Part-I: Electro-Static

Lecture 8
Dr. Ahmed Said Eltrass
Electrical Engineering Department
Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Fall 2015
Office hours: Sunday (10:00 to 12:00 a.m )
4th floor, Electrical Engineering Building

Chapter 5
Conductors and Dielectrics
Current (I) :is the number of charges passing/crossing a given
area per unit time (in one second) (Ampere or C/t)

Q
dQ
I I
t
dt
It can also be defined as the rate of change of charge passing
a given area.
Current Density (J) :Current passing a plane per unit area
(A/m2)
If J is known, we can find the total current (I) as follows:

I J ds
S

Derive an expression for the current density ?

Q
I
t
Q v v v xS
Q
x
I
v S
v Svx
t
t
I
But J x
v vx
S
In general:

J vv

v : Volume charge density (C/m3 )

v : Drift velocity of charges (m/s)

J : Current Density Vector (A/m2 )

Continuity Equation
Suppose that we have a closed surface (S), then:
Flow out Flow in= rate of decrease of charge inside (S)
dQ
I out I in
dt

dQ
S J dS dt

d
J

d
S

v dv
Q
S

dt v

Flow out
(Iout)

From the divergence theorem :

Flow in
(Iin)
J dS J dv

d
J dv v dv
dt
v

dv
J
dt

Continuity Equation

Ohms Law

: is the conductivity of a conductor.Units (S/m)

From Ohm' s law : J E

E dl
VAB
R
B
I
J ds

But J E

VAB

B lower potential
A higher potential

E dl
VAB
R
B
I
E ds
A

This formula is used to

find the resistance of any
geometric shape

Examples

1 - Find the resistance of the shown cylinder given that

VAB

E E0 ax v/m
+
A

x
S

2 - Find the resistance of the shown conductor given that

z
E (1 / )a ( v/m)
a

h
A

B
y
x

Properties of Conductors
Suppose suddenly a number of electrons are injected in the
interior of a conductor:
- Forces of repulsion among electrons
- Electrons move towards conductor surface

Example: Consider the sphere of radius R

Applying Gausss Law
- Electric field inside the conductor E= 0
- Electric field outside the conductor E 0
The potential at any point inside the
conductor is equal to the potential at the
surface
(Conductor is an equipotential surface)
( E is perpendicular to the conductor surface)

Summary for the Properties of Conductors

1- There is no charge density inside the conductor ( v 0 ) and
all the charges are accumulated at the surface as s
2- E=0 inside the conductor, otherwise the current will flow
3- The conductor is an equipotential surface

Dielectric Materials
The dielectric material consists of atoms in which the centers of their
positive and negative charges do not coincide
The slight shift between the centers forms an electric dipole whose
electric dipole moment (p) is given by:

p Qda x

When the dielectric material is placed in an external electric field, the

electric dipoles are arranged in such a way that their dipole moments
are aligned with the external applied field.
-

+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+

E (external applied electric field)

+
+
+
+
+


Define the polarization P : is the net dipole moments per unit volume
(C/m2)
Polarization

P Np

Number of dipoles/m3

Dipole moment

Relation between Polarization and Permittivity

For dielectric : D 0 E P 0 r E

P
D 0 E 1 0 r E
0E

Relative Permittivity

P
r 1 1 e
0E

If required P :

P D 0 E 0 r E 0 E

P 0 r 1E

r 1
e 0
Electric Susceptibility

Example

3 - Given the potential field, V 200 50 x 20 y, in a dielectric material

with r 2.1, find the electric field density E , the electric flux density D,

the polarization P, and the volume charge density v .

Boundary Conditions
Et : Tangential component
EN : Normal component

1- Conductor-Dielectric

Dn

En

Dielectric

l
h

Et
a

E0

Conductor

Tangential Component
b
c
d
a

Applying KVL : E dl 0 0
abcd

l
l
0 0 En
Et w En
0 0
2
2

Et 0

Dn

Dielectric

En

l
h

Et

E0

2
Conductor

Normal Component

Applying Gauss Law with the closed surface as a cylinder :

D dS Qenc
S

Top

bottom

Qenc

sides

Dn S 0 0 s S

Dn s
En s /

2- Dielectric-Dielectric

Dn1

En1

E1

1
h

Dn2

Et1

2 En

r 1
1

Et 2
E2

Dielectric

r 2
2

Dielectric

Tangential Component
b
c
d
a

Applying KVL : E dl 0 0
abcd

Et 2 w En2

l
l
l
l
En1
Et1 w En1
E n2
0
2
2
2
2

Et1 Et2

Tangential component of
electric field is continuous

Dn1

En1

E1

1
h

Dn2

Et1

2 En

r 1
1

Et 2
E2

Dielectric

r 2
2

Dielectric

Normal Component
Applying Gauss Law with the closed surface as a cylinder :

D dS Qenc Qenc
S

Top

bottom

sides

Dn1 S Dn2 S 0 s S

Dn1 Dn2 s

s 0 when there is no charge at the boundary

If s 0 (or not given) , Dn1 Dn2 Continous D

Or 1En1 2 En2 Discontinous E

Useful Relation from Refraction Law

En1

Et1 Et2

E1 sin 1 E2 sin 2 (1)

Et 2

Dn1 Dn2

1 En 2 En
1

E2
2

1 E1 cos1 2 E2 cos 2 (2)

Divide (1) by (2)
E1 sin 1
E2 sin 2

1 E1 cos1 2 E2 cos 2

tan1 1

tan 2 2

E1

Et1

2 E n2

r 1
r 2
2

Examples

4 - Given that E1 20 a x 30 a y 40 a z ( v/m)

The boundary is at x - y plane. Find E2 , 1 , 2 , D1 , D2 , P1 , and P2

Z

E2

E1

r 2

r 3.2 2
2

5 - Given the potential, V 100(x 2 -y 2 )

and a point P(2,-1,3) that is stipulated to lie on a conductor - to - free - space boundary,
find V, E, D, and s at P, and also the equation of the conductor surface.