CHAPTER 1: Linear Algebra (MATRICES, VECTORS)

MATRICES, VECTORS
A matrix is defined as an ordered rectangular array of numbers. They can be used to
represent systems of linear equations. Each number in a matrix is called an entry or
element.
Example: Linear system

Matrix Form
9
4 6
6 0 2

5 8 1

4 x1 6 x 2 9 x3 6
2 x3 20

6 x1

5 x1 8 x 2 x3 10

x1
6
x 20
2

x3
10

Coefficient matrix,

augmented matrix

A= 6
5

4
A 6
5

6
0
8

9
2
1

0
8

2
1

6
20
10

* We can solve with augmented matrix by calculations with discuss later.

Answer are x1 3 , x 2 1 , x3 1 . Sometimes we use notation x,y and z to replace

x1 , x 2 , x3 .

Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication

Two matrices having the same order can be added or subtracted as follow:
(a)

(b)

1 2
0
1 0
1 11 12 14 7

3
1 1 2 0
0 3
2

9
1 14 11 7 12 9
13 18

3
21

6
1 4
1 2
1 ( 1) 4 2
0
5 6 0 5 5 0

6 5 5 11

7 8
11 7
7 11 8 7
18 15

(c)

2 3
1 0
2 1 3 0
1 3
1 4 2 1 1 2 4 1 1 3

(d)

3 0
1 2
3 ( 1) 0 2
2
1 4 3 4

1 3 4 4 2

1 2
1 2

2
1 1 2 2

2
0
0

Matrix multiplication by a scalar

A matrix A can be multiplied by a scalar as below:
2
A 1 ,
4

2
6

3A 3 1 3
4
12

- 2
- A - 1
- 4

Matrix multiplication
Two matrices can be multiplied if the number of columns in the first is the same as the
number of rows in the second. In other words, the product matrix exists.
A

mn

np

mp

Equal
Order of the product matrix
Example:
Find DE where D 1 2

5

3 and E 6
7

multiplication of rows into

columns
DE = 1

5
3 6 1(5) 2(6) 3(7) 34
7

Exercises:

(a)

1
0

1
0
5

1
7
2
1
3

4
1

(b)

2
1

1
7

2
4

4
5

3
5
5

Solution
(a)

(b)

2
1

4
5

1 1
7
30
1(1) 4(2) 7(3) 1( 1) 4(0) 7(5)
2
0

1
0(1) 1(2) 1(3) 0( 1) 1(0) 1(5)
5
3
5

1
0

1
7

2
4

3
5
5

34

22

Does not exist

33

not equal

Transposition
1 3
A

4 5

1 4

T
Transposition A = A

3 5

Linear systems of equations, Gauss elimination

3x 2 y 8z 9
3

2
1

8 9

1 3
3 8

2
2
2

R3 4 R2

2x 2 y z 3

0
0

2
2
0

3 R2 2 R1

0
1

27
93 93
19

2
2
2

R3 / 93

z 1
2 y 19 z 27,
3 x 2 y 8 z 9,

2 y 8,
3 x 9,

y4
x3

x 2 y 3z 8

8 9

19 27
3 8
3

0
0

3 R3 R1

0
0

8 9

19 27
1 1

2
2
8

8 9

19 27
17 15

x
3
y 4


z
1

Gauss Elimination: The Three Possible Cases of Systems

The Gauss elimination can take care of linear systems with a unique solution (see page
5), with infinitely many solution (see example below; page 6), and without solutions
(inconsistent system; see example on page 7)

10

11

*Rank A = Rank A = n (number of column), there is a unique solution.

~
*Rank A = Rank A < n (number of column), there is a many solution.

12

*Rank A < Rank A , there is no solution.

13

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Basic Text: Kreyszig, E.Advanced Engineering Mathematics. 9th ed., Wiley, 2006
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