section4.2).
Ifdustbecomesaproblem,sprayingofwatertothevicinityisrecommendedsothatit
willcurtaildustfromblownaway.
30

Noise/vibration
Machines that generate noise can be housed in an enclosure to avoid from polluting.
Properservicingandlubricatingmayminimisethenoise.(ReferChapter4,section4.3
forNoisestandards).
Wastetype
SolidWaste
Aggregatesorparticulatematter
Betterhousekeeping/reuse
LiquidWaste
Suspendedsolids
Useasedimentationtanktosettle.
GaseousWaste
Gaseousemissionfromthekiln
Maintenanceofaminimumstackheight
ofthekiln
Dustandparticulatematter
Useofdusttrapsandsprayingofwater
tokeepawaythedustfromblownaway.
Noise
Machinesinoperation
dissemination;servicingandlubrication
ofmachines
Housekeeping
Growthofagreenbufferbelt
Description
EPLCategory
Tileandbrickkilns
C
1. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Ceramic Tile and
Sanitary Ware Manufacturing. April 30, 2007. International Finance
Corporation.
2. Selker, John and Laurie Childers. (1986). Clay Tile Manufacture, A Guide.
IntermediateTechnologyDevelopmentGroup.
31
2.3.4PolymerBasedIndustries
PlasticsandplasticproductshavebeenmanufacturedinSriLankaforquitesometime.
Amongtheproductsarebaskets,buckets,pails,foodgradecontainers,nonfoodgrade
containers,domestic water tanks,andfurniture. Plastics have made life very easy for
thesimplereasonthattheyarelonglastingfortheydonotbreakeasy,lightweighted
andeasytohandleunlikeconventionalclayorceramicware.
Tocatertotheengineeringandplumbingindustry,PVCpipesandfittingsandgutters
arealsomanufacturedinSriLanka.
Plasticsarepolymersmadeofpetrochemicalsandsocalledpolymersbecausetheyform
chains with molecules that they are formed with. This reaction results in the final
product of plastic. Backbone of plastic or most of the polymers in a chain of carbon
atoms with other chemical compounds bound to it in different proportions and
chemicalbondageproperties.
Productionprocess
AlthoughpolymerbasedproductsaremanufacturedinSriLanka,polymeritselfisnot
manufacturedhere.Plasticpelletsareimportedinbulkformandtheyaremouldinto
thespecificshapeoftheproductsodesire.Theprocessisknownasinjectormoulding
process. This requires sophisticated manufacturing machinery which can produce a
rangeofitemsofvariousshapesandsizes.
Thepelletsareplacedinthemachineandwithheatingitbecomemeltedandthemelted
polymerisinjectedintothemouldandcompressed.Waterisinjectedtocoolandobtain
thefinalproduct.
Although machines are used in the manufacturing process final touches are done
manuallytotheproductincludingqualitychecking,labellingandpackaging.
(1) Loadingofrawmaterial
(2) Heatingofpellets
(3) Mouldingprocess
(4) Packaging
PolymerbasedindustrieshavebeencategorisedunderE1categoryintheERMFdueto
itslevelofpollution.
32

Solid waste Solid waste is not a significant issue in the plastic industry. Occasional
raw material silage even can be collected and used back in the system. Any final
productrefusalafterqualitycheckisusedasarawmaterialhavingheatedandmelted.
Subsequentheatingisdoneonlyfornonfoodgradeproductmanufacture.
Wastewater Water used in the manufacture are not wastewater per se; but can be
reused in the same process over again. However, water may contain chemical
compounds and are not recommended to use as potable water or discharged to
environmentwithoutaproperqualitycheck.
Discharged water initially may be heated as it is used a heat transfer medium during
mouldingprocess.Oncecooled,itcanbereusedinthesameprocess.
Air emissions During heating of pellets, volatile aromatic hydrocarbons may be

released.Additionallycertainotherpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbonsmaybereleased.
Longtermexposuretotheseairpollutantsaredetrimental;hencepropercarebetaken
to avoid inhalation. Proper protection devices such as face masks be given to the
workers.
Noise/ vibration Although noise may not be a significant polluter, machines in

operationmayemitnoiseandmaybeannoyancetotheworkers.Theyshouldbegiven
properprotectingdevicestobewornduringworkinghours.
Solidwaste
Thereisnoissuewithregardtosolidwastegenerationfromtheindustry.However,it
isadvisabletofollowgeneralhousekeepingpracticefortheindustry.Astherecanbe
manyworkersinthefacility,municipaltypesolidwastemaybeproduced.Theyshould
besortedinhouseandshouldbedisposedofinanenvironmentallyfriendlymanner.
Wastewater
Thewaterusedinthemanufacturingprocessisreusedseveraltimesbeforeitisfinally
discharged.Priortodischargeitshouldbecheckforquality.Anysuspendedsolidsbe
coagulatedusingalumandpHadjustmentandanydissolvedchemicalsberemovedby
passing through resin columns and or passing though activated carbon filters
depending on the degree of pollution. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.1 for wastewater
effluentdischargestandards).
Airpollution
Although certain air pollutants are produced during the production process, the
machines are manufactured in such a way that they capture such emissions and
releasedtotheatmosphereafteracleansingprocessthroughducts.Scrubbersareused
33
to trap the harmful substances. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.2 for Ambient Air Quality
Standards).
Noise/vibration
Machinerynoiseandvibrationcanbeminimizediftheyareenclosedinaroom.Proper
servicingandreplacingofsparesneedtobedoneforsmootheroperation.Additionally,
themachinesshouldbemountedproperlytoavoidimpactsofvibration.(ReferChapter
4,sections4.3and4.4forNoisestandardsandproposedVibrationstandards).
Wastetype
SolidWaste
Largersolidmatter
Reusedasrawmaterial
LiquidWaste
Dissolved solids and dissolved Passingthoughresinbedsandactivated
aromaticcompounds
carbonfiltration
GaseousWaste
Gaseous emission from machines Wetscrubbing
duringheatingprocess
Dustandparticles
Betterhousekeeping
Noise/Vibration
Machinesinoperation
dissemination;servicingandlubrication
ofmachines
Vibration
Description
EPLCategory
Industries involved in the manufacture of polymers or
A
polymer based products (i.e. polyethylene, polyvinyl
chloride (PVC), polyurethane, polypropylene, polyester,
nylon, polystyrene, resins, fibreglass or other manmade
fibres etc.) or polymer or polymer based products,
recyclingindustries
1. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Metal, Plastic,
Rubber Products Manufacturing. April 30, 2007. International Finance
Corporation.
2. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for PetroleumBased

PolymersManufacturing.April30,2007.InternationalFinanceCorporation.
34
2.4 Bakery and Confectionery and Food Product Manufacturing

Industries
Thisisanindustrywhichisexpandingrapidlywiththedemandthroughoutthecountry.
Takeawayfoodoutletsandcateringservicesaretheonesthatfallunderthiscategory
wherefoodisproducedinlargequantities.Bakeryindustrytoohasdevelopedrapidly
simply because of convenience. Confectionery industry goes hand in hand with the
bakeryindustrywhereavarietyofsweetsareproducedinmassscale.Thismassscale
production will generate mainly liquid waste of organic origin and can be treated
without much effort. However, apart from the environment compliance, the food
industry needs to have quality checks and health standards as it can be a vehicle for
foodbornediseases.
Productionprocess
Bakeryandconfectioneryindustryvariesfromthegeneralfoodproductionindustryin
terms of items that they produce. This is because in general food production most of
items are perishable while the bakery industry produces items with a slightly longer
shelflife.
Further, when it comes to food industry, it is generally mass scale rice & curry
preparation for receptions or take away packs. In the food production industry it
sometimes be a regularly production as in the case of daily take away lunch pack
productionbusinessandsometimesonlyforcertainoccasionsfromtimetotimeasin
the case of catering business. In each case the general cleaning and preparation
generatelargequantitiesofwasteoforganicorigin.
(1) Cleaningofrawmaterial
(2) Cuttingandpreparation(manuallyormechanically)
(3) Production(manuallyormechanically)
(4) Utensilwashing
Solid waste The solid waste generated in this sector is mostly of biological origin,
hence can be managed without much hassle. It is necessary to sort the waste at the
point of origin and keep them separately to dispose of in an environmentally friendly
manner.
Bothrawmaterialandproductsneedtobesafeguardedagainstdiseasecausingagents
anddamagingpestssuchasflies,cockroachesandmice.Besthygienicpracticesareto
be adopted by workers as food products can easily be contaminated and cause food
35
poisoningtotheconsumers.Therawmaterialusedshouldalsobethebestofkindas
substandardmaterialwillspoilthefinalproduct.
Wastewater Wastewater generated by the industry mainly results from cleaning

operations and can be significantly high in BOD and COD and oil & grease. Proper
methodologies needed to be executed to lower the BOD, COD and oil levels prior to
discharge.Washwatershouldnotbechannelledintostormwaterdrainagesystemsor
anysurfacewaterbodies.
AiremissionsAiremissionsarebasicallyfromthekitchenstoves,ovensandboilersif
the scale of production is high. No harmful pollutant that require special mitigatory
measuresareproduced.
Noise/ vibration Quite insignificant for this sector but for mass scale production
sometimesmayrequireequipmentthatgeneratelessnoiseandvibration.
Solidwaste
Oncesolidwasteisseparatedinhousedisposalisnotahassle.Domesticwastecanbe
mixed with municipal waste and can be disposed of. Waste that can be biologically
degradablecanbecompostedormixedwithmunicipalwaste.Iffacilitiesavailablefor
compostingitcanbedonewithinthepremisesmakingsureproperhygienicstandards
aremaintained.
Anynonbiodegradablesolidsshouldbedisposedoforgivenforrecycleprocess.
Wastewater
Liquid waste generated by this sector is high in BOD, COD and oils. Among the
constituents would be oil & grease, dissolved organic matter and suspended solids.
Initiallyscreeningneedstobedonetotrapandremoveanysolidparticlesfollowedby
grease traps. In certain instances if the suspended and dissolved solid level is high,
alumtreatmentandapHadjustmentmayrequire.Thentheliquidwastecanbetreated
anaerobicallyfirstandthenaerobicallyuntiltheBODandCODlevelshavebeenreduced
tothedesirablelevels.
A tertiary treatment of polishing the final effluent can be done prior to the discharge.
Chapter 4, section 4.1 elaborates the applicable wastewater effluent discharge
standardssetbytheCentralEnvironmentalAuthority.
Airpollution
Any gaseous products generated can be channelled to the upper atmosphere through
ducts or a chimney. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.2 for Ambient Air Quality Standards).
Emissions from the kitchen discharged at a too low level can be a severe public
nuisance.
36

Noise/vibration
Mostly the equipment are housed in enclosures, hence no significant noise levels be
generated which can cause annoyance to the environment. Inhose staff should be
properly equipped with protection gear to avoid any harmful effects that they may
encounter. (Refer Chapter 4, sections 4.3 and 4.4 for Noise standards and proposed
Vibrationstandards).
Wastetype
SolidWaste
Polythene/Plastics
Cardboard/paper
Rawmaterialspillage
Compost/ bury or dispose of in an
acceptablemanner
LiquidWaste
Suspendedsolids
UseaScreeningmesh
Fat/Oil&Grease(FOG)
Oiltrap
Dissolvedsolids
Clarify after pH adjustment and
coagulationand/orflocculationprocess;
liquid to be channelled to a wellsealed
soakagepit.
GaseousWaste
rooms
feet
Noise
Machinesinoperation
Encloseinaroom
Description
EPLCategory
Food manufacturing and processing industries including
A
bakery products and confectioneries where 25 or more
workersareemployed
Food manufacturing and processing industries including
B
bakeryproductsandconfectionerieswherelessthan25or
moreworkersareemployed

ControlGuidelineNo.9Bakeries.CentralEnvironmentalAuthority.
37
2.5PoultryFarming
PoultryframingisanindustrypracticedalloverSriLankafromcottageleveltomacro
scale.Inmostinstancesitoperatesasanoutgrowersystemwheretheproductsofthe
villageswhodoesthisasacottageormicrolevel,areboughtoverbyalargerfarmor
industry that process meats or meat products. Meat and eggs are the main products
fromtheindustrywhileprocessedmeatproductsareauxiliaryvalueaddedproducts.
Farmingisencouragedmainlyamongruralcommunitiesasitgivesanincometomost
households and also provides protein interms of eggs to the community. Large scale
farms need to take adequate care and best hygienic practices need to be adopted to
preventanydiseaseoutbreaksthatmaybecommunicabletothehumanpopulationas
well.Separateshedsneedtobemaintainedwithproperbeddingforthechicksandthis
beddingmaterialneedstoberemovedorperiodicallychanged.
AsSriLankanpoultryindustryisemergingintototheexportmarketcontinuousquality
improvements need to be implemented while maintaining international standards for
foodsafetyandhygieneandenvironmentalsafeguards.Thiswillbeapotentialforeign
exchangeearnerforSriLanka.
Productionprocess
In the poultry industry, feed stocks are imported to the country or produced in the
veterinary research centres. These dayold broiler chicks are reared in poultry sheds
givingadequatewarmth,food,waterandmedication.Thelifespanofabroilerchicken
is around 45 days and by then they become mature enough to harvest when the
weight/feed ratio becomes adequate. During the early life, they are given growth
hormones for faster growth and antibiotics as they are prone to lot of diseases. The
sheds are generally densely populated which results inhouse pollution and disease
outbreaks.
Thelayersarereareddifferentlytotheonesrearedformeat.Generallythelayerscage
sizes are bigger and less densely populated. Eggs are daily collected, cleaned and
packedfordistribution.
Although in the poultry industry point source cannot be identified possible polluting
matterisidentifiedasbelow:
(1) Excreta,feathers
(2) Soiledbeddingmaterial
(3) Spoiledfood/animalfeed
(4) Deadbirds
38
IntheERMF,poultryproductionhasbeencategorisedunderE2accordingtothelevelof
pollution.
Solid waste As far as solid waste is concerned in the poultry farming, mostly the
beddingmaterialthatbecomessoiledwithexcretabecomesanissue.Thefeathersand
skin scales, uneaten or spoilt food particles and bird carcasses (caused by natural
factorsordiseaseoutbreaks)alsobecomepartofthesolidwaste.Itmayalsocontain
vectorsofinsectsandverminandpathogenicmicroorganismsthatmaydetrimentalto
theotherbirdsinthecageandtothehandlers.
WastewaterWastewaterthatisgeneratedwhencagewashingsaredoneneedstobe
disposedofcarefullyasitcontainshighlevelsofnitrogenfrombirddischarges.Thiscan
causeeutrophicationifdischargedrawintoopenwaterbodies.
In this sector the main focus is only on farming aspect of poultry industry and not on
slaughtering,wherewastewatercontainshighBODandCODandisamajorissue.
Air emissions Fine particulate matter may be present inside cages. Along with the
dustparticlespathogenscanbepresentandthesebioaerosolscanbedetrimental.
Amongotherairpollutantsthatmaybepresentwouldbeammonia,methane,hydrogen
sulphide etc. Odour becomes a nuisance if the sheds are located in the vicinity of
households.
Noise/vibrationAnimalnoiseistheonlynoisethatisgeneratedfromthisindustry.
Solidwaste
All solid waste products including bedding material should be buried or burnt in an
acceptablemannerandadequatecareshouldbetakentoavoidcrosscontamination.As
the poultry excreta are high in organic nutrients, there is a big demand as fertilizer
amongfarmingcommunity.Hencethiscanbecollectedandsoldasmanure.
Deadanimalsmaybeincineratedforhygienicpurposesastheycanbediseasecarriers.
Wastewater
Inthecaseofsmallerfarms,wastewaterfromwashingofcagesshouldbechannelledto
asoakagepitwhereitwillbeabsorbedtothegroundafternaturalfiltrationmechanism.
In case of larger farms, a wastewater treatment unit with a pretreatment method,
anaerobicdigesterandasuitableaerobictreatmentunitmaybeinstalledtobringthe
BOD and COD levels to acceptable norms prior to discharge. The capacity of the
wastewatertreatmentunitshouldbedesignedaccordingtothemagnitudeofthefarm
andloadinglevels.(ReferChapter4,section4.1).
39
Airpollution
Mostlytheairpollutionoccursinindoors.Thegasesthatareproducedinthecagescan
affect the animals and hence proper ventilation should be maintained. Exhaust fans
should be installed with dust traps to prevent any bio aerosols being mixed with the
atmosphericair.(ReferChapter4,section4.2forAmbientAirQualityStandards).
Asodourcancausenuisance,shedsshouldbelocatesawayfromhouseholds.
Noise/vibration
Noiseandvibrationcannotbeconsideredasamajorissuebutnoiseoftheanimalsmay
causenuisance.
Wastetype
SolidWaste
Animalexcreta
Bury/compostorsoldasmanure
Deadanimals/offal
Incinerate/Bury
Wastefood
Bury/compost
LiquidWaste
Suspendedsolids
Useascreeningmesh
Cagewashings
Channel to a wellsealed soakage pit or
the treatment system depending on
farmsize.
GaseousWaste
Dust
Useofdusttraps
Gases
Useofexhaustfanswithdusttrapsand
releasetotheupperatmosphere.
Odour
Maintenanceofgoodhygiene
Description
EPLCategory
Abattoirs
A
Allhatcheriesorpoultryfarmshaving2,500birdsormore
A
orpiggery,cattle,goatsfarmshavinganimals50ormoreor
havingrating*formixedfarming2,500ormore
*Ratingformixedfarming=No.ofbirds+50x(No.ofpigs+
No.ofcattle+No.ofgoats)
Poultry farms have 250 or more and less than 2,500 birds
or piggery , cattle, goats farms having animals 5 or more
and less than 50 or having rating * for mixed farming 250
andlessthan2,500
*Ratingformixedfarming=No.ofbirds+50x(No.ofpigs+
No.ofcattle+No.ofgoats)
40

1. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines, Poultry Production.

April30,2007.InternationalFinanceCorporation.
2. Williams, Charles Michael. Poultry Waste Management in Developing Countries.

In:PoultryDevelopmentReview,FoodandAgricultureOrganization.
41
2.6Quarrying&MetalcrushingIndustries
Granitehasavarietyofusesapartfromitsusageinroadconstructionandasballastin
railroadconstructionandinbuildingconstructioninthemixtureofconcrete.Polished
granite slabs are used as decorative flooring and table tops in modern architecture.
Certainportionisusedasgravestones.Thisindustryrequiresbothlicensesfromthe
Environmental Authority and from Geological Surveys & Mines Bureau (GSMB) to
operate.
The crushed granite boulders are fed into jaw crushers and obtain small size pieces
calledmetal.Metalofdifferentsizeshaveavarietyofuses.
Productionprocess
Quarrying is an industry that is quite widespread in Sri Lanka. This occurs in places
wheretherearerockdepositsarecommon.Blastingoftherockisdoneusingdynamite
with a single bore hole or multiple bore holes. This will break theboulder into small
manageablepiecesthatcanbefedintothejawcrushers.Loadingisdonemechanically
usingbackhoesorfrontendloadersandconveyers
Jawcrusherscrushthegraniteintopiecesofseveralsizesandfeedintoarotatingsieve
made of a steel structure with perforations of different diameters on its side. Upon
rotatingthecrushedgraniteparticlescommonlyknownasmetalisseparatedintofour
sizes dust, chips, metal inch and metal inches. Heaps of each category are
collectedandloadedintothevehiclesfordispatch.
(1)
Blasting
(2)
Crushing
(3)
Sieving
(4)
Storageanddistribution
Accordingtothelevelofpollution,stonecrushingindustryhasbeencategorisedintoE2
intheERMF.
SolidwasteThereisnosignificantissuewithsolidwaste.
WastewaterWastewaterisnotgeneratedintheproductionprocessbutrainwatercan
accumulate in the pits where boulders are removed and can be mosquito breeding
groundsbecomingahealthhazard.
42
AiremissionsAlthoughthequarryingandmetalcrushingindustrydoesnotgenerate
air emissions per se, particulate matter and dust generated in the process is a major
concern. Particulate matter in the metal crushing industry is a health hazard much
morethananenvironmentalconcern.However,ifthedustisblownawayfromthesite,
it will cause severe environmental hazard, impairing photosynthesis in the nearby
vegetation.
Continuous and long term inhalation of fine particulate matter may cause chronic
disordersinthelungsandtherespiratorysystemincludingAsthma,Pulmonaryfibrosis,
and are prone to attacks of tuberculosis and cancer. Larger particles can be collected
thesamewayitiscollectedanddistributed.
Duringtheboringprocess,muchcareshouldbeexercisedtoavoidaccidentsandshould
becarriedoutonlyduringthespecifiedtimesgivenintheindividualpermit.
Noise/vibrationNoisegeneratedinthequarryingandmetalcrushingindustryhas
becomeamajorconcernanditoccursinalltheprocessesfromboringtocrushing.The
quarriesare given special licenseto operateexplosivessuch asdynamiteandblasting
need to be approved by the competent authority which is the Geological Surveys and
MinesBureau.
Jawcrushersandthesievingprocesscreatefairlyalargenoiseandvibrationwhichis
both environmental and occupational health hazard to onsite workers and to the
neighbourhoods. Long term exposure to noise levels may cause hearing impairments
andpermanenthearingloss.
Solidwaste
SolidwasteisnotasignificantissueinthequarryingindustryIndustrialistsshouldbe
responsible enough to rehabilitate the quarries once they are abandoned in order to
preventpotentialshealthhazardslikebreedingofmosquitoesetc.
Wastewater
Althoughwastewaterisnotgeneratedintheproductionprocess,muchcareneedstobe
takentopreventwaterstagnationinabandonedpitsandparticlesbeingwashedaway
ordepositedininlandwaterbodiesthatmaycausedamage.
Airpollution
Mostairpollutantsaregenerallydustparticlesandsuspendedairparticulatematter.In
order to prevent dust being blown away water can be sprayed periodically over the
pilesofmaterialorcanbecoveredduringtheoperationalstages,loadingandinstorage.
Spraying of water can be done mechanically using technology or done manually
dependingontheextentoftheindustry.
43

Further, jaw crusher and sieves can be enclosed in temporary sheds to prevent any
particulate matter being blown away during the production process. Since the
equipmentisnotpermanentlyplaced,atemporaryoutercoveringwithwoodenplanks
and a roof above it would be a temporary solution to avoid particulate matter being
blown away and at the same time wind direction should be taken into account when
placing machinery. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.2 for Ambient Air Quality Standards
establishedbytheCEA).
Noise/vibration
Noiseandvibrationarethemainenvironmentpollutantsinthissector.Bestmethodof
mitigation would be enclosing the machinery in shed with proper insulation. Proper
mountingofequipmentormachinerywillminimiseanyvibrationthatmaytakeplace.
Mechanical parts need to be serviced or lubricated for a smoother and noise free
operation.(ReferChapter4,section4.3forNoisestandardsestablishedbytheCEA).
Boringoperationsshouldbelimitedtotimesspecifiedinthepermitsobtainedfromthe
GSMBandmuchcareshouldbetakentoavoiddamagestotheenvironmentandtothe
adjacent building structures. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.4 for proposed Vibration
standards).
Wastetype
SolidWaste
Mediumtosmallparticles
Bury/ use as raw material for another
industry
LiquidWaste
Suspendedsolids
Useascreeningmesh
GaseousWaste
ParticulateMatter/dust
Useofdustbags(Ifhousedinabuilding)
Spraying of water to prevent becoming
airborne
Noise/Vibration
Blasting/boring
Workpermittedonlyduringthespecified
hours
Vibration
Description
EPLCategory
Mechanised mining activities with multi bore hole blasting
A
or single bore hole blasting activities with production
capacityhaving600ormorecubicmeterspermonth.
Single borehole blasting with industrial mining activities
B
44
using explosives having a production capacity of less than

600cubicmeterspermonth
Crushing or processing of non metallic minerals (i.e.
limestone, dolomite, apatite, rock phosphate, sand stone,
feldspar,quartz,limonite,rutile,mica,graphite,kaolinetc.)
excludinglimeshellandgranitecrushingactivities.
Granite boulder making or processing industries
(extracting,blasting,slicing,polishing)
Granitecrushing(metalcrushing)industrieshavingatotal
productioncapacityof25ormorecubicmetersperday
Granitecrushing(metalcrushing)industrieshavingatotal
production capacity less than 25 cubic meters per day
excludingmanualcrushingoperationsusinghandtools
A
A
B

ControlGuidelineNo.3MetalCrushers.CentralEnvironmentalAuthority.
2. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Construction

MaterialsExtraction.April30,2007.InternationalFinanceCorporation.
3. IFC.(2007).Environmental,HealthandSafetyGuidelinesforMining.April30,
2007.InternationalFinanceCorporation.
45
2.7Hotels&Restaurants
Hospitalityindustryiscertainly amoney spinnerfor island nationssuch as Sri Lanka.
Tourism sector is the third largest contributor to the economy and is expected to
expand rapidly in years to come. Although there is a major segment of tourist hotels
which falls into the large scale category, yet there is a substantial portion run by the
smallandmediumenterprises.
Environment Protection Licensing is a requirement to operate a hotel and need to

complywiththeregulationsapartfromobtainingnecessaryapprovalsfromtheTourist
Board.
Further, any hostel or dwelling places also require EPLs and this perhaps may be
applicable for schools with residential facilities and any industries that may provide
lodgingfortheirstaff.
Productionprocess
Hotelsprovideaccommodationandinvariablyneedtoprovidefacilitiesthatcomewith
lodging, such as food, laundry etc. These will have an impact on the environment.
Cleaning generates a lot of wastewater, sewerage, and the laundries will generate
wastewater mixed with detergents and grey water from household. Solid waste of
differenttypesneedtosortedinhouseanddisposedofinanacceptablemanner.
(1) Rooms
(2) Kitchen&restaurants
(3) Laundry
(4) Stores
(5) Entertainmentareas
(6) Spas
SolidwasteSolidwastegeneratedinthissectormayvaryineachcase.However,in
generaltermstherearebiodegradablewasteandnonbiodegradablewaste.Separation
or sorting of waste according to types is quite essential and be less cumbersome in
terms of management. Food waste contributes immensely in the hotel & restaurant
sectorwhilepackagingmaterialbecomesthesecondlargestintermsofvolume.
Wastewater Grey water from bathrooms and kitchen takes up a large volume of
wastewater that needs to be treated before discharging to the environment. Shower
waterandwastewaterfromthespasmaycontainfairlyalargeamountofgreaseandoil
46
asinthecaseofkitchenwaste.Apartfromgreywaterlargequantitiesofsewerageis
alsodischargedandneedstobetreatedanddisposedof.
AiremissionsAirpollutionisnotasignificantissueinthissectorbutgeneralkitchen
exhaustandexhaustfromgeneratorsorboilerroomscontributetoemissions.
Noise/vibrationNoiseoriginatingfromthepowergeneratorsandboilersmaycause
annoyancetotheresidentsandtothesurroundinghouseholds.
Tourism and hospitality development industry has been categorised under E2 in the
ERMFaccordingtothelevelofpollution.
Solidwaste
Household or municipal type of garbage which is biodegradable can be composted or
disposed of by means of collectors. Municipal solid waste in Sri Lanka is collected by
local authorities and disposed of. This is a common practice and is convenient to the
industry as most industries do not have sufficient space to construct a solid waste
disposal site, especially in the hospitality sector. This can affect aesthetically to the
industry.
Workers should sort or separate the waste according to the type inhouse and then
wouldbeeasytodisposeof.Itemsthatneedtoberecycledorreusedcanbesoldtothe
collectors.Itisalsoadvisabletohaveaproperincinerationfacility.
Wastewater
Wastewater treatment facilities are essential components in the hospitality industry.
Moderntechnologyintroducescompactstateofthearttreatmentunitssuchasrotating
biologicaldisks(RBCs),fluidisedbedsetc.,whichdonottakeupmuchofthespacebut
arehighlyeffectiveintermsoftreatment.Mostmodernplantsarebuiltundergroundso
thatitdoesnotbecomeunaesthetictothehotel.
Initialscreeningtoremoveanysolidsthatarewashedawayisinstalledfirstfollowedby
oil and grease traps to remove any oil that is carried. This oil is skimmed off and
disposed of periodically. Since the wastewater may contain a high BOD and COD
content, although it may vary in each case, needs to be treated anaerobically and
clarified. The clarified waste is then treated aerobically and a tertiary treatment may
requiredependingonthefinaldischargequality.
Seweragealsocanbetreatedinacommontreatmentfacilitydesignedtohandleproper
loadingcapacities.
EffluentdischargestandardareelaboratedinChapter4,section4.1.
47

Airpollution
Emissionsfromthekitchenandboilerroomsandgeneratorsarethemainsourcesinthe
hotelsector.Thiscanbedirectedtotheupperatmospherethroughachimney.Mostly
the gases would be CO2, CO and steam. (Refer Chapter 4, section 4.2 for Ambient Air
QualityStandardsestablishedbytheCEA).
Noise/vibration
Noise generating point in the hotel sector is confined to the power generators and to
boilerrooms.Ifthesemachineriesareenclosedinaroom,noisedistributionisminimal.
(ReferChapter4,section4.3forNoisestandards).
Wastetype
SolidWaste
Polythene/Plastics
Cardboard/paper
Aluminium
Recycle
Glass
Recycle
Foodwaste
compost
LiquidWaste
Suspendedsolids
Screeningusingamesh
Fat,Oil&Grease(FOG)
Oiltraps
Sewage
Channel to a wellsealed soakage pit or
treatmentplant.
Kitchenwaste
Oil traps; liquid to be channelled to a
wellsealedsoakagepit.
Laundrywashing
soakagepit.
GaseousWaste
Air emissions from boiler rooms/ Minimumchimneystackheighttobe30
kitchenstoves
feet
Noise
Machinesinoperation
Encloseinaroom
Housekeeping/nightclubs
Keep minimal at times specified in
regulations
Generators
Encloseinaroom
48
Description
Hotels,guesthouses,resthouseshaving20ormorerooms
Hotels,guesthouses,resthouseswith05ormoreandless
than20rooms
Hostels and similar dwelling places where occupancy level
isexceeding200ormore
Hostels and similar dwelling places where occupancy level
is25ormoreboardersandlessthan200boarders
EPLCategory
A
C
A
B
1. CRMP and CCD. (1995). Environmental Guidelines for Coastal Tourism

DevelopmentinSriLanka.CoastalResourcesManagementProjectofUniversity
ofRhodeIslandandCoastConservationDepartment.
2. Georgia Hospitality Environmental Partnership. (1996). Waste Reduction In

HotelsAndMotels:AGuideForHotelandMotelManagers.March,1996.Georgia
HospitalityEnvironmentalPartnership.
3. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Tourism and Hospitality
Development.April30,2007.InternationalFinanceCorporation.
49
2.8FillingStations&VehicleServiceStations
FuelfillingstationsinSriLankasometimesincludevehicleservicestationsinthesame
premises.Fuelstationswillcatertoanyvehiclecategoryprovidingpetrol,dieselandor
keroseneoil.
In filling stations, the fuel tanks are located underground and fuel is pumped using
electricpumpstothevehicles.Duringtheconstructionofthefillingstationwellsealed
tanksareconstructedtoavoidanyleakagestothegroundandtheyarewellsealedto
avoidseepageofrainandstormwatercontaminationwithfuelstorage.Astheproducts
areofpetroleumorigin,athreatofafirehazardexists.Hence,itismandatorytohave
adequateprecautionarymeasuretocurtailapotentialfire.
ServicestationsinSriLankagenerallycarryoutminorrepairsifnecessarybutcleaning
of the interior and the exterior of the body of the vehicle change oil and air filters,
lubrication,changingofoiletc.,arethemainfunctions.Servicestationsdependmostly
uponmanuallabourforcleaning.However,withtheimprovementinqualityofservice,
mechanical washing units with drive through facilities have been installed at certain
locationsforconvenience.
Productionprocess
Theprocesswhichtakesplaceinaservicestationdependsupontherequirementofthe
ownerandortheservicethatisrequiredbythevehicle.However,ingeneral,washing
the undercarriage of the vehicle using detergents, removal of burnt engine oil and
replacing,lubricationofmovingpartsofwheels,axelsetc.,changingoilandairfilters,
andinteriorcleaningtakeplaceforanyvehicle.
(1)
Washing(exteriorandinterior)
(2)
Changingofoil
(3)
Lubricationprocess
Automobile workshops fall into the E2 category due to the level of pollution as
mentionedintheERMF.
SolidwastePossiblesolidwastegenerationfromservicestationwouldbewornout
sparepartssuchasoilfilters,airfiltersandoilcansetc.Theseitemsshouldberecycled
asmuchaspossiblehenceneedtodisposeoftoaplacewheresuchactivitytakesplace.
50
WastewaterAlargequantityofwastewaterisgeneratedinthewashingprocess.In
theinitialwashingoftheundercarriage,thewastewatermaycontainmud,suspended
particles and oil. The detergents used in the washing process get mixed with the
wastewaterandwasteoil.Theprocessoftreatmentbecomescomplexoncethemixing
takesplace,henceitisnecessarytosegregateoilbeforeitgetsmixed.TheCODlevels
can be at a higher level since the use of detergents. Service stations also generate
differenttypesofwasteoilwhichshouldbetreatedasharmfultotheenvironment.
Air emissions As for air emissions, mostly the aerosols from spraying of oil or
lubricants mixed with water that used for washing becomes a problem. Much more
thananenvironmentalproblem,thisbecomesahealthhazardtotheworkers.Certain
VOCs may cause eye and skin irritations and inhalation may cause respiratory
difficultiesorallergicreactions.
Noise/vibrationNoisepollutionbecomesaseriousissueinthisservicesector.Noise
is generated from using high pressure pumps, spraying and compressed air units for
cleaning.
Solidwaste
Wornoutsparepartscanbesoldinbulkforrecycling.Theyshouldnotbethrownaway
ormixwithhouseholdgarbageasthisisnotaproductthatisbiodegradableandcould
causecontamination.Properdisposalisinevitable.
Wastewater
Service station wastewater needs to be treated before it is discharged into the
environment.Initiallyanoiltrapneedstobeinstalledtoseparatesuspendedoilfrom
theliquidwastewater.
A chemical treatment method should be employed next with mixing of alum to

coagulate any suspended particulate matter followed by adding lime and
polyelectrolytestoadjustthepH levels.Clarificationisneededtoseparatethesludge
fromtheliquidportion.
Generally the BOD and COD levels become acceptable for discharge after chemical
treatment.However,ifthelevelsarenotacceptable,aerobictreatmentmethodcouldbe
employfollowedbyclarificationtoremoveanysludgeproduced.Thesludgeshouldbe
carefullydisposedofinamethodrecommendedbytheCentralEnvironmentAuthority.
(ReferChapter4,section4.1forwastewatereffluentdischargestandards).
Approved storage for waste oil should be provided and arrangements made for
disposal.InSriLankathereisquiteahighdemandforusedoilandhencecanbesold.
51

Airpollution
Main air pollutants in the vehicle service station are aerosols of detergents and VOCs
arisingfromvariousformulationsused.Inordertoavoidindoorairpollutionexhaust
fans should be installed and the exhaust air should be released to upper atmosphere.
Workers should be given proper safety equipment such as goggles and face masks to
avoidcontactwitheyesandinhalation.
Noise/vibration
Noiseisamajorconcernforservicestations.Itisadvisabletohavehighwallsaround
the service stations to avoid noise pollution to the surrounding. Green buffer zones
aroundpremisesmayreducethenoiselevelssignificantlyandshouldbeoperationonly
during specified time limits and nonresidential surroundings. (Refer Chapter 4,
sections4.3and4.4forNoisestandardsandproposedVibrationstandards).
Wastetype
SolidWaste
Polythene/Plastics
Cardboard/paper
Aluminium
Recycle
LiquidWaste
Suspendedsolids
Screeningusingamesh
Fat,Oil&Grease(FOG)
Oiltraps
Clarifiedliquid
soakagepit.
GaseousWaste
Aerosols
Useofexhaustfanswithahighstackto
releasetoupperatmosphere
Noise
Pressure pumps/ high pressure Haveahighsurroundingwall
waterjets/compressedairblowers
Greenbelt
52
Description
Vehicle service stations or container yards having vehicle
service activities excluding three wheeler and motor cycle
servicesandinteriorcleaning
Three wheeler or motor cycle servicing activities or vehicle
interiorcleaningactivities
All vehicle filling stations (liquid petroleum and liquefied
petroleumgas)
EPLCategory
A
B
B
1. EnvironmentalResourcesManagementLanka(Pvt.)Ltd.(2001).PollutionControl
GuidelineNo.4Garages&ServiceStations,CentralEnvironmentalAuthority.
2. InstituteofPetroleum.(2002).GuidelinesforSoil,GroundwaterandSurfaceWater
Protection and Vapour Emission Control at Petrol Filling Stations. Institute of
Petroleum,London
53
2.9HealthcareServices
HealthcaresectorinSriLankaisafastgrowingsectorwithalargecontributiontothe
economy.AlthoughtheGovernmentoffersfreehealthservicestoitscitizensthrougha
networkofprimary,secondaryandtertiaryhealthcarefacilities,thecountryhasseen
the growth of a robust private health care sector in the last 23 decades. The private
healthfacilitiesvaryfromlaboratoryservicestoinhousetreatmentfacilitiesofvarying
size. Some of the large private health facilities posses stateoftheart ultramodern
equipmentwithresearchfacilitiesandhighlyskilledmedicalexpertstoprovideservices
from organ transplants to open heart operations, from keyhole surgery to Invitro
fertilisation facilities. As such, Sri Lanka has a fully fledged state as well as a private
health care sector capable of treating all branches of medicines from somatic to
psychiatrictodentistry.SriLankaevenprovidesmedicalfacilities to foreign nationals
andistryingtoemergeintointernationalmarket.
Productionprocess
Inhospitalstherearegenerallytwokindsofwastetypesproduced,namelyinfectiousor
hospital waste and noninfectious or general waste. Infectious or hospital waste is
defined as those waste containing or any item contaminated with laboratory waste,
blood, human body fluids, research animal waste, sharps, pathological waste,
objectionable waste which includes medical administering equipment, tubing, gauze
etc., and broken glass. Noninfectious or general waste includes food refusal, paper,
plasticsetc.,andsewerageanddomestictypewastewater.
Thequalityandquantityofthe wastedependsonthescaleofthehospitaloperations,
numberofbedsandfacilitiesprovided.Hencewastetreatmentmayvarydependingon
thequantityofwastegeneratedinsolidwasteandloadingratesinwastewater.
Pointsourcesmayvaryineachcase.However,ingeneralfollowingpointsourcescan
beidentified.
(1) Laboratories
(2) Operatingtheatresandlabourrooms
(3) Xrayrooms
(4) Hospitalwards
(5) Kitchenorcanteen
Due to the level of hazards involved with the waste generated in the healthcare
industry,ithasbeencategorisedintoE1intheERMF.
54
Solid waste Solid waste in a hospital may include discarded cultures of pathogens,
discarded contaminated sampling equipment, waste from clinical or research work,
solid waste contaminated or soiled with blood and bodily fluids, needles, syringes,
scalpels, surgical gloves, pathological waste including human tissue and body parts
removed during surgery and objectionable waste including tubing, soiled gauze and
noninfectiousgeneralwaste.
Wastewater Wastewater from hospitals could be contaminated with infectious

materialorbodilyfluids,laboratorychemicals,drugsetc.Sourcesneedtobeidentified
andseparatelytreatedaccordingtothetype.
Air emissions In the hospital sector air pollution may occur at laboratories where
laminar flow cabinets are used. Air emissions are generated from the fuel used in
kitchenandfromtheboilersusedinthelaundry.
Noise/vibrationNoiseandvibrationmayoriginatefromtheelectricgeneratorsand
fromtheboilers.
Solidwaste
Infectious waste should be stored and transported in yellow coloured bags for
identification as hazardous. These should be incinerated on site or at an incinerator
locatedelsewhere.Hospitalwasteshouldneverbeburiedormixedwithmunicipality
waste.Sterilizationthroughauto/hydroclavingisalsoanacceptablemethodologythat
canbepracticedpriortodisposal.
Wastewater
Source of wastewater generation should be identified and treated accordingly. In
certain cases a preliminary treatment may require to neutralise certain chemicals
before being mixed or fed into a common treatment facility. This may apply to the
wastewatercontainingharmfulchemicalsubstancesorheavymetals.
Certain source may contain substances of biological origin and it may produce a
malodour and also may contain a high BOD level. Hence anaerobic treatment is
recommendedfollowedbysedimentationofsludgeandaerobictreatment.
General wastewater can be pretreated and combined with the wastewater from an
infectious plant having treated in a common plant for tertiary treatment. The
wastewater needed to be analysed carefully before designing a treatment facility.
EffluentandSeweragedisposalstandardsarelistedinChapter4,section4.1.
Airpollution
Theemissionsfromlaminarflowcabinetsshouldbeexhaustedtotheatmosphereafter
proper treatment. Laminar flow cabinets should be properly maintained and filters
55
should be changed periodically. Indoor air may sometimes be contaminated with air
bornepathogenicmicroorganismsandmayneedtofumigatepremises. Fumigationis
necessaryintheatrestoavoidcrosscontamination.
Therewillnotbeanyothersignificantairpollutantsgeneratingfromthehospitals.Air
emissions from the kitchen and laundry rooms need to be channelled to the upper
atmosphere.AmbientAirQualityStandardsarelistedinChapter4,section4.2.
Noise/vibration
Powergeneratorsshouldbelocatedinanenclosurewithproperinsulationsandplaced
away from the inhouse patients unit. A green belt around the enclosure would
minimisespreadingofnoise.Apropermaintenancewouldalsoreducethenoiselevels.
Wastetype
SolidWaste
Infectiouswaste
Incinerate/autoclave
Polythene/Plastics
Cardboard/paper
Aluminium
Recycle
LiquidWaste
Infectiousliquidwaste
Treat in a engineered wastewater
treatmentfacility
GaseousWaste
Aerosols
Useofexhaustfanswithahighstackto
releasetoupperatmosphere
Noise
Powergenerators
Haveahighsurroundingwall
Greenbelt
Description
EPLCategory
Health care service centres generating infectious wastes,
A
includingmedicallaboratoriesandresearchcentres.
56

1. IFC.(2007).Environmental,HealthandSafetyGuidelinesforHealthCareFacilities.April
30,2007.InternationalFinanceCorporation.
2. Laboratory
Safety
Manual.
URL:
http://www.mcgill.ca/ehs/laboratory/labsafety/
3. University of Birmingham (2004). Procedure for Disposal of Clinical Waste.

Health and Safety Guidance, Guidance of the Management of Biological Risks,
Guidance/12/MBS/99/Pt2SectionF.October2004.
4. University of Lancaster (2006). Procedure for the Disposal of Clinical Waste.

ManualofSafety,Section24.November2006.
57
2.10GeneralConditions
ThenationalregulationhasrecognisedtheneedtoobtainEnvironmentalcompliances
foranyindustrialactivitywhichdoesnotcoverinanyofthespecificsectorsaboveorif
following conditions are met in the operation. These general requirements are such
thatallindustriesneedtoadheretotheregulations.
Inthissection,anydomesticwastewaterdischarges,seweragedisposalandmunicipal
solid waste disposal in addressed. Hence apart from any industrial activity, general
conditionsshouldbecompliedwithbytheindustrialists.Chapter4listsouttheeffluent
dischargestandards,AmbientAirQualitystandardsandNoiselevelstandardsthatcan
beofuseasageneralguideline.
Description
EPLCategory
Anyindustrywhere200ormoreworkerspershiftareemployed
A
Any industry which discharges 10 or more and less than 10
A
cubicmetersofwastewaterperdayorusingtoxicchemicalsin
theprocess
Anyindustrywhichdischarges3ormoreandlessthan10cubic
B
metersofindustrialprocessingwastewaterperday
58
Recommendedreferencesonindustrialpollutioncontrolandmanagement
1. APHA.(1994).StandardMethodsfortheExaminationofWaterandWastewater,
A.E.Greenburg,L.S.Clesceri,A.D.Eaton,(eds.),18thed.,AmericanPublicHealth
Association.
2. BOI.(2011).EnvironmentalNorms,BoardofInvestmentofSriLanka.
3. Brel&Kjr.(1986).NoiseControlPrinciples&Practice,2nded.,Brel&Kjr.
4. Brel & Kjr. (2001) Environmental Noise, Brel & Kjr Sound & Vibration
Measurement,Brel&Kjr.
5. CEA.(2009).GuidelinesfortheManagementofScheduledWasteinSriLankain
Accordance to the National Environmental (Protection & Quality) Regulation No.
01of2008.July2009.CentralEnvironmentalAuthority.
6. CEA. (2004) Technical Guidelines on Solid Waste Management in Sri Lanka.

CentralEnvironmentalAuthority.
7. Corey,RichardC.(1969).Principle&PracticesofIncineration.JohnWiley&Sons
Inc.,Singapore.
8. Eckenfelder, W. W. Jr. (1989). Industrial Water Pollution Control, 2nd ed.,

McGrawHillBookCompany,Singapore.
9. EFL.(2006).YourEnvironmentalRightsandResponsibilities:AhandbookforSri
Lanka,EnvironmentalFoundationLtd.
10. Garg,S.K.,andR.Garg.(1988).SewageDisposalandAirPollutionEngineering,
EnvironmentalEngineering,Vol.II,11thed.,KhannaPublishers.
11. Gupta, Amit Kumar. (2006). Industrial Safety and Environment. Luxmi
Publications(P)Ltd,NewDelhi.
12. IFC. (2007) Environmental, Health and Safety General Guidelines. In: General
Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines. April 30, 2007.
InternationalFinanceCorporation.
13. Linda D. Stetzenbach. (1997). Introduction to Aerobiology. In: Manual of

EnvironmentalMicrobiology,ChristonJ.Hurst,RonaldL.Crawford,JayL.Garland,
DavidA.Lipson,AaronL.Mills,LindaD.Stetzenbach(eds.),AmericanSocietyfor
Microbiology,WashingtonDC.
14. MetcalfandEddy.(1991).WastewaterEngineeringTreatment,Disposal,Reuse.
Revised by G Tchobanoglous and F. L. Burton, 3rd ed., TataMcGraw Hill, New
Delhi.
59
15. Strauss,Werner.(1971). Air PollutionControl, PartsI &II. WileyInterscience

Publication,NewYork.
16. TheWorldBankGroup.(1999).PollutionPreventionandAbatementHandbook
1998:TowardCleanerProduction.TheWorldBankGroup.
17. Trivedi, P. R. and G Raj. (1992). Environmental Industrial Pollution Control,

Encyclopaedia of Environmental Sciences 12, Vol. V, 1st ed., Akashdeep
PublishingHouse,NewDelhi.
60
4.PollutionControlStandards
4.1WastewaterEffluentDischargeToleranceLimits
4.1.(A).ToleranceLimitsfortheDischargeofIndustrialWastetothe
InlandWaters
1
2
3
4
6
7
Parameter
TotalSuspendedSolids
Particle size of the total
SuspendedSolid
pHatambienttemperature
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD5 in 5 days at 20 C or
BOD3in3daysat27C)
Temperatureofdischarge
Oils&greases
Phenolic compounds (as
C6H5OH)
Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD)
Colour
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Dissolvedphosphates(asP)
TotalKjeldahlnitrogen(asN)
AmmonicalNitrogen(asN)
Cyanide(asCN)
Totalresidualchlorine
Fluorides(asF)
Sulphide(asS)
Arsenic(asAs)
Cadmium(asCd)
Chromium,total(asCr)
Chromium,Hexavalent
Unit
mg/l,max
m,lessthan
ToleranceLimitvalue
50
850
mg/l,max
68.5
30
C,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
Shall not exceed 40 C in

any section of the stream
within 15m downstream
fromtheeffluentoutlet
10
1
mg/l,max
250
Wavelengthrange
436 nm (yellow
range)
525nm(redrange)
620(bluerange)
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
Maximum
spectral
absorptioncoefficient
7m1
5m1
3m1
5
150
50
0.2
1.0
2.0
2.0
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.1
61
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
29
30
(asCr6+)
Copper(asCu)
Iron(asFe)
Lead(asPb)
Mercury(asHg)
Nickel(asNi)
Selenium(asSe)
Zinc(asZn)
Pesticides
Detergents/surfactants
FaecalColiform
RadioActiveMaterial
(a) Alphaemitters
(b) Betaemitters
Note1:
Note2:
Note3:
Note4:
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
MPN/100ml,max
Microcurie/ml,max
Microcurie/ml,max
3.0
3.0
0.1
0.0005
3.0
0.05
2.0
0.005
5
40
108
107
Alleffortsshouldbemadetoremoveunpleasantodourasfaraspossible
These values are based on dilution of effluents by at least 8 volumes of
clean receiving water. If the dilution is below 8 times, the permissible
limitsaremultipliedbythe1/8oftheactualdilution.
Theabovementionedgeneralstandardsshallceasetoapplywithregard
toaparticularindustrywhenindustryspecificstandardsarenotifiedfor
thatindustry.
Pesticides as per world Health Organization (WHO) and Food and
AgricultureOrganization(FAO).
4.1.(B)ToleranceLimitsforIndustrialWasteDischargedonLandfor
IrrigationPurposes
1
2
3
Parameter
TotalDissolvedSolids
BiochemicalOxygenDemand
BOD5in5daysat20C
or
BOD3in3daysat27C
4
5
Oils&greases
Chemical Oxygen
(COD)
Chlorides(asCl)
Sulphates(asSO4)
Boron(asB)
Arsenic(asAs)
6
7
8
9
Unit
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
Demand mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
ToleranceLimitvalue
2100
5.5to9.0
250
30
10
400
600
1000
2.0
0.2
62
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Cadmium(asCd)
Chromium(asCr)
Lead(asPb)
Copper(asCu)
Cyanide(asCN)
Mercury(asHg)
Sodiumadsorptionratio(SAR)
Residual sodium carbonate
(RSC)
18 Electricalconductivity
19 FaecalColiform
20 RadioActiveMaterial
(a) Alphaemitters
(b) Betaemitters
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mol/l,max
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.2
0.01
1015
2.5
S/cm,max
MPN/100ml,max
Micro curie /ml,

max
Micro curie /ml,
max
2250
40
109
108
4.1.(C)HydraulicLoadingApplicableforDifferentSoils:
SoilTextureClass
1
2
3
4
5
Sandy
Sandyloam
Loam
Clayloam
Clay
Recommended dosage of settled

IndustrialEffluents(m3/hectare,day)
225280
170225
110170
55110
3555
4.1.(D)ToleranceLimitsforIndustrialandDomesticWasteDischarged
intoMarineCoastalAreas
1
2
Parameter
UnitTypeoflimit
TotalSuspendedsolids
mg/l,max
ParticleSize:
(a) Floatablesolids
mm,max
(b) Settablesolids
m,max
mg/l,max
(BOD5 in five days at 20 C or
BOD3inthreedaysat27C)
Temperature
C,max
Oils&greases
3
4
mg/l,max
ToleranceLimitvalue
150
3
850
5.59.0
100
45 C at the point of
discharge
20
63
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Phenoliccompounds(asOH)
ChemicalOxygenDemand
Cyanide(asCN)
Sulphides(asS)
Fluorides(asF)
Arsenic(asAS)
Cadmium(asCd)
Chromium,Hexavalent(asCr6+)
Copper(asCu)
Lead(asPb)
Mercury(asHg)
Nickel(asNi)
Selenium(asSe)
Zinc(asZn)
Pesticides
OrganoPhosphorouscompounds
Chlorinatedhydrocarbons(asCl)
FaecalColiform
RadioActiveMaterial
(a) Alphaemitters
(b) Betaemitters
Note1:
Note2:
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
MPN/100ml,max
microcurie/ml,max
microcurie/ml,max
5
250
1.0
50
0.2
5.0
15
0.2
2.0
2.0
1.0
3.0
1.0
0.01
5.0
0.1
5.0
0.005
1.0
0.02
60
108
107
Alleffortsshouldbemadetoremoveunpleasantodourandcolourasfar
aspossible
clean receiving water if the dilution is below 8 times, the permissible
64
4.1. (E) Tolerance Limits for Waster from Rubber Factories being
DischargedintoInlandSurfaceWaters
Parameter
1
2
3
4
pHvalueatambienttemperature
TotalSolids
(BOD5 in five days at 20 C or BOD3
inthreedaysat27C)
TotalNitrogen(asN)
Sulphides(asS)
5
6
7
8
*TypeIfactories:
**TypeIIfactories:
Note1:
Note2:
Units
ToleranceLimitvalue
Typeoflimit Type
I* Type
II**
factories
factories
6.58.5
6.58.5
mg/l,max
100
100
mg/l,max
1500
1000
mg/l,max
60
50
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
400
300
300
2.0
400
60
40
2.0
Latexconcentrate
Standard Lanka rubber; Crepe rubber and ribbed
smokedsheets
Alleffortsshouldbemadetoremoveunpleasantodourandcolourasfar
aspossible
clean receiving water if the dilution is below 8 times, the permissible
4.1.(F)Tolerancelimitsforwastefromtextileindustrybeingdischarged
intoinlandsurfacewaters
Parameter
1
2
pHvalueatambienttemperature
Temperature
3
4
(BOD5infivedaysat20CorBOD3
inthreedaysat27C)
Colour
Units
Typeoflimit
C,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
ToleranceLimit
value
6.58.5
40 measured at
siteofsampling
50
60
Wavelengthrange
Maximum
spectral
Absorption
65
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Sulphides(asS)
Oils&grease
Phenoliccompounds(asOH)
HexavalentChromium(asCr+6)
Copper,total(asCu)
Zinc,total(asZn)
Chloride(asCl)
436 nm (yellow
range)
525nm(redrange)
620(bluerange)
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
coefficient
7m1
5m1
3m1
250
60
2.0
10
1.0
2.0
0.5
3.0
5.0
7.0
4.1.(G)ToleranceLimitsfordischargeofeffluentsintoPublicSewerswith
CentralTreatmentPlants
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Parameter
Units
Typeoflimit
TotalSuspendedSolids
mg/l,max
Temperatureofdischarge
C,max
Biochemical Oxygen Demand mg/l,max
(BOD5 in 5 days at 20 C or
BOD3in3daysat27C)
Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l,max
(COD)
TotalKjeldahlnitrogen(asN) mg/l,max
FreeAmmonia(asN)
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
Cyanide(asCN)
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
Chlorides(asCl)
mg/l,max
Fluorides(asF)
mg/l,max
Sulphide(asS)
mg/l,max
Sulphates(asSO4)
mg/l,max
Arsenic(asAs)
mg/l,max
Cadmium(asCd)
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
Copper(asCu)
mg/l,max
Lead(asPb)
mg/l,max
ToleranceLimitvalue
500
5.510.0
45
350
850
500
50
50
2
3.0
900
20
5.0
1000
0.2
1.0
2.0
3.0
1.0
66
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Mercury(asHg)
Nickel(asNi)
Selenium(asSe)
Zinc(asZn)
Pesticides
Detergents/surfactants
Phenoliccompounds
(asphenolicOH)
27 Oils&greases
28 RadioActiveMaterial
(a) Alphaemitters
(b) Betaemitters
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
mg/l,max
0.005
3.0
0.05
5.0
0.2
50
5
mg/l,max
Micro curie /ml,

max
Micro curie /ml,
max
theFollowingconditionsshouldbemet
30
108
107
Notes:
Dischargeofhighviscousmaterialshouldbeprohibited
CalciumCarbidesludgeshouldnotbedischarged
Substancesproducinginflammablevapoursshouldbeabsent
4.2AmbientAirQualityRegulations
Pollutant
Averaging
Time*
Methodof
measurement
Annual
24hrs
Maximum
PermissibleLevel
gm3
ppm
50
100
Particulate matter
aerodynamic diameter
islessthan10missize
(PM10)
Particulate matter
aerodynamic diameter
is less than 2.5 m is
size(PM10)
NitrogenDioxide(NO2)
Annual
24hrs
25
50
Hivolume sampling
and Gravimetric or
BetaAttenuation
24hrs
8hrs
1hr
100
150
250
0.05
0.08
0.13
SulphurDioxide(SO2)
24hrs
8hrs
1hr
80
120
200
0.03
0.05
0.08
Ozone(O3)
1hr
200
0.10
Colorimetric using
Saltzman method or
equivalentGasphase
chemiluminescence
Pararosaniliene
Method
or
equivalent
Pulse
Fluorescent
Chemiluminescence
method
or
Hivolume sampling
and Gravimetric or
BetaAttenuation
67
CarbonMonoxide(CO)
8hrs
1hr
Anytime
10,000
30,000
58,000
9.00
26.00
50.00
equivalent
Ultraviolet
photometric
NonDispersive
Infrared
Spectroscopy
*Minimum number of observations required to determine the average over the

specifiedperiod
03houraverage03consecutivehourlyaverage
08houraverage08hourlyaverage
24houraverage18hourlyaverage
Yearlyaverage09monthlyaveragewithatleast02monthlyaverageeachquarter
4.3NoiseControlRegulations
4.3.(A)GeneralActivities
MaximumPermissibleNoiseLevelsatBoundariesinLAeqT
Area
LAeq
DayTime
NightTime
(6:00 a.m. to 6:00 (6:00 p.m. to 6:00
p.m.)
a.m.)
Low Noise areas (within Pradeshiya
55dB(A)
45dB(A)
sabhas)
Medium Noise areas (within
63dB(A)
50dB(A)
MunicipalCouncilsorUrbanCouncils)
High Noise areas (within Export
70dB(A)
60dB(A)
Processing Zones or Industrial
Estates)
Silent zones (100 meters from the
50dB(A)
45dB(A)
boundary of a courthouse, hospital,
publiclibrary,school.Zoo,sacredarea
and areas set apart for recreation or
environment)
Followingnoiselevelswillbeallowedwherethebackgroundnoiselevelexceedsoris
marginaltothegivenabove
68

Lownoiseareas
Mediumnoiseareas
HighNoiseareas
(i) fordaytime
(6:00a.m.to6:00p.m.)
(ii) fornighttime
(6:00p.m.to6:00a.m.)
Silentzones
Measured background
level+3dB(A)
Measured background
level+3dB(A)
Measured background
level+5dB(A)
Measured background
level+3dB(A)
Measured background
level+3dB(A)
noise
noise
noise
noise
noise
Note: Above noise levels should be maintained inside the boundary of the land, in
whichthesourceislocated.
4.3.(B)ConstructionActivities
Daytime
(6:00a.m.to9:00p.m.)
75dB(A)
Nighttime
(9:00p.m.to6:00a.m.)
50dB(A)
4.3.(C)IndustrialActivities
MaximumpermissibleNoiselevelsatboundariesinLAeq,TforIndustrialActivities
Area
LAeq,T
Daytime
Nighttime
(6:00a.m.to6:00p.m.) (6:00 p.m. to 6:00
a.m.)
Ruralresidentialareas
55
45
Urbanresidentialareas
60
50
Noisesensitiveareas
50
45
Mixedresidential
63
55
Commercialareas
65
55
IndustrialAreas
70
60
Followingnoiselevelswillbeallowedwherethebackgroundnoiselevelexceedsoris
marginaltothegivenabove
Ruralresidentialareas
Measured background noise

level+3dB(A)
Urbanresidentialareas

level+3dB(A)
69
Noisesensitiveareas
Mixed residential
commercialareas
Industrialareas
or (i) fordaytime
(6:00a.m.to6:00p.m.)
(ii) fornighttime
(6:00p.m.to6:00a.m.)
(i) fordaytime
(6:00a.m.to6:00p.m.)
(ii) fornighttime
(6:00p.m.to6:00a.m.)
Area
Industrial/Commercial
Urban/Rural/Mixedresidential

level+3dB(A)
level+5dB(A)
level+3dB(A)
level+5dB(A)
level+3dB(A)
LAeq
Daytime
Nighttime
(6:00 a.m. to 9:00 (9:00 p.m. to 6:00
p.m.)
a.m.)
75
60
65
56
70
4.4ProposedAirblastoverPressureandGroundVibrationStandards
forSriLanka
4.4.(A)BuildingClassification
Resistancetothevibrationdecreasing
Before introducing the vibration standards for the operation of machinery blasting
activities, construction activities & vehicle movements, it is necessary to classify the
buildingstructureasthevibrationaffectsinnaccordancewiththenatureofthenearby
structure. Building that have been builtup in Sri Lanka could be categorized into the
followingcategoriesinaccordancewiththeISO4866:1990(E)standards.Pleasenote
that the following categorization of buildings has been adopted in introducing the
vibrationstandardsforallcases.Howeveritisnoteworthytomentionherethateven
thoughtheclassificationofbuildinggivenbytheInternationalStandardsisalmostthe
same,thesamecategorieshavebeendividedintosubcategoriestosuittheSriLankan
situation.
Categorization of Structures according to the type of building (from ISO

4966:1990E)
Categoryofthestructureofthe
Description
building
Type1
Multi storey buildings of reinforces concrete
or structural steel, with infilling panels of
block work, brick work or precast units not

designedtoresistearthquakes.
Type2
Twostorey domestic houses & buildings
constructedofreinforcedblockwork,precast
units, and with reinforces floor & roof
construction,orwhollyofreinforcedconcepts
orsimilar,notdesignedtoresistearthquakes.
Type3
Single and twostorey houses & buildings
made of lighter construction, using
lightweight materials such as bricks, cement
blocksetc.,notdesignedtoresistearthquakes.
Type4
Structures that, because of sensitivity to
vibration, do not correspond to those listed
above 1, 2 & 3 declared as archeologically
preserved structures by the department of
Archaeology.
71
4.4.(B)InterimstandardsforVibrationoftheOperationofmachinery,
constructionactivitiesandvehicleMovementstraffic
Category of the TypeofVibration
structure as given
inTable1.1
Type1
Continuous
Intermittent
Type2
Continuous
Intermittent
Type3
Continuous
Intermittent
Type4
Continuous
Intermittent
Frequency
of Vibration in Peak
Vibration(Hz)
Particle Velocity
(PPV)(mm/sec)
01
5.0
1050
7.5
Over50
15.0
01
10.0
1050
15.0
Over50
30.0
01
2.0
1050
4.0
Over50
8.0
01
4.0
1050
8.0
Over50
16.0
01
1.0
1050
2.0
Over50
4.0
01
2.0
1050
4.0
Over50
8.0
01
0.25
1050
0.5
Over50
1.0
01
0.5
1050
1.0
Over50
2.0
72
4.4.(C)InterimstandardsonAirBlastOverPressureandGroundVibration
forBlastingActivities
Category
of Type
the structure vibration
as given in
Table1.1
Type1
Type2
Type3
Type4
Impulsive
Impulsive
Impulsive
Impulsive
of Type
Blasting
of Ground
Air blast over
vibration in pressure (dB
Peak Particle (L))
Velocity (PPV)
(mm/sec.)
bore
8.0
105
Single
hole
Multi bore hole
with
delay
detonators
Single
bore
hole
Multi bore hole
with
delay
detonators
Single
bore
hole
Multi bore hole
with
delay
detonators
Single
bore
hole
Multi bore hole
with
delay
detonators
10.0
115
6.0
105
7.0
115
4.0
115
5.0
120
0.5
95
0.75
100
73
4.4. (D) Interim Standards on Vibration for the inconvenience of the

occupantsinbuildings
Place
Time
Critical
Day&Night
working areas
(e.g. Hospital
operating
theatres,
precision
laboratories)
Residential
Day
Night
Office
Day&Night
Workshop
Day&Night
*Daytime6.00a.m.to6.00p.m.
Nighttime6.00p.m.to6.00a.m.
Multiplying
factors
Continuous
vibration (day
time and night
time)*
0.141
0.705
0.282
0.846
1.41
Impulsive
Intermittent
vibration (max. vibration
of
three
occurrences
perday)
0.141
0.141
5.640
1.410
11.280
1.41
2.820
0.705
4.230
7.05
74
5. Prescribed Activities that Require Environmental

ProtectionLicensing
Activities or Industries that need to obtain Environmental Protection Licence or

clearance has been published under the National Environment Act No. 47 of 1980 as
amended by Act Nos. 56 of 1988 and 53 of 2000, in the Extra ordinary Gazette No.
1533/16 of January 25, 2008, and the extract of the prescribed activities are listed
below.
5.1.PrescribedActivitiesPartA
1.
Chemicalsmanufacturingorformulatingorrepackingindustries.
2.
Soaps, detergents, softener or any other cleansing preparations manufacturing

industrieshavingaproductioncapacityof1,000kilogramsperdayormore.
3.
Bulkpetroleumliquidorliquefiedpetroleumgasstorageorfillingfacilitieshaving
atotalcapacityof150ormoremetrictonsexcludingvehiclefuelfillingstations.
4.
Industries involved in the use of fibreglass as a raw material where 10 or more

workersareemployed.
5.
Synthetic rubber, natural rubber manufacturing or processing or rubber based

industries excluding industries which manufacture less than 100 kilograms of
ribbedsmokerubbersheetsperday.
6.
Activated carbon or carbon black manufacturing industries or charcoal

manufacturingindustrieshavingaproductioncapacityoneormoremetrictonper
batch.
7.
Industries involved in manufacturing extracting or formulating Ayurvedic,

Indigenousmedicinalproductswhere25ormoreworkersareemployed.
8.
Chemicalfertilizermanufacturing,formulating,processingorrepackingIndustries.
9.
Pesticides, insecticides, fungicides and herbicides manufacturing, formulating or

repackingindustries.
10. Oil(mineraloilorpetroleum)refineries.
11. Dyeanddyeintermediatemanufacturingorformulatingindustries.
12. Paints (emulsion or enamel), inks, pigments, varnish, polish manufacturing or
formulatingindustries.
13. Petrochemical(basicorintermediates)manufacturingorformulatingindustries.
75
14. Industrialgasmanufacturing,processingorrefillingindustries.
15. Asphaltprocessingplants.
16. Industries involved in the manufacture of polymers or polymer based products
(i.e. polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane, polypropylene,
polyester,nylon,polystyrene,resins,fibreglassorothermanmadefibresetc.)or
polymerorpolymerbasedproducts,recyclingindustries.
17. Alltypesoftyres,tubesmanufacturingortyreretreadingindustries.
18. Industriesinvolvedinmanufacturingorreconditioningofbatteries.
19. Anyindustryinvolvedintheuseofasbestosfibresasarawmaterial.
20. Industries involved in manufacturing, extracting or formulating pharmaceuticals
orcosmeticproductsincludingintermediates.
21. Adhesivesmanufacturingindustriesexcludingnaturalgums.
22. Match sticks manufacturing industries and explosives manufacturing or
formulatingindustries.
23. Batikindustrieswhere10ormoreworkersareemployed.
24. Textileprocessing(i.e.bleaching,dyeing,printing)industriesorgarmentwashing
industriesortextilesandblastingindustriesorcommerciallaundrieswhere10or
moreworkersareemployed.
25. Tanneries.
26. Leatherfinishingindustrieshavingeffluentgeneratingoperations.
27. Juteprocessingindustries.
28. Industries involved in bleaching or dyeing of natural fibre or natural fibre based
industrieswhere25ormoreworkersareemployed.
29. Powerloomshaving25ormoremachinesorpowerloomswithsizingactivities.
30. Sugarmanufacturingindustriesorsugarrefineries.
31. Fermentation industries (Distilleries, Breweries) or alcoholic beverages bottling
plantsorbottlingplantshavingbottlewashingoperations.
32. Food manufacturing and processing industries including bakery products and
confectionerieswhere25ormoreworkersareemployed.
33. Abattoirs.
34. Coconutoilorcinnamonoilextraction industries where 25 or moreworkersare
employed.
76
35. Plants or animal oil/fats extraction industries having production capacity of 10

litres or more per day excluding coconut oil and cinnamon oil extraction
industries.
36. Instantteaorcoffeeprocessingindustries.
37. Nonalcoholicbeveragesmanufacturingindustrieswhere25ormoreworkersare
employed.
38. Desiccated coconut mills or coconut processing industries where 10 or more
workersareemployed.
39. Ricemillshavingwetprocessandhavingaproductioncapacityof5,000kilograms
ormoreperday.
40. Allhatcheriesorpoultryfarmshaving2,500ormorebirdsorpiggery,cattle,goats
farms having animals 50 or more or having rating* for mixed farming 2,500 or
more.
*RatingforMixedFarming=No.ofBirds+50x(No.ofPigs+No.of
Cattle+No.ofGoats)
41. Animalfeedmanufacturingindustrieshavingacapacityof25ormoremetrictons
perday.
42. Cigarettesorothertobaccoproductsmanufacturingindustrieswhere50ormore
workersareemployed.
43. Industries involved in surface treatment of metal or plastic including
electroplating,galvanizingandpowdercoatingindustries.
44. Ironandsteelmills.
45. Foundrieswithanytypeoffurnaces.
46. Nonferrous metal processing industries including secondary process, smelting
andrecoveryofmetals.
47. Metalfabricatingindustriesormachinery,machinerypartsorhardwareitemsor
electrical and electronic goods and equipment manufacturing or assembling
industrieswhere24ormoreworkersareemployed.(Includinglatheworkshops,
weldingshops,spraypaintingindustries).
48. Cementindustries(clinkergrinding,manufacturingorrepacking).
49. Concretebatchingplantshavingaproductioncapacityof50ormorecubicmeters
perday.
50. Glassorglassbasedproductmanufacturingindustries.
51. Limekilnshavingaproductioncapacityof20ormoremetrictonsperday.
77
52. Ceramicindustrieswheremorethan25ormoreworkersareemployed.
53. Mechanized mining activities with multi bore hole blasting or single bore hole
blastingactivitieswithproductioncapacityhaving600ormorecubicmetersper
month.
54. Crushingorprocessingofnonmetallicminerals(i.e.limestone,dolomite,apatite.
rockphosphate,sandstone,feldspar,quartz,limonite,rutile,zircon,mica,graphite,
kaolin,etc.)excludinglimeshellandgranitecrushingactivities.
55. Granite boulders making or processing industries (extracting, blasting, slicing,
polishing).
56. Granitecrushing(Metalcrushing)industrieshavingatotalproductioncapacityof
25ormorecubicmetersperday.
57. Commonwastewater(industrialorsewage)treatmentplants.
58. Incineratorshavingafeedingcapacityof5ormoremetrictonsperday.
59. Water treatment plants having a treatment capacity of 10,000 or more cubic
metersperday.
60. Municipal solid wasteand othersolid wastecomposting plants havingacapacity
or10ormoremetrictonsperday.
61. Solid waste recovery/recycling or processing plants having a capacity of 10 or
moremetrictonsperday.
62. Solidwastedisposalfacilityhavingadisposalcapacityof10ormoremetrictons
perday.
63. All toxic and hazardous waste treatment facility or disposal facilities or
recycling/recoveringorstoragefacilities.
64. Industries involved in chemical treatment and preservation of wood excluding
Borontreatment.
65. Saw mills having a milling capacity of 50 or more cubic meters per day or wood
basedindustrieswhere25ormoreworkersareemployed.
66. Hotels,guesthouses,resthouseshaving20ormorerooms.
67. Hostels and similar dwelling places where occupancy level is exceeding 200 or
more.
68. Health care service centres generating infectious wastes, including medical
laboratoriesandresearchcentres.
69. Automobileorbicyclemanufacturingorassemblingindustries.
78
70. Vehicles service stations or container yards having vehicle service activities
excludingthreewheelerandmotorcyclesservicesandinteriorcleaning.
71. Railwayworkshopsorallbusdepotshavingvehicleservicingactivities.
72. Allvehicleemissiontestingcentres.
73. Electrical power generating utilities excluding standby generators and hydro or
solarorwindpowergeneration.
74. Printing presses with lead smelting o newspaper printing or printing process
whichgenerateswastewaterorcolourphotographsprocessingcentres.
75. PaperandPulpIndustriesorcorrugatedcartonsmanufacturingindustries.
76. Anyindustrywhere200ormoreworkerspershiftareemployed.
77. IndustrialEstatesapprovedunderthepartIVCoftheNationalenvironmentalAct
includingKatunayakeandBiyagamaExportprocessingZones.
78. Zoologicalgardens.
79. Transmissiontowersprovidingfacilitiesfortelecommunicationandbroadcasting.
80. Any industry not included above which discharges 10 or more cubic meters of
wastewaterperdayorusingtoxicchemicalsinitsprocess.
5.2.PrescribedActivitiesPartB
1.
Soaps, detergents, softener or any other cleansing preparations manufacturing

industrieshavingaproductioncapacitylessthan1,000kilogramsperday.
2.
Bulk petroleum liquid storage facilities excluding filling stations or liquefied

petroleumgas(LPGas)storageorfillingfacilitieshavingatotalcapacitylessthan
150metrictons.
3.
Industriesinvolvedintheuseoffibreglassasarawmaterialwherelessthan10
workersareemployed.
4.
Ribbed smoke rubber sheet manufacturing industries having a production

capacityofmorethan50kilogramsandlessthan100kilogramsperday.
5.
Activated carbon or carbon black manufacturing industries or charcoal

manufacturing industries having a production capacity less than one metric ton
perbatch.
6.
Industries involved in manufacturing, extracting or formulating Ayurvedic,

indigenous medicinal products where more than 10 workers and less than 25
workersareemployed.
79
7.
Batikindustrieswherelessthan10workersareemployed.
8.
Commerciallaundrieswherelessthan10workersareemployed.
9.
Leatherfinishingindustrieshavingdryprocessoperations.
10. Naturalfibrebasedindustrieswherelessthan25workersareemployedexcluding
industriesinvolvedinbleachingordyeingofnaturalfibre.
11. Powerloomshavinglessthan25machines.
12. HandLoomsorknittingorembroideryindustryhavingmorethan10looms.
13. Garmentindustrieswhere25ormoreworkersandlessthan200workerspershift
areemployed.
14. Sugarcanebasedindustriesexcludingsugarfactoriesofsugarrefineries.
15. Food manufacturing and processing industries including bakery products and
confectionerieswhere5ormoreworkersandlessthan25workersareemployed.
16. Cinnamonoilextractingindustrywherelessthan25workersareemployed.
17. Rice mills having wet process with a production capacity of less than 5,000
kilogramsperday.
18. Grinding mills having production capacity of more than 1,000 kilograms per
month.
19. Poultryfarmshave250ormoreandlessthan2,500birdsorpiggery,cattle,goats
farms having animals 5 or more and less than 50 or having rating * for mixed
farming250andlessthan2,500.
*RatingforMixedFarming=No.ofBirds+50x(No.ofPigs+No.of
Cattle+No.Goats)
20. Animals feed manufacturing industries, having a capacity of less than 25 metric
tonsperday.
21. Allicemanufacturingindustries.
22. Metalfabricatingindustriesormachinery,machinerypartsorhardwareitemsor
electrical and electronic goods and equipment manufacturing or assembling
industrieswherelessthan25workersareemployed.(includinglathe workshop,
weldingshops,spraypaintingindustries).
23. Concretebatchingplantshavingacapacitylessthan50cubicmetersperday.
24. Singleboreholeblastingwithindustrialminingactivitiesusingexplosives,havinga
productioncapacityoflessthan600cubicmeterspermonth.
80
25. Granitecrushing(Metalcrushing)industrieshavingatotalproductioncapacityof
less than 25 cubic meters per day excluding manual crushing operations using
handtools.
26. Municipal solid waste and other solid waste composting plants (excluding
householdcomposting)havingacapacityoflessthan10metrictonsperday.
27. Solidwasterecovery/recyclingorprocessingplantshavingacapacityoflessthan
10metrictonsperday.
28. Solid waste disposal facilities a disposal capacity of less than 10 metric tons per
day.
29. Hostelsandsimilardwellingplaceswhereoccupancylevelor25ormoreboarders
andlessthan200borders.
30. Vehiclerepairingandmaintaininggaragesincludingspraypaintingormobileair
conditioningactivities.
31. Recycling or recovering centres of refrigerants form airconditioners or
refrigerators.
32. Three wheeler or motor cycle servicing activities or vehicle interior cleaning
activities.
33. Any industry not included above which discharges 3 or more and less than 10
cubicmetersofindustrialprocessingwastewaterperday.
5.3.PrescribedActivitiesPartC
1.
Allvehiclefillingstations(liquidpetroleumandliquefiedpetroleumgas).
2.
Manufacturingofcandleswhere10ormoreworkersareemployed.
3.
Coconut oil extraction industries where 10 or more workers and less than 25
workersareemployed.
4.
Nonalcoholicbeveragesmanufacturingindustrieswhere10ormoreworkersand
lessthan25workersareemployed.
5.
Ricemillshavingdryprocessoperations.
6.
Grindingmillshavingproductioncapacityoflessthan1,000kilogramspermonth.
7.
Tobaccobarns.
8.
Cinnamonfumigatingindustrieswithsulphurfumigationhavingcapacityof500or
morekilogramsperbatch.
9.
Ediblesaltpackingandprocessingindustries.
81
10. Teafactoriesexcludinginstantteaprocessing.
11. Concreteprecastindustries.
12. Mechanizedcementblocksmanufacturingindustries.
13. Limekilnshavingaproductioncapacityoflessthan20metrictonsperday.
14. PlasterofParisindustrieswherelessthan25workersareemployed.
15. Limeshellcrushingindustries.
16. Tileandbrickkilns.
17. Singleboreholeblastingwithartisanaryminingactivitiesusingexplosives,having
capacityoflessthan600cubicmeterspermonth.
18. Saw mills having a milling capacity of less than 50 cubic meters per day or
industriesinvolvedinBorontreatmentofwoodortimberseasoning.
19. Carpentryworkshopswhichusemultipurposecarpentrymachineorwoodbased
industrieswheremorethan5workersandlessthan25workersareemployed.
20. Residential hotels, guest houses, rest houses with 05 or more and less than 20
rooms.
21. Vehicle repairing or maintaining garages excluding spraypainting or mobile air
conditioningactivities.
22. Repairing,maintainingorinstallationcentresofrefrigeratorsandairconditioners.
23. Containeryardsexcludingwherevehicleservicingactivitiesarecarriedout.
24. All electrical andelectronic goods repairing centre where more than 10 workers
areemployed.
25. Printingpressesandletterpressmachinesexcludingleadsmelting.
82

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1

Environmental Pollution mitigation is regulated by the regulations gazettedunder the

It can be used as a technical guidelinefor existing industries or those willing to enter

Among other best practices would be organic cultivation. Although in commercial

After a pretreatment of screening, the wastewater can be anaerobically treated in an

1. Environmental Resources Management Lanka (Pvt.) Ltd. (2001). Pollution

2. Environmental Resources Management Lanka (Pvt.) Ltd. (2001). Pollution

1. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Sugar

Wastewater Wastewater is not a significant issue in the asphalt manufacturing

Wastewater Although wastewater does not have a significant impact on the

Air emissions During heating of pellets, volatile aromatic hydrocarbons may be

Noise/ vibration Although noise may not be a significant polluter, machines in

2. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for PetroleumBased

2.4 Bakery and Confectionery and Food Product Manufacturing

Wastewater Wastewater generated by the industry mainly results from cleaning

1. Environmental Resources Management Lanka (Pvt.) Ltd. (2001). Pollution

1. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines, Poultry Production.

2. Williams, Charles Michael. Poultry Waste Management in Developing Countries.

using explosives having a production capacity of less than

1. Environmental Resources Management Lanka (Pvt.) Ltd. (2001). Pollution

2. IFC. (2007). Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Construction

Environment Protection Licensing is a requirement to operate a hotel and need to

1. CRMP and CCD. (1995). Environmental Guidelines for Coastal Tourism

2. Georgia Hospitality Environmental Partnership. (1996). Waste Reduction In

A chemical treatment method should be employed next with mixing of alum to

Wastewater Wastewater from hospitals could be contaminated with infectious

3. University of Birmingham (2004). Procedure for Disposal of Clinical Waste.

4. University of Lancaster (2006). Procedure for the Disposal of Clinical Waste.

6. CEA. (2004) Technical Guidelines on Solid Waste Management in Sri Lanka.

8. Eckenfelder, W. W. Jr. (1989). Industrial Water Pollution Control, 2nd ed.,

13. Linda D. Stetzenbach. (1997). Introduction to Aerobiology. In: Manual of

15. Strauss,Werner.(1971). Air PollutionControl, PartsI &II. WileyInterscience

17. Trivedi, P. R. and G Raj. (1992). Environmental Industrial Pollution Control,

Shall not exceed 40 C in

Micro curie /ml,

Recommended dosage of settled

Micro curie /ml,

*Minimum number of observations required to determine the average over the

Measured background noise

Measured background noise

Measured background noise

Categorization of Structures according to the type of building (from ISO

or structural steel, with infilling panels of

block work, brick work or precast units not

4.4. (D) Interim Standards on Vibration for the inconvenience of the

5. Prescribed Activities that Require Environmental

Activities or Industries that need to obtain Environmental Protection Licence or

Soaps, detergents, softener or any other cleansing preparations manufacturing

Industries involved in the use of fibreglass as a raw material where 10 or more

Synthetic rubber, natural rubber manufacturing or processing or rubber based

Activated carbon or carbon black manufacturing industries or charcoal

Industries involved in manufacturing extracting or formulating Ayurvedic,

Pesticides, insecticides, fungicides and herbicides manufacturing, formulating or

35. Plants or animal oil/fats extraction industries having production capacity of 10

Soaps, detergents, softener or any other cleansing preparations manufacturing

Bulk petroleum liquid storage facilities excluding filling stations or liquefied

Ribbed smoke rubber sheet manufacturing industries having a production

Activated carbon or carbon black manufacturing industries or charcoal

Industries involved in manufacturing, extracting or formulating Ayurvedic,

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