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Ismo Hakala, Ilkka Kivela, Jukka Ihalainen, Jari Luomala, Chao Gao
University Of Jyvaskyla
Kokkola University Consortium Chydenius
P.O.Box 567, FI-67701, Kokkola, Finland
{ismo.hakala, ilkka.kivela, jukka.ihalainen, jari.luomala, chao.gao}@chydenius.fi
AbstractIn this paper, we report the sensor function design
and implementation of a wireless sensor network application
for measuring environmental acoustic noise. The system is built
on ATmega128 and CC2420 platform. The protocol stack is
based on CiNet stack with a global synchronization scheme and
supports multi-hop communications. Strict filtering function
specified by ITU-R 468 (namely A-weighting) is followed.
Both the indoor and outdoor test results were compared with
standard sound level meters (CESVA SC-20c and Pulsar94) and
showed a less than 2dB error in both short-term and longterm measurement. Power consumption has been measured
that a single AA-type battery can sustain the application.
Comparing to the traditional noise measurement method, our
wireless sensor network solution is much lower in cost, able
to offer real-time data with sensed data timely coherent, and
requests least attention after deployment.
Keywords-sensor node design; noise measurement; environment monitoring
LAN/WAN
Cinet
Database/
HTTP server
Sensor node
Crosslayer
Application
SYNC2SINK
Protocol
Stack
Power
Saving
Management
Topology Synchro
Control
nization
MAC(802.15.4)
Radio (CC2420)
Figure 1.
10
10
10
10
10
Bweighting
Cweighting
Design
Aweighting
10
10
10
Figure 2.
10
Frequency (Hz)
10
PD4
GH
MAX4465
AWeighting
ADC
Mic
MAX4524
GL
MAX4465
Figure 3.
ATmega128L
3.5
3
2.5
Channels + Offsets
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
High Gain input
Low Gain input
Aweigh Filter output
MUX select
1
1.5
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
Time(s)
0.4
0.6
0.8
2.5
Channels + Offsets
1.5
0.5
RMS()
0.5
1.5
0.02
C. Calibration
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Time(s)
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
(3)
(4)
for k=0 to N1 -1 do
S1 = 0
for i=0 to Nm 1 do
Sm = 0, c = 0
for j=0 to N1ms 1 do
readADC to xi
if xi > H then
c++
end if
Sm = Sm + x2i
end for
if HIGHGAIN then
if c C then
set LOWGAIN
end if
else
Sm = Sm (GH /GL )2
if Sm < then
set HIGHGAIN
end if
end if
q
1
RMS(Sm )= N N
Sm
m 1ms
end for
record max(RMS(Sm )) and min(RMS(Sm ))
S1 = S1 + RMS(Sm )
end for
S1
mean(S1 ) = N
1
record mean(S1 ),max,min
Tcom
Time
Sink
Network
nodes
Figure 6.
Time
100
LpA= (log(ADC) + 4.0135)/0.1227 (dB)
90
Tsen
Send to database server via GPRS
80
70
60
A. Power consumption
50
CESVA
Fitting Curve
40
30
200
Figure 5.
400
600
ADC readings
800
1000
1200
Average = 26.90mA
60
50
Current (mA)
40
30
20
10
Power Consumption(mA)
Timeindication pin
0
200
200
400
600
800
1000
Time (ms*5)
1200
1400
1600
1800
160
Figure 7.
t t
140
Current (mA)
120
100
80
60
40
20
Power Consumption(mA)
Timeindication pin
0
5
Time (ms)
Power consumption
1,5 m
84
3 sensor nodes
and Pulsar
Pulsar
Node Avg
Node Avg+
Node Avg
82
80
0,73 m
0,73 m
Sink node
78
76
74
72
Figure 9.
70
68
66
50
100
150
Time (sec)
200
250
300
Figure 10. Indoor test results, presented as 3 nodes average together with
Pulsar94. Deviations of nodes measurement are also given
100
Cesva
Node 5 ( 1.18)
Node 4 (0.34)
Node 3 (0.83)
Node 2 (0.26)
Node 1 (0.57)
90
B. Node cost
80
The cost of one sensor node is about 100 Euros. Comparing to the price of commercial sound meters in market,
with the typical price for a class I sound meter 2000 Euros
or more, this WSN application is very competitive.
70
60
50
40
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Time (s)
Figure 11.
Outdoor test motorway noise (The measurement errors
comparing to Cesva are given in the legend after each node, respectively)
RF