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SPATIAL DISCRETISATION OF
A GEOMETRICAL DOMAIN
q CONTROL (FINITE) - VOLUME GRIDS
q PIECE - WISE FINITE ELEMENT INTERPLATION
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OBSERVATION,
MEASUREMENTS
ANALYSED
PHENOMENA
PHYSICAL
MODEL
COMPUTER SIMULATION
MODELLING:
APPROXIMATIONS
SIMPLIFCATIONS
ALGEBRAIC
EQUATIONS
SOLUTION
LECTURE 2
DISCRETIZATION
COMP. SIMULATION
MODEL & ITS CODE
NUMERICAL
METHODS
MATHEMATICAL MODEL
PART. DIFFER. / INTEGRAL
CONSERVATION EQUATION
INITIAL & BOUNDARY CONDS
CLOSURE RELATIONS
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DISCRETISATION
OF GEOMETRICAL
DOMAIN
STEADYSTATE
PROBLEM
COMPUTER
SIMULATION MODEL
FULLY-DICSRETE
MODEL
(ALGEBRAIC)
TIME DISCRETISATION
SPATIAL
DISCRETISATION OF
MODEL EQUATIONS
TRANSIENT
PROBLEM
SEMI-DISCRETE
MODEL
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GEOMETRICAL DISCRETISATION
Basic Definitions:
Node a selected point in a domain or on a domain boundary
Control volume, finite element a sub-domain created by linking
neigbouring nodes
Discretisation - given by a number of nodes, their locations and the
way they are connected to form a grid of sub-domains
finite elements
control volume
internal and
boundary nodes
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PRACTICE 1
For chosen nodes locations in the domain and on its boundaries;
then a control volume is defined around each of the nodes
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B
Control volume of a
boundary node
Characteristic features:
1. Node P does not lie in the geometric centre of the control volume
2. Point e, where an averaged diffusive flux through AB boundary
surface is calculated, does not lie at the geometric centre of this
control volume face
3. Boundary node has a half control volume
NUMERICAL METHODS IN HEAT TRANSFER 2014/2015
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PRACTICE 2
First the control volumes are defined and then nodes are placed in their
geometrical centres faces do not lie midway between nodes
B
Control volume
of a boundary
node
Control volume
of an internal
node
Characteristic features:
1. Node P lies in the geometrical centre of its control volume
2. Point e, where an averaged diffusive flux through AB
boundary surface is calculated, lies in the geometric centre
of this control volume face
3. Control volume of a boundary node is full the node does
not lie on the boundary surface
NUMERICAL METHODS IN HEAT TRANSFER 2014/2015
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e
A
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Adiabatic
boundary
surface
MATERIAL 1
Composite
solid
MATERIAL 2
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x2
qn
cylindrical, spherical
or general orthogonal
curvilinear coordinates
x1
The orthogonal property of the grid is essential - a diffusion flux across
a control-volume face calculated in terms of the difference between two
nodal values of the face must be normal to the line joining the two
grid points.
The method does not solve the problem of a good approximation of
boundaries, which are not parallel to the curvilinear grid lines.
NUMERICAL METHODS IN HEAT TRANSFER 2014/2015
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S
T
Control volume of
internal node P
Fragment of P- control
volume in a triangle
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= const
= const
F
x2
x1
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A FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE:
arbitrary geometrical shape can be accurately modelled by
an assemblage of locally simple shapes finite elements
linear element
piece-wise
interpolation
parabolic
element
parabolic
element
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x2P
x1P
x1
C
3
xi ( ) = ai + bi + ci 2 for i = 1, 2
= 1
GLOBAL
COORDINATE SYSTEM
1
l l AC
2
=
1
l AC
2
=1
LOCAL (NATURAL)
COORDINATE SYSTEM
1 1
x1 ( ) = a1 + b1 + c1 2 for i = 1
x2 ( ) = a2 + b2 + c2 2 for i = 2
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( xi )1 = ai + bi (1) + ci (1)2
( xi )2 = ai + bi (0) + ci (0)2
( xi )3 = ai + bi (1) + ci (1)2
xi ( ) =
ai = ( xi )2
( xi )3 ( xi )1
bi =
2
( xi )3 ( xi )1
ci = ( xi )1 ( xi )2 +
2
(1 ) ( xi )1 + 1 2
( xi )2 +
(1 + ) ( xi )3 for i = 1, 2
OR
Sum of products of interpolation functions
(1 )
1
2
defined in the natural coordinate system
N 3 = (1 + )
the number of nodes used in the
2
interpolation
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for 1 el.(1)
for 1 el.(1)
N 4(2) ( 2 ) 0
for 2 el.(2)
for 2 el.(2)
N 2(1) ( 1 ) = 0
N 4(2) ( 2 ) = 0
N 3 ( ) =
e=2
N ( ) 0
(e)
3
( e)
e=1
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for k = 1, 2 and i = 1, 2
N
=
1 2 (1 )
where
N = 1 (1 + )
2 2
N 2 ( ) =
e=2
e=1
( )
N 2(e) ( e) 0
otherwise
Shape functions in the local natural coordinates
NUMERICAL METHODS IN HEAT TRANSFER 2014/2015
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1
PARENT ELEMENT
= 1
x2 1
x1
=1
1
2
natural coordinate system
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REAL
ELEMENTS
PARENT ELEMENT
x2
x1
= 1
=1
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FORMULA
FOR FINITE ELEMENT APPROXIMATION
OF A CURVILINEAR BOUNDARY
xi =
( ) N ( ) ( x )
xi ( e) =
(e)
k
( e)
i k
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x2
( 1,1)
(1,1)
x1
1
GLOBAL COORDINATES
xi (r, s) = ai + bi r + ci s + di rs
xi ( -1, -1) = ai + bi (-1) + ci (-1) + di (-1)(-1)
( 1, 1)
(1, 1)
NATURAL COORDINATES
for i = 1, 2; r 1; s 1
where
xi = Nk (r , s) ( xi )k for k = 1, 2,3, 4
1
(1 r )(1 s )
4
1
N 2 (r , s ) = (1 + r )(1 s )
4
1
N 3 (r , s ) = (1 + r )(1 + s )
4
1
N 4 (r , s ) = (1 r )(1 + s )
4
N1 (r , s ) =
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x2
x1
( 1,1)
(0,0)
( 1, 1)
(1, 1)
2
NATURAL COORDINATES
GLOBAL COORDINATES
N1 (r , s ) =
(1,1)
1
s (1 r 2 ) ( s 1)
2
1
N 4 (r , s ) = r (1 s 2 ) (1 + r )
2
1
N 6 (r , s ) = s (1 r 2 ) (1 + s )
2
1
N8 (r , s ) = r (1 s 2 ) ( r 1)
2
N 9 (r , s ) = (1 r 2 )(1 s 2 )
N 2 (r , s) =
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x2
AREA COORDINATES
L1 =0
L1 =0,5
L1
L1 =1
x1
s S
L1 = = P 23
h S 123
S P 31
L2 =
S 123
S 12 P
L3 =
S 123
L1 + L2 + L3 =
SP 23 + SP 31 + S12 P
=1
S123
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Lk = ak + bk ( x1 )k + ck ( x2 )k
k = 1, 2,3
P
1
xi ( L1 , L2 , L3 ) = Nk ( L1 , L2 , L3 ) ( xi )k
three-node linear element:
N k ( L1 , L2 , L3 ) = Lk
k = 1, 2,3
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xi = Nk ( L1 , L2 , L3 ) ( xi )k
N1 ( L1 , L2 , L3 ) = L1 ( 2 L1 1)
N 3 ( L1 , L2 , L3 ) = L2 ( 2 L2 1)
N 5 ( L1 , L2 , L3 ) = L3 ( 2 L3 1)
N 2 ( L1 , L2 , L3 ) = 4 L1 L2
N 4 ( L1 , L2 , L3 ) = 4 L2 L3
N 6 ( L1 , L2 , L3 ) = 4 L3 L1
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s
r
xi (r , s, t ) = N k (r , s, t )( xi ) k for k = 1, 2,...8
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s
r
xi (r, s, t ) = Nk (r, s, t )( xi ) k
for k = 1, 2,...27
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PARABOLIC
where L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 = 1
xi ( L1 , L2 , L3 , L4 ) = N k ( L1 , L2 , L3 , L4 ) ( xi )k
for i = 1, 2,3 and k = 1, 2,3,...no.of .nodes
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PARABOLIC
xi ( L1 , L2 , L3 , t ) = Nk ( L1 , L2 , L3 , t ) ( xi )k
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dl = dx12 + dx22
dxi =
dxi
dN ( )
d = k
( xi )k d
d
d
dN ( )
dN ( )
dl = k
( x1 )k + k ( x2 )k d
d
d
J =
x1
1
x1
2
x2
1
and
x2
2
xi N k ( 1 , 2 )
=
xi
1
1
( )
xi N k ( 1 , 2 )
=
xi
2
2
( )
det [ J ] 0
x1
1
x
where: [ J ] = 1
2
x1
x2
1
x2
2
x2
3
x3
1
x3
2
x3
d = det [J ] d 1d 2d 3
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