Mod 7-10

Understanding Consciousness and Hypnosis

Consciousness:Ourawarenessofourselvesandourenvironment.
List5examplesofdifferentstatesofmind.
1. Daydreaming
2. Dreaming
3. Hallucinations
4. Hypnosis
5. Meditation
Hypnosis:Asocialinteractioninwhichoneperson(thehypnotist)suggesttoanother
(thesubject)thatcertainperceptions,felling,thoughts,orbehaviorswill
spontaneouslyoccur.
Sleep Patterns and Sleep Theories
What machine do they use to study sleep? EEG
CircadianRhythm:Thebiologicalclock;regularbodilyrhythms(forexample,of
temperatureandwakefulness)thatoccurona24hourcycle.
What 2 things can change our circadian rhythm?
1. Age
2. Experience
How long does a full sleep cycle last? 90 minutes
How many stages of sleep do you go through during that cycle? 4
REMSleep:Rapideyemovementsleep;arecurringsleepstageduringwhichvivid
dreamscommonlyoccur.Alsoknowasparadoxicalsleep,becausethemusclesare
relaxed(exceptforminortwitches)butotherbodysystemsareactive.
AwakeAlphaWaves: The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.
Sleep:Periodic,natural,easilyreversiblelossofconsciousnessasdistinctfrom
unconsciousnessresultingfromacoma,generalanesthesia,orhibernation.
Explainwhathappensineachstageofsleep:
o Stage 1 (NREM-1): You may experience fantastic images resembling hallucinations

o Hallucinations: False sensory experiences. such as seeing something in the absence of an

external visual stimulus.o Stage 2 (NREM-2): Has periodic sleep spindles, although you could
still be awakened without too much difficulty, you are now clearly asleep.o Sleep Spindles:
Bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity o Stages 3 (NREM-3) and 4: Deep sleep, this is a
slow-wave sleep. which lasts about 30 minutes, your brain emits large, slow delta waves and you
are hard to awaken.
o Delta Waves: The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.o REM Sleep
characteristics: Your heart rate rises, your berating becomes rapid and irregular, and every halfminute or so your eyes dart around in momentary bursts of activity behind closed lids, dreaming
occurs, sleepwalking and talking occur.
How long does a sleep cycle last again? NREM-1 lasts 10 minutes, NREM-2 lasts
20 minutes, NREM-3 lasts 30 minutes, REM sleep lasts 30 to 45 minutes. 90
minutes in total.
What happens to NREM-3 sleep as the night goes on? It gets shorter.
How much of an average nights sleep do we spend in REM? 20-25%
How much do newborns sleep per night? 16 hours
How much do most adults sleep per night? 8 hours
List the 5 reasons that sleep may have evolved:
1. Sleep Protects
2. Sleep helps us recuperate
3. Sleep helps restore and rebuild our fading memories of the days experiences
4. Sleep feeds creative thinking
5. Sleepsupportsgrowth
Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Disorders, and Dreams
What are some of the effects of getting too little sleep? Be sure to have at least 3.
1. Increased risk of high blood pressure
2. Diminished attentional focus and memory consolidation, and increased risk of
depression
3. Increased production of fat cells and greater risk of obesity

A. Sleep Disorders

Insomnia:o What makes insomnia worse? Worrying about insomnia.o What are the quick fixes
for insomnia? Do they work? Alcohol and sleeping pills, no they do not work, they aggravate the
problem by reducing REM sleep and leaving the person tired the next day.
Narcolepsy:o What is the cause of narcolepsy? Missing a hypothalamic neural center that
produces orexin, a neurotransmitter linked to alertness.
SleepApnea:o What are the causes/warning signs of sleep apnea? Sleep apnea is associated with
obesity. Warning sides include: loud snoring, daytime sleepiness, irritability, and (possibly) high
blood pressure.
NightTerrors:o Who do night terrors usually affect? Childreno During what stage of sleep do
night terrors happen? NREM-3
During what stage of sleep does sleepwalking happen? NREM-3
B. Dreams
Dream:Asequenceofimages,emotions,andthoughtspassingthroughasleeping
personsmind.Dreamsarenotablefortheirhallucinatoryimagery,discontinuities,
andincongruities,andforthedreamersdelusionalacceptanceofthecontentandlater
difficultiesrememberingit.
What is the difference between daydreams and REM dreams? Daydreams tend to
involve the familiar details of our lives, whereas REM dreams are vivid, emotional,
and bizarre.
What can happen to sensory stimuli that occur while you are sleeping? They can be
incorporated into your dreams.
Why do we dream?!?
To satisfy our own wishes
o Who is responsible for this theory? Sigmund Freudo What are dreams purpose according to
Freud? Provide a psychic safety valve that discharges otherwise unacceptable feelings.
o Manifestcontent:AccordingtoFreud,therememberedstorylineofadream.o Latent
content:AccordingtoFreud,theunderlyingmeaningofadream.o What do most psychologists
believe today about Freuds dream theories? They believe they are unreliable.
To file away memories
Information-processing perspective: dreams may help sift, sort, and fix the days
experiences in our memory.
To develop and preserve neural pathways
To make sense of neural static

To reflect cognitive development

What happens if you deprive yourself of REM sleep for many days in a row? (called
REM rebound) You will quickly return to REM sleep and you will increase REM
sleep.
Psychoactive Drugs
SubstanceUseDisorder:aconditioninwhichtheuseofoneormoresubstancesleads
toaclinicallysignificantimpairmentordistress.
Whatfoursymptomsmustyoumeettobediagnosedwithasubstanceusedisorder?
1. Impairedcontrol
2. Socialimpairment
3. Riskyuse
4. Pharmacologicalindicators:toleranceandwithdrawal
PsychoactiveDrugs:Achemicalsubstancethataltersperceptionsandmoods.
A drugs overall effect depends on what two things? Biological effects and the
psychology of the users expectations
Tolerance:Thediminishingeffectwithregularuseofthesamedoseofadrug,
requiringtheusertotakelargerandlargerdosesbeforeexperiencingthedrugseffect.
Addiction:Compulsivedrugcravinganduse,despiteadverseconsequences.
Withdrawal:Thediscomfortanddistressthatfollowdiscontinuingtheuseofan
addictivedrug.

A. Types of Psychoactive Drugs

Depressants:Drugs(suchasalcohol,barbiturates,andopiates)thatreduceneuralactivityand
slowbodyfunctions.o Alcohol: Acolorlessvolatileflammableliquidthatistheintoxicating
constituentofwine,beer,spirits,andotherdrinks,andisalsousedasanindustrialsolventandas
fuel.
Isalcoholastimulantinsmalldoses?NoWhatdoesitmeanthatalcoholisa
disinhibitor?Itslowsbrainactivitythatcontrolsjudgmentandinhibitions.
Why, biologically, does alcohol relax the drinker? It slows sympathetic nervous system
activity.
What effect does alcohol have on memory? It disrupts memory formation.

AlcoholUseDisorder(Alcoholism): Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal if

suspended, and a drive to continue use.How does Alcohol effect your self-control? Alcohol
lowers self-esteem.
What effect does expectancy have on drinking? Users expectations influence their behavior.
When people believe that alcohol affects social behavior in certain ways, and believe, rightly or
wrongly, that they have been drinking alcohol, they will behave accordingly.
o Barbiturates/Tranquilizers:drugsthatdepresscentralnervoussystemactivity,reduceanxiety
butimpairmemoryandjudgment.What are barbiturates commonly used for? They are used
to induce sleep and reduce anxiety.
What is the effect of large doses? It can impair memory and judgment.
o Opiates:Opiumanditsderivatives,suchasmorphineandheroin;theydepressneuralactivity,
temporarilylesseningpainandanxiety.
Examples of opiates: Morphine and heroin
What is the long term price of opiates? A gnawing craving for another fix, a need for
progressively larger doses, and the extreme discomfort of withdrawal.
When you take an opiate, what does your brain stop producing? Endorphins
Remember from the Brain chapterwhat is that used for? Endorphins are naturally
occurring neurotransmitters that dull pain.
o Stimulants:Drugs(suchascaffeine,nicotine,andthemorepowerfulamphetamines,cocaine,
ecstasy,andmethamphetamine)thatexciteneuralactivityandspeedupbodyfunctions.o
Amphetamines:Drugsthatstimulateneuralactivity,causingspeededupbodyfunctions
andassociatedenergyandmoodchanges.What do people use stimulants for? It rises
energy and self-confidence.o Nicotine:Astimulatingandhighlyaddictivepsychoactive
drugintobacco.
o Cocaine:anaddictivedrugderivedfromcocaorpreparedsynthetically,usedasan
illegalstimulantandsometimesmedicinallyasalocalanesthetic.
What neurotransmitters are effected by cocaine? Dopamine, serotonin, and
norepinephrine
o Methamphetamine:Apowerfullyaddictivedrugthatstimulatesthecentralnervous
system,withspeededupbodyfunctionsandassociatedenergyandmoodchanges;over
time,appearstoreducebaselinedopaminelevels.What neurotransmitters does meth
trigger? Dopamine
o Ecstasy(MDMA): A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social
intimacy, but with short-term health health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing
neurons and to mood and cognition.What does Ecstasy physically do to your brain? It
releases stored serotonin and blocks it reuptake.

Hallucinogens(psychedelics): Psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions

and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
o LSD:Apowerfulhallucinogenicdrug;alsoknownasacid.
o THC: The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild
hallucinations.What are the nicknames for synthetic marijuana? Weed and spice
What are some of the effects of Marijuana? Pleasurable Effects: Enhanced sensations, relief
of pain, distortion of time, relaxation. Adverse Effects: Impaired learning and memory, increased
risk of psychological disorders, lung damage from smoke.
What diseases is medical marijuana used for? AIDs and cancer