Fascism and

Anti Fascism
POLS 2092 First Semester 2012
Course outline

Contents
Basic information
Course description
Reading, participating, discussing
Lectures
Tutorials
Discussion
Inclusive language
Learning resources
How to read
Course schedule
Tutorials
Course Procedures
Help is available
Assessment
Penalties and extensions
Short paper
Research essay
Role play
Plagiarism
Referencing and bibliographies
Assessment criteria
What grades mean
Appeals procedures
Writing essays
Approval forms & cover sheets

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Basic information
Course title and code: Fascism and anti-Fascism, POLS2092
Course description: Fascism is not simply a matter of history. Fascists
were involved in the December 2005 race riot at Cronulla beach in
Sydney. There are large fascist and far right movements in several
European countries, India and other parts of the world. Smaller fascist
groups are widespread from Australia to Russia, Japan to the United
States. In many countries right wing populist and racist parties have
attracted mass support. This course examines the emergence of fascism
as a distinct form of social movement since the late 19th century, the
circumstances under which fascist organisations have expanded and
even taken power. It explores struggles against fascism and the
strategies and theories which guide and guided them. In addition, the
course considers how governments have treated anti-fascist movements.
Convenor: Dr Rick Kuhn, Haydon-Allen Building room 1215, phone
6125-3851, email Rick.Kuhn@anu.edu.au. The best way to arrange a
meeting time with Rick is by email. He will be available for
consultation after most lectures.
Course web site: this Course Outline with updates and web links,
together with other important information and updates can be found on
Wattle at http://wattlecourses.anu.edu.au/course/view.php?id=12154.
Mode of delivery: two to three hours of lectures and a one hour tutorial
per week, plus role play. Most weeks, only part of the three hours of
lecture time will be used.
Lectures:
Wednesdays

1-4 pm

Manning Clark 4

Tutorials: sign up for tutes through the courses Wattle page

If a tute falls on a public holiday, attend a different tute.

Semester 1 2012

Learning outcomes
By the end of this course, you should be able to
1. demonstrate knowledge of important developments in the history of
fascism
2. describe, assess, distinguish amongst, and apply different theories
about fascism and resistance to fascism
3. analyse the emergence and evolution of fascist movements and
regimes and the effectiveness of efforts to resist fascism
4. formulate means to prevent or combat fascist movements
5. individually and collectively, present written and oral arguments
about the nature of fascism in general, specific historical and
contemporary forms of fascism and how fascism has been and can be
opposed
Generic skills
This course will help develop your skills in
1. critical thinking
2. written and oral communication
3. research
4. teamwork
5. challenging authority

Fascism and Anti-Fascism

Reading, participating, discussing

Lectures
There will be scope in lectures to raise
matters of current interest. We will
discuss such matters regularly and
different interpretations/explanations of
them.

Tutorials
The tutorial topics are related to the
material in lectures. If you are to get
anything out of tutes it is necessary to
attend lectures, do the reading and
other preparation set out for each tute
below, come to tutes equipped with
questions and comments about and
objections to the reading and the topic,
and to participate in the discussion.
No tutes during week 1: on-line signup for tutes at on Wattle
The Reading for tutorials is in the
course texts or e-reserve or short loan
collections of the library or is available
on the web or in journals to which you
have web access through the ANU
Library.
Some of the Additional reading is in
Short Loan.
Participation in at least five tutorials
is a prerequisite for passing this
course. That means making a
considered contribution, not just
being there.

Discussion
All participants in the course are
expected to help maintain a friendly
atmosphere in which people are
encouraged to contribute. This applies
to lectures, tutes and role play. For this
reason sexist, homophobic and racist
comments, attacks on other individuals
doing the course (as opposed to the

criticisms of ideas, theories

statements) are not acceptable.

or

Inclusive language
Be precise in your speech and writing.
For example, when you mean the male
sex then man may be the appropriate
term, but not if the human species as a
whole is meant. Referring to a male
person as he is fine but not if the
person referred to could be female.

Learning resources
The following should be available at
the Coop Bookshop and short loan in
Chifley Library.
Required reading
Renton, Dave Fascism: theory and
practice Pluto, London 1999 Chifley
JC481 .R45 1999 available as hardcopy
book from the Coop
Eatwell, Roger Fascism: a history
Vintage, London 1996 Chifley
JC481.E23 1995 available as an ebook
through the Coop bookshops web site.
PDF files available through the
courses Wattle site and the Library
Web pages, via links in this Course
Outline.
Other
Trotsky, Leon The rise of Hitler and
destruction of the German left
www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/ger
many/
outstanding
contemporary
assessments of the significance of
Nazism and the nature of fascism. The
top web page also includes a useful
background chronology. Start with the
items in this collection that are Reading
for tutes 5 and 6.

Hood, Stuart Clink Fascism for

beginners/Introducing Fascism and
Nazism Icon Duxford 2000, Chifley
JC481.H66, a quick overview in
cartoon form
The following two surveys are very
good. Paxtons analysis is excellent
and the book is relatively cheap.
Payne is comprehensive.
Paxton, Robert O. The anatomy of
fascism Penguin, London 2005 pp.119147
Payne, Stanley G. A history of fascism,
1914-1945 University College of
London Press, London 1996 Chifley
JC481.P375

Suggestions
If you have any thoughts about how the
structure or content of the course could
be improved, please let Rick
know.

This illustration: Gerd Arntz White terror

1932.
Cover Gerd Arntz Third Reich 1936
Page 2 Gerd Arntz Factory occupation 1932

Semester 1 2012

Fascism and Anti-Fascism

How to read
The points below are questions you
should probably have in mind when
you read anything at all (including
newspapers, books, graffiti, journals,
paintings, TV shows and especially
web sites), but certainly anything you
read in association with this course.
The text itself
What is the author trying to say? That
is, what is the logic of her/his
argument? This is crucial to
understanding the text as a whole,
rather than just bits and pieces of it.
What are the main steps or subsidiary
arguments in the overall case being
made, i.e. how is it organised and
structured to generate its conclusions?
How are the arguments supported in
terms of evidence, logic, examples,
emotional appeal?
What sort of style is used?
Context
Why is the author making her/his case
and why in this way? What are his/her
material interests and background?
Where was the text originally
published?
What is/was the audience(s)?
In what tradition(s) does the author
stand i.e. who are/were her/his sources
and authorities in terms of the kind of
arguments, the way they are made,
what supports them. Who are her/his

opponents inside or outside this

tradition?
What knowledge, politics, orientation,
experience does the author assume
his/her audience has? And what does
the author consider to be irrelevant that
others may consider relevant to the
argument? Why? That is, what can you
tell about the text from what isnt
there?
Reliability
Is the information in the text likely to
be accurate and reliable? Are there
references to sources? Are assertions
backed up with serious arguments and
information?
Is the source more useful for its
account of particular facts and
developments or because it is evidence
of the specific standpoint/position of a
political actor or both?
Self-consciousness
What assumptions/theories are you
bringing to the text? How do they
influence your answers to the above
questions?
Critical assessment
The questions above may help to
provide a basis for making critical
assessments of the texts originality,
strengths, weaknesses, implications,
persuasiveness, applicability, acceptability etc.

Semester 1 2012

Course schedule
Week 1 beginning (20 February)
Lecture 1 Overview of Course
Lecture 2 Before fascism 1: the rise of
political anti-semitism
Tutorial No tutes during week 1: on-line
sign-up for tutes at on Wattle
Week 2 (27 February)
Lecture 3 Before fascism 2: war and
revolution in Europe
Lecture 4 The rise of Italian fascism
Tutorial Introductory tute
Week 3 (5 March)
Lecture 5 Mussolini in power
Lecture 6 The Nazis first decade
Tutorial The antecedents of fascism
SUBMIT short paper topic approval form by
Wednesday 7 March

Week 4 (12 March)

Lecture 7 The National Socialist regime
Lecture 8 Marxist theories of fascism
Tutorial Italian Fascism
Week 5 (19 March)
Lecture 9 Anti-fascism in practice I: Italy
and Germany
Lecture 10 Anti-fascism in practice II:
Austria and France
Tutorial Nazism
SUBMIT SHORT PAPER by
1.00pm Wednesday 21 March
Week 6 (26 March)
Lecture 11 Other fascist movements in the
1930s: fascism and the Spanish civil war
Lecture 12 Making sense of fascism
Tutorial Fighting fascism in the 1920s and
1930
SUBMIT essay topic approval form by
Wednesday 28 March

Week 7 (2 April)
Lecture 13 The defeat of the fascist powers
in Europe and the post-war order

Lecture 14 Liberal capitalism and the

theory of totalitarianism
Tutorial Fascist regimes, promise and
reality
Break 6 April to 22 April
Week 8 (23 April)
Lecture 15 ANZAC Day
Lecture 16 ANZAC Day
Tutorial No tute
SUBMIT research essay by
1.00pm Tuesday 24 April
Week 9 (30 April)
Lecture 17 The Front National in France
Lecture 18 Fascist movements in Germany
and Austria
Tutorial Theories of fascism
Week 10 (7 May)
Lecture 19 preparation for role play
Lecture 20 Fascism in India?
Tutorial Neo-fascism
Week 11 (14 May)
Lecture 21 Rightwing populism and
contemporary fascist movements
Lecture 22 The National Front, the British
National Party and anti-fascists in Britain
Tutorial Is Australia immune to fascism?
Week 12 (21 May)
Lectures 23-24
The struggle against fascism today:
role play
Tutorial Conclusion/evaluation of course
Week 13 (28 May)
SUBMIT leaflet/pamphlet by
1.00pm Wednesday 30 May
Lecture 25 No lecture
Lecture 26 No lecture
Tutorial No tute

Fascism and Anti-Fascism

Tutorials
Week 1
week beginning 20 February

No tutes during week 1: on-line

sign-up for tutes at on Wattle

Week 2
27 February

Introductory tute
The nature of tutes and the course,
arrangements for later tutes.
Discussion of the relevance of fascism.
Reading
Renton pp. 1-29
Eatwell introduction

Week 3
5 March

SUBMIT short paper topic

approval form by
Wednesday 7 March
The antecedents of fascism
What were distinctive features of
specific radical rightwing movements
in the period before World War I?
Discuss the circumstances which gave
rise to these movements.
Reading
Eatwell chapter 1 birth of fascist
ideology
plus two of:
Golczewski, Frank Rural antisemitism in Galicia before World War
I in Chimen Abramsky, Maciej
Jachimczyk and Antony Polonsky The

Jews in Poland Blackwell, Oxford

1986 pp. 97-105
Rogger, Hans Was there a Russian
fascism: the Union of Russian People
Journal of modern history 36 (4)
December 1964 pp. 398-415
Soucy, Robert French fascism: the first
wave, 1924-1933 Yale University
Press, New Haven 1995 pp. 1-26
Additional reading
Pauley, Bruce F. From prejudice to
persecution: a history of Austrian antisemitism University of North Carolina
Press, Chapel Hill 1992, Chifley
DS146.A9.P38, especially pp. 27-44
Pulzer, Peter G. J. The rise of political
anti-semitism in Germany and Austria
Wiley, New York 1964 Menzies
DS146.G4 P8
Rawson, Don C. Russian rightists and
the revolution of 1905 Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge 1995
Rogger, Hans and E. Webber (eds) The
European right: a historical profile
University of California Press, 1965,
Berkeley Chifley JN12.R6, see the
earlier sections of many chapters
Sternhell, Zeev The roots of popular
anti-semitism in the Third Republic in
Frances Malino and Bernard
Wasserstein (eds) The Jews in modern
France Brandeis University Press,
Hanover 1985 pp. 103-134, Chifley
DS135.F83.J49
Payne, Stanley G. A history of fascism,
1914-1945 University College of
London Press, London 1996 pp. 23-79
Chifley JC481.P375

Semester 1 2012

Week 4
12 March

Italian Fascism
What were the main factors behind
Mussolinis rise to power? Consider
aspects of Italys economic and
political situation, the activities of the
fascists opponents, allies and other
forces in Italy and the fascists own
tactics.
Reading
Renton pp. 30-43
Eatwell chapter 3 rise of fascism
Ercoli, E. (Palmiro Togliatti) The
social basis of Fascism in Italy
Communist International 21, 1926 pp.
36-48
Additional reading
Payne, Stanley G. A history of fascism,
1914-1945 University College of
London Press, London 1996 pp. 80-128
Chifley JC481.P375
Bosworth, R. J. B. Mussolini Arnold,
London 2002 Chifley DG575.M8 B67
Blinkhorn, Martin Mussolini and
Fascist Italy Routledge, London 1994
Chifley pamphlet DG571.B54
Lyttelton, Adrian Italian Fascism in
Walter Laqueur (ed.) Fascism: a
readers guide Wildwood House,
London 1976 pp. 81-114 Chifley
JC481.F334
Lyttelton, Adrian The seizure of power:
fascism in Italy, 1919-1929 Weidenfeld
and Nicholson, London 1987 2nd ed
Chifley DG571.L95 1987
Carocci, Giampiero Italian fascism
Penguin, Harmondsworth 1975 Chifley
DG571.C41613 1975
Adler, Franklin Hugh Italian
industrialists from liberalism to

fascism: the political development of

the industrial bourgeoisie, 1906-1934
Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge 1995 Chifley
HD6948.I8A34 1995
Morgan, Philip Italian fascism: 19191945 St. Martin's Press, New York
1995 Chifley DG571.M6422 1995
De Grand, Alexander J. Italian fascism:
its origins & development University of
Nebraska Press, Lincoln 1989 Chifley
DG571.D37 1989

Week 5
19 March

SUBMIT online and in

hardcopy short paper by
1.00pm Wednesday 21 March
late penalties will then apply

Nazism
Who supported the Nazis? How did the
NSDAP mobilise support? Consider
changes in the way the Nazis
organised.
Reading
Eatwell chapter 6 Rise of Nazism
Geary, Dick Hitler and Nazism
Routledge, London 1993 pp. 13-36
DD247.H5 G32 1993
Trotsky, Leon What Is National
Socialism? June 1933
www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/ger
many/1933/330610.htm
Additional reading
Trotsky, Leon The only road
September 1932 especially the
Foreword and first two sections,
www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/ger
many/1932/320914.htm

Fascism and Anti-Fascism

Payne, Stanley G. A history of fascism,

1914-1945 University College of
London Press, London 1996 pp. 147179 Chifley JC481.P375
Gluckstein, Donny The Nazis,
capitalism and the working class
Bookmarks, London 1999 pp. 1-96
Chifley HC286.3.G552 1999
Gurin, Daniel The brown plague:
travels in late Weimar and early Nazi
Germany Duke University Press,
Durham, 1994
Kershaw, Ian Hitler, 1889-1936: hubris
W.W. Norton, New York 1999 Chifley
DD247.H5 K462 1999
Mhlberger, Detlev Hitlers followers:
studies in the sociology of the Nazi
movement Routledge, London 1991
Chifley DD265.5.M75
Passchier, Nico The electoral
geography of the Nazi landslide in
Stein Ugelvik Larsen, Bernt Hagtvet,
Jan Petter Myklebust Who were the
Fascists : social roots of European
Fascism Columbia University Press,
New York 1980 pp. 40-58 Chifley
JC481.W48
Trotsky, Leon Fascism, Stalinism and
the United Front Bookmarks, London
1989 Chifley DD240.T76 1989
Trotsky, Leon The struggle against
fascism in Germany Penguin,
Harmondsworth 1975 Chifley
DD240.T74
Price, M. Philips Dispatches from the
Weimar Republic: Versailles and
German fascism Pluto Press, London
1999 Chifley DD240.P755 1999
Mommsen, Hans National Socialism:
continuity and change in Walter
Laqueur (ed.) Fascism: a readers
guide Wildwood House, London 1976
pp. 151-192 Chifley JC481.F334

Reich, Wilhelm The Mass Psychology

of Fascism Farrar, Straus & Giroux,
New York 1970 NLA
Evans, Richard J. The coming of the
Third Reich Allen Lane, London 2003
Chifley DD221 .E94 2003

Week 6
26 March

SUBMIT research essay topic

approval form by Wednesday 28
March
Fighting fascism in the 1920s
and 1930
What tactics for dealing with fascist
movements were advocated during the
1920s and 1930s? Which ones were
tried out? Where? What were their
strengths and weaknesses? How
effective were they?
Reading
Renton pp. 44-76
This topic is only briefly mentioned in
Eatwell
Picelli, Guido The revolt in Parma
International Socialism 99 Summer
2003
http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/
isj99/picelli.htm
Gluckstein, Donny The Nazis,
capitalism and the working class
Bookmarks, London 1999 pp. 97-126
Trotsky, Leon The united front for
defense: a letter to a social democratic
worker February 1933
www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/ger
many/1933/330223.htm

10

Additional reading
Italy and Germany
Behan, Tom The resistable rise of
Benito Mussolini Bookmarks, London
2003 Chifley DG575.B448
(particularly good)
Pugliese, Stanislao G. Fascism, antifascism, and the resistance in Italy:
1919 to the present Rowman &
Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland 2004
Chifley DG571.F267
Mommsen, Hans Alternatives to Hitler:
German resistance under the Third
Reich Princeton University Press,
Princeton 2003 Chifley DD256.3
.M6613 2003 on conservative
opponents of the Nazi regime
Mommsen, Hans Social democracy on
the defensive: the immobility of the
SPD and the rise of National
Socialism in his From Weimar to
Auschwitz Princeton University Press,
Princeton, N.J. 1991 pp. 38-61 Chifley
DD240.M567 1991
Carsten, F. L. The German workers and
the Nazis Scolar Press, Aldershot 1995
pp. 1-31 Chifley HD8450.C34
Trotsky, Leon The struggle against
fascism in Germany Penguin,
Harmondsworth 1975 Chifley
DD240.T74
Britain
Barrett, Neil, A Bright Shining Star:
The CPGB and Anti-Fascist Activism
in the 1930s, Science & Society 61
1997 pp. 10-26
Benewick, Robert Political violence
and public order: a study of British
fascism Allen Lane, London 1969 pp.
217-234 Chifley DA578.B38
Copsey, Nigel Anti-fascism in Britain
Palgrave, London 1999 Chifley
DA566.7.C64

Semester 1 2012

Cullen, Stephen M., Political

Violence: The Case of the British
Union of Fascists Journal of
Contemporary History 22 1993 pp
.115-136
Kushner, Tony and Nadia Valman
(eds.) Remembering Cable Street:
Fascism and Anti-Fascism in British
Society Vallentine Mitchell, London
2000 Chifley DA566.7.R44
Linehan, Thomas P. East London for
Mosley : the British Union of Fascists
in East London and South-West Essex,
1933-40 Frank Cass, London 1996
Chifley DA685.E1L56 1996
Newman, M., Democracy versus
Dictatorship: Labours Role in the
Struggle against British Fascism, 19331936 History Workshop Journal 1978
pp. 67-88
Thurlow, Richard Fascism in Britain:
From Oswald Mosley's Blackshirts to
the National Front Tauris, London
1998 Chifley DA578.T48 1998
Dorril, Stephen Blackshirt: Sir Oswald
Mosley and Brit DA574.M6 D6
France
Alexander, Martin and Helen Gordon
(eds.) The French and Spanish Popular
Fronts Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge 1989 Chifley DC396.F73
Jackson, Julian The Popular Front in
France: defending democracy, 19341938 Cambridge University Press, New
York 1988 Chifley DC396.J335
Soucy, Robert French fascism: the first
wave, 1924-1933 Yale University
Press, New Haven 1995 Chifley
DC394.S66 1986
Soucy, Robert French fascism: the
second wave, 1933-1939 Yale
University Press, New Haven 1995
Chifley DC396.S66 1995

Fascism and Anti-Fascism

Spain
Loach, Ken Land and freedom
(fantastic movie)
Payne, Stanley G. Fascism in Spain:
1923-1977 University of Wisconsin
Press, Madison 1999 Chifley DP243
.P39 1999
Alexander, Martin and Helen Gordon
(eds.) The French and Spanish Popular
Fronts Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge 1989 Chifley DC396.F73
Broue, Pierre and Emile Temime The
revolution and the civil war in Spain
Faber, London 1972 Chifley DP269
.B813
Fraser, Ronald Blood of Spain: an oral
history of the Spanish Civil War
Pantheon Books, New York 1979
Chifley DP269.F73
Bolloten, Burnett The Spanish Civil
War: revolution and counterrevolution
The University of North Carolina
Press, Chapel Hill 1991 Chifley
DP269.B6563 1991
Ireland
Cronin, Mike The Blueshirts in the
Irish Free State, 1932-1935: the nature
of socialist republican and
governmental opposition in Tim Kirk
and Anthony McElligott (eds)
Opposing fascism: community,
authority and resistance in Europe
Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge 1999 pp. 80-96 Chifley
D726.5.066
Austria
Kitchen, Martin The coming of
Austrian Fascism Croom Helm,
London, 1980 Chifley DB97.K57
Various
Larsen, Stein Ugelvik, Bernt Hagtvet,
Jan Petter Myklebust Who were the
Fascists : social roots of European

11

Fascism Columbia University Press,

New York 1980 Chifley JC481.W48
(essays on interwar fascism in Austria,
Germany, Italy, eastern, western and
northern Europe)
Horn, Gerd-Rainer European Socialists
Respond to Fascism: Ideology,
Activism and Contingency in the 1930s
Oxford Univ Press 1996 Chifley
HX238.H67 1996

Week 7
2 April

Fascist regimes, promise and

reality
How did fascist movements behave
once they took power? To what extent
did they realise their programs and
deliver on the promises made to their
supporters?
Reading
Renton pp. 91-99
Paxton, Robert O. The anatomy of
fascism Penguin, London 2005 pp.119147
Eatwell chapter 4 Fascist regime,
chapter 5 Italy and war, chapter 7 Nazi
dictatorship and chapter 8 Germany
and war
Additional reading
Callinicos, Alex Plumbing the depths:
Marxism and the holocaust The Yale
journal of criticism 14 (2) 2001 pp.
385-414
Payne, Stanley G. A history of fascism,
1914-1945 University College of
London Press, London 1996 pp. 179211, 212-244 Chifley JC481.P375
Gurin, Daniel Fascism and Big
Business Pathfinder Press, New York
2000 pp. 203-313 Chifley JC481.G813

12

Abse, Tobias Italian workers and

Italian fascism in Richard Bessel (ed.)
Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany :
comparisons and contrasts Cambridge
University Press, New York 1996
Chifley DG571 .F298 1996
Bosworth, R. J. B Mussolini's Italy :
life under the dictatorship, 1915-1945
Penguin Books, New York 2006
Chifley DG571 .B715
De Grazia, Victoria How fascism ruled
women: Italy, 1922-1945 University of
California Press, Berkeley 1992
Chifley HQ1638.D4 1992
Gregor, A. James Italian fascism and
development dictatorship Princeton
University Press, Princeton, NJ 1979
Chifley DG571.G733
Hiden, John Republican and Fascist
Germany : themes and variations in the
history of Weimar and the Third Reich
1918-45 Longman, London 1996
Chifley DD240 .H478 1996
Kershaw, Ian Politics and economics
in the Nazi state in his The Nazi
dictatorship: problems and
perspectives of interpretation Arnold,
London; 1993 3rd edition pp. 40-58
Chifley DD256.5.K47 1993
Gluckstein, Donny The Nazis,
capitalism and the working class
Bookmarks, London 1999
Kershaw, Ian Hitler, 1889-1936: hubris
W.W. Norton, New York 1999 Chifley
DD247.H5 K462 1999
Koontz, Claudia The second sex in the
Third Reich in her Mothers in the
Fatherland: women, the family and
Nazi politics St Martins, New York
1987 pp. 175-219 Chifley
HQ1623.K66

Semester 1 2012

Evans, Richard J. The Third Reich in

Power 1933-39 Allen Lane, London
DD256.5.E924
Mason, Tim Nazism, fascism and the
working class Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge 1995 Chifley
HD8450.M3715 1995
Mommsen, Hans National Socialism:
continuity and change in Walter
Laqueur (ed.) Fascism: a readers
guide Wildwood House, London 1976
pp. 151-192 Chifley JC481.F334
Peukert, Detlev Inside Nazi Germany:
conformity, opposition, and racism in
everyday life Yale University Press,
New Haven 1987 Chifley
DD256.5.P4613 1987
Schoenbaum, David Hitlers social
revolution; class and status in Nazi
Germany, 1933-1939 Anchor, New
York Chifley DD256.5.S336 1967
Stephenson, Jill, Women in Nazi
society, Croom Helm, London, 1975
Chifley HQ1623.S73 1975

Week 8
23 April

SUBMIT RESEARCH ESSAY

online and in hardcopy by
1.00pm Tuesday 24 April
late penalties will then apply

No tute

Fascism and Anti-Fascism

Week 9
30 April

Theories of fascism
How accurate is it to talk about fascism
as a general phenomenon? To what
extent was fascism a product of the
inter-war period?
Is it possible to speak of a Marxist
theory of fascism? Outline the
distinctive features of different
Marxists approaches to fascism.
What are the main features of theories
of totalitarianism? How useful are such
theories? Why did they emerge during
the 1950s?
How seriously should we take fascist
ideology as a system of arguments and
an account of the world? Does value
free social science exist? Is it possible
to undertake a disinterested study of
fascism?
Outline another approach to
understanding fascism.
Reading
Renton pp. 18-29, 44-76
Eatwell chapter 1 Birth of fascist
ideology
Soucy, Robert French fascism: the
second wave, 1933-1939 Yale
University Press, New Haven 1995 pp.
1-25 Chifley DC396.S66 1995
Gregor, A. James Fascism, Marxism
and some considerations concerning
classification Totalitarian movements
and political religions 3 (2) Autumn
2002 pp. 61-82
Additional reading
Payne, Stanley G. A history of fascism,
1914-1945 University College of
London Press, London 1996 pp. 441495 Chifley JC481.P375 pp. 23-79

13

Marxist
Beetham, David Marxists in the face of
Fascism Manchester University Press,
Manchester 1983 Chifley JC481.M28
Guerin, Daniel Fascism and Big
Business Pathfinder Press, New York
2000 pp. 23-148 Chifley JC481.G813
Trotsky, Leon Fascism, Stalinism and
the United Front Bookmarks, London
1989 Chifley DD240.T76 1989
Trotsky, Leon The struggle against
fascism in Germany Penguin,
Harmondsworth 1975 Chifley
DD240.T74
Tasca, Angelo (A. Rossi) The rise of
Italian fascism, 1918-1922 Methuen,
London 1938 DG571.T353 1938
Togliatti, Palmiro Lectures on fascism
International Publishers, New York
1976 Chifley JC481.T5813 1976
Influential, contemporary multi-factor
approach
Griffin, Roger The nature of fascism
Pinter, London 1991 Chifley
JC481.G696
Griffin, Roger International fascism:
theories, causes and the new consensus
Oxford University Press, London 1998
Chifley JC481 .I63
Totalitarianism
Gleason, Abbott Totalitarianism: the
inner history of the Cold War
University Press, Oxford 1995 Chifley
D445.G54 1995, a good political
history of the concept
Gregor, A. James The faces of Janus:
Marxism and Fascism in the Twentieth
Century Yale University Press, New
Haven 2000 Chifley JC491.G674
Mason, Paul T. Totalitarianism:
temporary madness or permanent
danger Heath, Lexington 1967 Chifley

14

JC481.M295 advocates of
totalitarianism framework
Schapiro, Leonard Totalitarianism Pall
Mall, London 1972 Chifley JC481.S3
Nolte, Ernst The past that will not
pass: a speech that could be written but
not delivered in James Knowlton and
Truett Cates (eds.) Forever in the
shadow of Hitler?: original documents
of the Historikerstreit, the controversy
concerning the singularity of the
Holocaust Humanities Press, Atlantic
Highlands, N.J. 1993 , 18-23 on order.
Noltes essay triggered a major
controversy on the significance of
Nazism.
Nolte, Ernst Capitalism-MarxismFascism Marxism, Fascism, and the
Cold War Van Gorcum, Assen 1982
pp. 76-79 Chifley HX44.N5913 a
foretaste of Noltes 1986 position.
Mommsen, Hans The concept of
totalitarian dictatorship vs. the
comparative theory of fascism. The
case of National Socialism in Ernest
A. Menze Totalitarianism reconsidered
National University Publications, Port
Washington 1981 pp. 146-166 Chifley
JC481.T64
Kershaw, Ian The essence of Nazism:
form of fascism, brand of
totalitarianism or unique phenomenon
in his The Nazi dictatorship: problems
and perspectives of interpretation
Arnold, London; 1993 3rd edition pp.
17-39 Chifley DD256.5.K47 1993
critique of totalitarianism framework
Focus on ideology
Sternhell, Zeev Fascist ideology in
Walter Laqueur (ed.) Fascism: a
readers guide Wildwood House,
London 1976 pp. 325-408 Chifley
JC481.F334

Semester 1 2012

Sternhell, Zeev The birth of fascist

ideology: from cultural rebellion to
political revolution Princeton
University Press, Princeton 1994
Chifley D726.5 .S7413 1994 focus on
the ideology of fascism
Authoritarian personality
Adorno, Theodor W. et al. The
authoritarian personality Harper &
Row, New York 1950 Chifley
HM271.A8
Roiser, Martin and Carla Willig The
strange death of the authoritarian
personality: 50 years of psychological
and political debate History of the
human sciences 15 (4) 2002 pp. 7196.
Postmodernist approach
Holmes, Douglas R. Integral Europe:
fast-capitalism, multiculturalism,
neofascism Princeton University Press,
Princeton N.J. 2000 Chifley D2009
.H65 2000
Ordinary Germans and the holocaust
Browning, Christopher R. Ordinary
men: Reserve Police Battalion Chifley
D804.3.B77 1998 account of
perpetrators of elements of the
holocaust
Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah Hitler's
willing executioners: ordinary
Germans and the Holocaust Alfred A.
Knopf, New York 1996 Chifley
D804.3.G648 1996 also his web page
www.Goldhagen.com famous analysis
identifying all Germans as responsible
for the holocaust; reworks material
used by Browning
Finkelstein, Norman G. and Ruth
Bettina Birn A nation on trial: the
Goldhagen thesis and historical truth
Metropolitan Books, New York 1998
also see material on his web page
http://normanfinkelstein.com

Fascism and Anti-Fascism

Johnson, Eric A. Nazi terror: the

Gestapo, Jews and ordinary Germans
Basic Books, New York 1999
D804.3.J636 1999 further discussion of
the issues raised by Goldhagen
Conservative US political science
approaches
Hagan, John et al. The interest in evil:
hierarchic self-interest and right-wing
extremism among East and West
German youth Social Science
Research 28, 1999 pp. 162-183 a
rational choice approach (available
online through the Library)
Elazar, Dahlia S. and Alisa C. Lewin
The effects of political violence: a
structural equation model of the rise of
Italian Fascism Social Science
Research 28, 1999 pp. 184-202 an
approach dominated by statistical
methods (available online through the
Library)

Week 10
7 May

Neo-fascism
Trace the origins and growth of
fascism after World War II in one
country. Identify the most important
reasons for its successes. We will
compare the experience of these
countries in the tute.
Reading
Eatwell Part three
Mann, Michael Fascists Cambridge
University Press, Cambridgde 2004 pp.
365-375
Plus two recent journal or newspaper
articles you find yourself.
Additional reading
General

15

Payne, Stanley G. A history of fascism,

1914-1945 University College of
London Press, London 1996 pp. 496520 Chifley JC481.P375 pp. 23-79
Kitschelt, Herbert (ed.) The radical
right in Western Europe: a
comparative analysis University of
Michigan Press, Ann Arbor 1996
Chifley JN94.A979 K569 1996
Ignazi, P. The extreme right in Europe:
a survey in Peter H. Merkl and
Leonard Weinberg (eds) The revival of
right-wing extremism in the nineties F.
Cass, London 1997 Chifley HN17.5
.R48 1997
Ramet, Sabrina The Radical Right in
Central and Eastern Europe Since
1989 Pennsylvania State Univ Pr 1999
JC573.2.E852 R33 1999 (essays on
Germany, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary,
Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Romania,
Bulgaria, Russia, Ukraine)
Eatwell, Roger The rebirth of the
extreme right in Western Europe?
Parliamentary Affairs 2000, 53 pp.
407-425
Hainsworth, Paul (ed.) The politics of
the extreme right: from the margins to
the mainstream Pinter, London 2000
Germany
Eatwell pp. 216-238
Backes, Uwe and Cas Mudde
Germany: extremism without
successful parties Parliamentary
Affairs 2000, 53 pp. 457-468
Brandt, Peter Will Fascism Return?
Germany and Europe in the mid-90s
Debatte 4(1) 1996
Italy
Newold, James L. Italy: the extreme
right comes in from the cold
Parliamentary Affairs 2000, 53 pp.
469-485

16

Eatwell pp. 195-215

France
Fysh, Peter and Jim Wolfreys The
politics of racism in France St. Martin's
Press, New York 1998 Chifley
DC369.F97 1998
Marcus, Jonathan The National Front
and French politics: the resistible rise
of Jean-Marie Le Pen New York
University Press, New York 1995
Chifley DC423.M372 1995
Declair, Edward G. Politics on the
Fringe: The People, Policies, and
Organization of the French National
Front Duke Univ Press 1999 Chifley
JN3007.F68 D43 1999
Eatwell pp. 239-258
Britain
Eatwell pp. 259-275
Renton, Dave When we touched the
sky: the anti-Nazi League 1977-1981
Chifley DA589.7.R462
Renton, Dave shorter articles related to
When we touched the sky
http://whenwetouchedthesky.com/anl_a
rts.html
Renton, Dave Fascism, anti-fascism
and Britain in the 1940s New York :
St. Martin, 2000 Chifley DA586 .R46
Thurlow, Richard Fascism in Britain:
From Oswald Mosley's Blackshirts to
the National Front Tauris, London
1998 Chifley DA578.T48 1998
Roger Griffin British fascism: the ugly
duckling in Mike Cronin (ed.) The
failure of British fascism: the far right
and the fight for political recognition
Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1996 pp. 141165
Copsey, Nigel and David RentonBritish
fascism, the labour movement and the
state Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills,

Semester 1 2012

Basingstoke, Hampshire 2005 Chifley

DA566.7 .B665 2005
Unite Against Fascism www.uaf.org.uk
Love Music Hate Racism
www.lovemusichateracism.com
India
Roy, Arundhati Fascism's firm
footprint in India The nation New
York 275 (10) 30 September 2002 pp.
16-19
Aijaz Ahmad Lineages of the present:
political essays Tulika, New Delhi
1996 Chifley JA71.A45 1996
Basu, Tapan et al. Khaki shorts and
saffron flags: a critique of the Hindu
right Orient Longman, Hyderabad 1993
NLA
Harman, Chris The Hindutva and
European fascism some comparisons
and some lessons 2004,
www.marxists.org/archive/harman/200
4/xx/hindutva.htm
Gujarat 2002the truth, Tehelka, 3
November 2007,
http://www.tehelka.com/story_main35.
asp?filename=Ne031107gujrat_sec.asp
Netherlands
Mudde, Cas One against all, all against
one! a portrait of the Vlaams Blok
Patterns of prejudice 29 (1), January
1995 pp. 5-28
Mudde, Cas The ideology of the
extreme right Manchester University
Press, Manchester 2000 (deals with the
Netherlands, Germany and Flanders)
USA
Crothers, Lane Rage on the right: the
American militia movement from Ruby
Ridge to homeland security Rownman
& Littlefield, Lanham 2003 Chifley
HN90.R3.C77

Fascism and Anti-Fascism

Week 11
14 May

Is Australia immune to fascism?

Consider the history of Australian
fascism, the role of racism in Australia
and the circumstances that promote the
emergence of fascist groups and
movements.
Reading
Cronulla riot newspaper reports in the
Additional materials page on FAFs
WebCT site
Poynting, Scott What caused the
Cronulla riot Race and class 48 2006
pp. 85-91
Markus, Andrew Race: John Howard
and the remaking of Australia Allen
and Unwin, Crows Nest 2001 pp. 199221 Chifley DU120.M372 2001
Kuhn, Rick Rural reaction and war on
the waterfront in Australia Monthly
Review 50 (6) November 1998 pp. 3044 www.anu.edu.au/polsci/rick/mr.htm
de Angelis, Richard A. A Rising Tide
for Jean-Marie, Jorg and Pauline?
Xenophobic Populism in Comparative
Perspective Australian Journal of
Politics and History 49 (1) 2003, pp.
7593
or
Deutschmann, Iva Ellen Pauline
Hanson and the rise and fall of the
radical right in Australia Patterns of
prejudice 34 (1) 2001 pp. 51-62
Additional reading
Moore, Andrew The right road: a
history of right-wing politics in
Australia Oxford University Press,
Melbourne 1995 Chifley DU117.17
.M66

17

Moore, Andrew The secret army and

the Premier: conservative paramilitary
organisations in New South Wales
1930-32 UNSW Press, Kensington
1986 Chifley UA874.N4M66
Hage, Ghassan White nation: fantasies
of white supremacy in a multicultural
society Pluto Press, Annandale 2000
Chifley DU120.H34 2000
Goot, Murray Pauline Hansons One
Nation: extreme right, centre party or
extreme left? Labour History
November 2005
www.historycooperative.org/journals/la
b/89/goot.html
Gilbert, Helen Lyndon LaRouche:
fascism restyled for the new millenium
Red Letter Press, Seattle 2003 Chifley
pamphlet E840.8.L33 G55 2003
King, Dennis Lyndon LaRouche and
the new American fascism Doubleday,
New York 1989 Chifley
E840.8.L33K55 1989

18

Semester 1 2012

Week 12
21 May

The struggle against fascism

today:
role play
Tutorial Conclusion/evaluation
of course
In lecture time. Participation in the
role play is a precondition for passing
the course.
This lecture will be a role play along
the lines set out below. Participants are
encouraged to collaborate in preparing
their arguments. Everyone should
speak at the meeting and be involved in
preparing a leaflet/pamphlet/article for
Woroni, that addresses the question of
what is to be done about fascists
organising on campus.
A party called One Australia, which
claims to be a respectable
organisations representing the views
of ordinary Australians, is holding a
meeting at the ANU on 5 June.
Attacks on Aborigines and Asians
form a large component of One
Australias rhetoric and policy
proposals. There has been a large
increase in racist graffitti and stickers
around the campus. A national leader
of One Australia will be addressing
the meeting at the ANU.
The following are extracts from recent
press reports about One Australia.
One Australia spokesman, Mike
Griffin, said at a Queanbeyan rally
yesterday that Australian culture is
under threat from alien practices and
belief brought here by Asians. Our
customary way of life is being
swamped by a tide people with
questionable hygiene and sexual

practices who are taking our jobs. Mr

Griffin argued that the Governments
approach was pathetic. Instead of
locking up these boat people and letting
most of them stay, he argued for
turning boats around before they
reached Australia and spot identity
checks in the Asian ghettos in large
cities to pick up illegal migrants and
visa overstayers. Every second Asian
arrived here illegally or is helping
people who did. The problem wont be
solved til we get rid of the lot. Our
message is getting a good reception and
there is a big demand for our Turn
back the yellow tide badges and
stickers, he claimed. Canberra
Crimes 5 April 2010
Around 400 protestors demonstrated
outside the Gold Coast City Council
Chambers over a proposed Muslim
school. Some present said such a
school will hinder the integration of
Muslims and create ghettos and may
encourage terrorism. Many at the rally
were carrying Australian flags. Arnold
Smith of the One Australia organisation
said that the white citizens of the Gold
Coast were one hundred per cent
against the school and that Australia is
a Christian country. These people
should recognise that or get out.
Courier fail 7 December 2011
The Ethnic Communities Council in a
recent report has drawn attention to the
rising numbers of racial attacks over
the past six months. The report links
these to the activities and recently more
widely distributed literature of the One
Australia Party The Ultra-Australian
20 May 2008

Fascism and Anti-Fascism

Students concerned about the

appearance of One Australia on
campus are meeting on Wednesday 26
May to discuss what to do. Contending
positions have already begun to
emerge and people inclined to these
have started holding informal
discussions.

How the meeting will run

First, a spokesperson from each group
will briefly outline its position. Then
there will be a formal debate over the
motions from the groups. In the first
instance the order in which motions are
discussed will be the order in which
Rick received them. You may want to
find out about formal rules of debate eg
from the NTEUs standing orders, in
the Resources folder of the courses
WebCT site.
Reading
Renton pp. 6-17, 77-90, 100-116
Eatwell chapter 14 Neo-fascism in
Britain
Additional reading
Unite Against Fascism www.uaf.org.uk

19

Bambery, Chris Euro-fascism: the

lessons of the past and current task
International socialism 60 Autumn
1993 pp. 3-75
Eatwell, Roger and Cas Mudde
Western democracies and the new
extreme right challenge Routledge,
London 2004 Part 2 Democratic
responses to right-wing extremism
Kuhn, Rick Fascism in Germany
Today Debatte: Review of
Contemporary German Affairs 2 1993
pp. 131-151 on the web at
www.anu.edu.au/polsci/rick/fasgerto.ht
m

Week 13
28 May

SUBMIT
LEAFLET/PAMPHLET online
and in hardcopy by
1.00pm Wednesday 30 May
late penalties will then apply

No tute

20

Semester 1 2012

Course Procedures
Help is available
Organising your study
Effectively organising your work and
establishing a balance between course
requirements and other, perhaps more
appealing, aspects of your life is an
important survival skill at university
and elsewhere. The Academic Skills
and Learning Centre (ground floor
Pauline Griffin Building, 6125-2972,
https://academicskills.anu.edu.au) can
help you in developing this skill. If you
have problems organising your work
then consult the staff at the Centre who
have lots of experience in assisting
students. The Centre can also provide
advice about assignment writing and
completion, note taking and
understanding what teachers want.
If you have any learning disabilities
Rick and your tutor are happy to
discuss strategies for dealing with them
in the context of the course.
Indigenous Students
The Jabal Centre (lower ground floor,
Melville Hall, 6125-3520,
www.anu.edu.au/jabal) provides
support for Aboriginal Students.
Language difficulties
The Academic Skills and Learning
Centre (ground floor Pauline Griffin
Building, 6125-2972,
https://academicskills.anu.edu.au) can
help students improve their
comprehension of and expression in
English.

Personal problems
The Counselling Centre (Counselling
Centre & Health Services Building,
next to Sports Union, 6125-2442,
www.anu.edu.au/counsel) is there to
help you deal with personal and family
problems.

Medical problems
The Health Service (Counselling
Centre & Health Services Building,
next to Sports Union, 6125-3598,
www.anu.edu.au/health) has doctors
(GPs) and nurses on staff; available
free to students.

Fascism and Anti-Fascism

21

Assessment
Discussion of assessment scheme
Summary
Assessment items will not be
accepted for marking more than two
weeks after their due dates, without
an extension or permission. Your final
mark will be weighted within the limits
indicated to maximise the outcome.
The following is proposed as
assessment for this course:
Short Paper (1 000 words)
Submit topic approval form by
Wednesday 7 March
Submit online and in hardcopy by
1.00pm Wednesday 21 March
Weighting Min 15% Max 25%
Research essay (2 500 words)
Submit topic approval form by
Wednesday 28 March
Submit online and in hardcopy by
1.00pm Tuesday 24 April
Weighting Min 55% Max 65%
Role play leaflet/pamphlet/article
(500 words + 200 for each additional
author)
Submit online and in hardcopy by
1.00pm Wednesday 30 May
Weighting Min 20% Max 30%
Participation and attendance
Participation in at least five tutorials is
a prerequisite for passing this course.
That means making a considered
contribution, not just being there.
Learning outcomes
Each assessment item will assess all the
learning outcomes on page 2 of this
outline

The assessment scheme for the course

will be discussed in early lectures and
tutes.

Penalties and extensions

Extensions will only be granted if
applications are made before the
submission dates. College of Arts and
Social Sciences policy is that two
percent is deducted from the mark for
that piece of work for each working
day or part thereof it is late. No piece of
work will be accepted for marking
more than two weeks after its due date,
without an extension or permission.

Short paper
1 000 words
submit short paper approval form by
Wednesday 7 March
paper due by 1.00pm Wednesday 21
March
late marks will then apply
Your paper should have the form of a
mini-essay. You may write a paper in
the area covered by a tute in the Course
outline, but should narrow it down to a
specific issue/question which is
manageable in the short space of 1 000
words. Alternatively you may set your
own question. In either case, submit
your proposed topic to Rick for
discussion/approval by email or in
person.
The paper should:
make an argument.
highlight an issue that you think is
particularly important.
identify why the issue is significant.
indicate the kinds of arguments,
including conflicting arguments,

22

which have been made about the

issue.
assess
these
arguments
with
reference to theoretical or empirical
material.
make use material beyond the
references in this course outline.
have footnotes and a bibliography
using the format indicated under
Referencing and bibliographies
below. Marks will be deducted for
inadequate references in notes and
the bibliography.
be based on research notes which
must be available for submission
to the examiner if required.
Should you be unable to provide
your
research
notes
when
required, the paper may be given a
mark of zero.
Format
The paper should
be 1 000 words long (plus or minus
150)
be double spaced
be on A4 paper
have a 3cm left margin
have numbered pages
have a course cover sheet (at the
back of this Course outline), fully
filled in with the statement about
acknowledgement, collaboration and
resubmission signed by you
contain evidence that Rick has
approved the topic, immediately
behind the cover sheet
preferably be typed in a clear,
seriffed 12 point font
be stapled in the top left corner
not be in a plastic or other folder or
envelope
be submitted both online and in
hardcopy through the School essay

Semester 1 2012

slot, outside the School office

(Haydon-Allen Room G41).
Keep a spare copy of your paper in case
the submitted one goes astray.
Marks will be deducted at the rate of
2% per working day for papers
received after 1.00pm Wednesday 21
March.

Research essay/Project
2 500 words
submit approval form by Wednesday
28 March
essay due 1.00pm Tuesday 24 April
late marks will then apply
Your research essay should:
be on a topic you develop that is
distinct from that dealt with in your
short paper.
make use of material beyond the
references in this Course outline.
have footnotes and a bibliography
using the format indicated under
Referencing and bibliographies
below. Marks will be deducted for
inadequate references in notes and
the bibliography.
be based on research notes which
must be available for submission
to the examiner if required.
Should you be unable to provide
your
research
notes
when
required, the research essay may
be given a mark of zero.
Topic
You set your own question. Start
thinking about a topic soon. Note down
interesting questions or issues in
lectures, tutes and as you read. The
topic must be quite different from the
one you write on in your short paper.
Submit your proposed topic to Rick for
discussion/approval by email or in
person.

Fascism and Anti-Fascism

Format
The Research essay should
be 2 500 words long (plus or minus
250)
be double spaced
be on A4 paper
have a 3cm left margin
have numbered pages
have a course cover sheet (at the
back of this guide), fully filled in
with
the
statement
about
acknowledgement, collaboration and
resubmission signed
preferably be typed in a clear,
seriffed 12 point font
include a bibliography
be stapled in the top left corner
not be in a plastic or other folder or
envelope
be submitted both online and in
hardcopy through the School essay
slot, outside the School office
(Haydon-Allen Room G41).
Keep a spare copy of your Research
essay in case the submitted one goes
astray.
What an essay conveys
An essay is an argument, it is not a
series of facts, descriptions or
quotations. The point of any essay is
not just to show the amount of
information you know about a
particular topic, but to develop and
demonstrate your ability to think
critically, in terms of, for example,
assessing other peoples arguments,
applying
theories,
explaining
developments, comparing arguments or
empirical material and using empirical
material to support your own
arguments. Bear these considerations in
mind both when you formulate your
essay question and when you answer it.

23

Group work
Instead of an essay, you are encouraged
to work in groups on projects, which
examine a topic at greater length than
an essay would. Project work should
involve group discussions of approach,
conclusions and final product. The
length of projects is 2 500 words plus
2 000 words for each extra participant
e.g. 4 500 words for two people, 6 500
words for three people, 20 500 for ten
people. This discount is because the
time involved in co-ordinating work
can sometimes be considerable.
Marks will be deducted at the rate of
2% per working day for Research
essays received after 1.00pm Tuesday
24 April.

Role play
Participation in the role play is a
prerequisite for passing the course. For
details of the role play see tutorial 12.
Everyone should try to speak at the
meeting.
Leaflet/pamphlet/article for Woroni
500 words plus 200 extra words for
each extra student collaborating in
writing it.
Due 1.00pm Wednesday 30 May.
Late marks will then apply
Your leaflet/pamphlet/article for
Woroni should make an assessment of
the significance of fascists organising
on campus and make arguments about
what should and/or should not be done
about it. It should take into account
arguments made during the role play.
Your leaflet/pamphlet may be
formatted like a leaflet (1 or 2 sides) or
pamphlet (more than 2 pages) and
include graphics.
Format
The article should

24

be 500 words long plus 200 words

for each additional author.
be double spaced
be on A4 paper
have a 3cm left margin
have numbered pages
have a course cover sheet (at the
back of this guide), fully filled in
with
the
statement
about
acknowledgement, collaboration and
resubmission signed
preferably be typed
be stapled in the top left corner
not be in a plastic or other folder or
envelope
be submitted both online and in
hardcopy through the School essay
slot, outside the School office
(Haydon-Allen Room G41).
Keep a spare copy of your article in
case the submitted one goes astray.
Marks will be deducted at the rate of
2%
per
working
day
for
leaflets/pamphlets received after
1.00pm Wednesday 30 May.

Plagiarism
Plagiarism is copying, paraphrasing or
summarising,
without
acknowl
edgement, any work of another person
so that it seems to be your own work.
Acknowledgement includes reference
to the source of information or specific
words and clearly indicating which
words you are quoting by using
quotation marks or indenting a quoted
paragraph. Plagiarism occurs whether
or not it is with the knowledge or
consent of the person whose work you
plagiarise.
It is very important that you are
absolutely clear about the meaning of
plagiarism. For more detailed
explanations and information on
academic honesty and plagiarism go

Semester 1 2012

to
http://academichonesty.anu.edu.au/i
ndex.html.
If you plagiarise, the chances of being
caught are high and the penalties are
severe. Even a small amount of work
which is your own is worth more, both
in terms of your learning and marks,
than any amount of plagiarism.
Students who have plagiarised in this
School have been caught and have
failed as a consequence. If you are
unclear about how and when to
reference material see the instructions
for referencing in this course on page
25 and/or consult your tutor and/or
refer to the Political Science Essay
writing guide, on WebCT
Academic misconduct can seriously
jeopardize your academic career, your
future, and, if you are an international
student, your ability to stay in Australia
to study. It is the responsibility of each
individual student to ensure that:
they are familiar with the
expectations for academic honesty
both in general, and in the specific
context of particular disciplines or
courses
work submitted for assessment is
genuine and original
appropriate acknowledgement and
citation is given to the work of
others
they do not knowingly assist other
students in academically dishonest
practice.
When in doubt about anything, ASK
and ask EARLY, dont leave it until
the assignment due date. Your
lecturers,
tutors
and
College
administration staff are here to help
you.

Fascism and Anti-Fascism

It is the responsibility of everyone at

the ANU to uphold and promote
fundamental principles of quality and
integrity in scholarly work, as set out at
http://academichonesty.anu.edu.au/inde
x.html

Referencing and bibliographies

The
point
of
references
and
bibliographies is to allow readers to
check or follow up the sources of your
arguments, facts and opinions. They
need to be accurate and include all the
information people will need to find
what you found. In this course, use
the following as a model for
referencing.
The first reference to a work in an
essays footnote and all bibliographical
citations should include author, title,
publisher, place of publication, date. In
footnotes, the authors first name
should precede their surname, in
bibliographies the surname should
come first.
Reference to a book (in bibliography)
Grossmann, Henryk The Law of
Accumulation and Breakdown of the
Capitalist System: Being also a theory of
Crises, Pluto Press, London, 1992
(originally published 1929)

For journal articles in addition to the

authors name and the title of the
article, include the journal, volume and
number of journal, and date of
publication.
Jacobs, Jack Marxism and anti-semitism:
Kautskys perspective International
Review of Social History 30 (3) 1985 pp.
400-430

For articles in edited collections, in

addition to the authors name and the
title of the article include the editors
name, title, publisher, place of
publication and date.

25
Benjamin, Walter Theses on the
philosophy of history in Stephen Bronner
and Douglas Kellner Critical theory and
society Routledge, New York 1989 pp.
260-261

Material found on the web should also

be properly referenced. Where possible,
your reference should include all of the
following information: author of
specific work/page, title of work,
author/owner of site, title of site, date
work published on the web, web
address, date you accessed the work,
full reference to hard copy version of
the work if there was one.
Vogt, Annette Emil Julius Gumbel (18911966): the first editor of Karl Marxs
mathematical manuscripts MEGA-Studien
1995/2 pp. 26-41
http://www.bbaw.de/vh/mega/studien_eng.
html#vogt, accessed 14 December 2001

The first time you cite a source in a

note, give the full reference. If the same
source is referred to in the note
immediately after you indicate this by
writing ibid. (short for ibidem, Latin
for again) and give the specific page
reference. Remember, in notes, the
authors first name goes first, then
the surname.
5. Henryk Grossmann The Law of
Accumulation and Breakdown of the
Capitalist System: Being also a theory of
Crises, Pluto Press, London, 1992, p. 37.
6. ibid., pp. 87-93.

If you refer to a source you have

already used in a previous note, but not
the one immediately before, write
authors surname and an abbreviated
version of the title, followed by use
op. cit (short for opere citato, Latin
for in the work quoted), followed by
the specific page reference
10. Grossmann The Law of Accumulation,
op. cit., p. 107.

26

More information about the footnotes

system see the Style manual for
authors, editors and printers Wiley,
Brisbane, sixth edition 2002.
Bibliographies
should
be
in
alphabetical order by author. Entries
should start with the authors
surname.

Assessment criteria
When assessing your written work,
markers will take the above into
account and ask the following
questions:
Focus: How well did you answer the
question and address the main
issues?
Research: What was the depth of your
reading and research? Did you read
critically? Does the essay indicate
awareness different theoretical
approaches to and treatments of the
topic? Has a range of empirical
sources been consulted and used?
Argument: How well did you argue a
case in your essay; are the subarguments well organised; is the
structure logical and thought out?
Were your main assertions backed
by sufficient evidence?
Expression: Is the essay written in a
clear, precise and readable style,
appropriate for an academic paper
or leaflet/pamphlet?
Referencing: Did you supply proper
references and a full bibliography
(where appropriate)?

Semester 1 2012

What grades mean

Really
A system of allocating marks to
students work that
1. trains students to follow often
abitrary instructions in return for
rewards (that foreshadow wages) in
preparation for doing the same in
the labour market.
2. adjusts students expectations about
their capacities and likely
remuneration when they enter the
full-time labour market.
3. provides, when aggregated,
employers with indications of the
kind of skills prospective employees
have.
Officially
High Distinction (HD Above 80)
Work of exceptional quality, which
demonstrates comprehensive
understanding of the subject matter,
mastery of relevant skills, sophisticated
or original critical and conceptual
analysis, and outstanding quality in
clarity, precision and presentation of
work.
Distinction (D 70-79)
Work of superior quality, which
demonstrates a thorough knowledge
and understanding of the subject
matter, proficiency in relevant skills,
and analytical and conceptual ability of
a high order.
Credit (C 60-69)
Work of good quality, which displays a
good understanding of the subject
matter and a sound grasp of relevant
skills.
Pass (P 50-59)
Work of satisfactory quality, which
displays an adequate understanding of

Fascism and Anti-Fascism

most of the subject matter and a

sufficient grasp of relevant skills.
Fail (N Below 50)
Work which is incomplete or displays
an inadequate understanding of the
subject matter or an inadequate grasp of
relevant skills.

Appeals procedures
If you genuinely believe you have
received an inappropriate or incorrect
result, there are steps you can take to
have that result reviewed. This must be
done within 30 working days of the
formal notification of results. Your first
point of contact should always be your
tutor or the course convenor.See
http://cass.anu.edu.au/currentstudents/rules-and-policies/appeals.

27

28

Semester 1 2012

Writing Essays
In practice it is difficult, if not impossible, to separate out the form of an essay from its content.
You may have the best, most original ideas but be unable to convey them to a reader. Essay
writing is an exercise in communication. It has some peculiarities, like references and a focus on
the specified topic, but shares features with other forms of communication.
Essays are or should be arguments which address the essay question. Telling a story may be
entertaining but it is not enough. You need to make a case for a particular position and organise
subarguments, evidence, references etc to persuade the reader of the correctness of your analysis.
In particular it is necessary to think carefully about the structure of your argument:
what is the overall argument, i.e. what do you want people to conclude from the essay (it
should be possible to summarise this in a couple of sentences at most)?
what is the structure of your argument, the logic of your case?
which points, examples, quotations should come first, in what order should they all go?
is there a need for empirical evidence to support your argument and the assertions that
constitute it?
If you want to convince the person reading your essay of the correctness of the case you make,
you will need to conduct research. This will provide you with additional arguments and evidence
and enable you to refer the reader to the sources of these for more details and so they can be
checked. So you should not confine your research to just a couple of articles or books on the
reading list. Your essay will be stronger if you present well founded and supported arguments
and evidence which are the product of your independent reading.
Think about your prose style. The way you put together your phrases, sentences and paragraphs
makes a difference to how easy your argument is to understand. To get into practice, try
analysing the styles of different authors you have to read in this and other courses. Which ones
are the easiest to understand? Why? How do they do it? For particularly lucid prose read, for
example, some George Orwell (Homage to Catalonia), Lytton Strachey (Eminent Victorians).
Orwells Politics and the English Language in Inside the Whale and Other Essays Penguin
Harmondsworth 1966 is an excellent guide to clear writing. It is on the web at
http://eserver.org/theory/politics-and-english-lang.txt.
If you are not sure about referencing, preparing bibliographies or the spelling of a word then
look it up or check the right procedure. Dictionaries are not hard to find. The Australian bible
for the correct use of abbreviations punctuation, the two different referencing systems (notes and
Harvard/author date), bibliographies etc. is the Style manual for authors, editors and printers 6th
edition Wiley, Brisbane 2002 available at the information desk, Chifley Library.

The secret of readable essays

Try to organise your work so you can come back to your essay after a break of at least a
few days. Reread it. Unless you are perfect or incredibly unselfcritical you will quickly
see improvements you can make. It doesnt hurt to get a friend to read your essay through
so s/he can point out typos, spelling mistakes and grammatical atrocities.
The Political Science Essay Writing Guide (http://arts.anu.edu.au/sss/POLSEssayGuide.PDF)
also includes useful pointers on essay writing including referencing systems. If you have
problems with any aspect of essay writing, having already tried to overcome them by
yourself, see Rick or your tutor about them or talk to someone at the Academic Skills and
Learning Centre (lower ground Floor Chancelry Annex, 6125-2972).

Fascism and Anti-Fascism: POLS2092 2012

Short Paper approval form

Submit by Wednesday 7 March

Your name

________________________

Phone
Email address (if checked regularly) __________________________
Proposed topic for
paper

______________________________________

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Approved
by

________________________

Date ______________

.............................................................................................................................
Fascism and Anti-Fascism: POLS2092 2012

Research essay Approval Form

Submit by Wednesday 28 March

Your name

_______________________

Phone
Email address (if checked regularly) ___________________________
Proposed essay topic

______________________________________

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Approved by

________________________ Date ______________

Fascism and Anti-Fascism: POLS2092 2012

Short Paper cover sheet

Deadline: 1.00pm Wednesday 21 March submit online and in hardcopy

Your name

_____________________________________

Student no.
Phone no.
Email address (if checked regularly) ___________________________
Topic
Number of words in paper _______
Tutor

_________________ Tute time and day __________

Submission of this assessment item constitutes a declaration that

No part of this work has been copied from any other persons work except where due acknowledgement is makde in the
text; and
No part of this work is written by another person, except where such collaboration has been authorised by the course
lecturer concerned; and
No part of this work has been submitted for assessment in another course.
The Faculty policy on plagiarism can be found at http://arts.anu.edu.au/student_information/current/rules/

Signature

_________________________

Date ______________

You should be familiar with the Universitys Code of practice on academic honesty in learning and teaching at
http://info.anu.edu.au/policies/Codes_Of_Practice/Students/Other/Academic_Honesty.asp

Fascism and Anti-Fascism: POLS2092 2012

Research essay cover sheet

Deadline: 1.00pm Tuesday 24 April submit online and in hardcopy

Your name

_____________________________________

Student no.
Phone no.
Email address (if checked regularly) ___________________________
Essay topic

______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________

Number of words in essay_______

Attach approval form

Tutor

Tute time and day__________

_________________

Submission of this assessment item constitutes a declaration that

No part of this work has been copied from any other persons work except where due acknowledgement is makde in the
text; and
No part of this work is written by another person, except where such collaboration has been authorised by the course
lecturer concerned; and
No part of this work has been submitted for assessment in another course.
The Faculty policy on plagiarism can be found at http://arts.anu.edu.au/student_information/current/rules/

Signature

_________________________

Date ______________

You should be familiar with the Universitys Code of practice on academic honesty in learning and teaching at
http://info.anu.edu.au/policies/Codes_Of_Practice/Students/Other/Academic_Honesty.asp

Fascism and Anti-Fascism: POLS2092 2012

Leaflet/pamphlet/article cover sheet

Deadline: 1.00pm Wednesday 30 May submit online and in hardcopy

Your name

_____________________________________

Student no.
Phone no.
Email address (if checked regularly) ___________________________
Number of words in essay________
Tutor

_________________

Tute time and day __________

Submission of this assessment item constitutes a declaration that

No part of this work has been copied from any other persons work except where due acknowledgement is makde in the
text; and
No part of this work is written by another person, except where such collaboration has been authorised by the course
lecturer concerned; and
No part of this work has been submitted for assessment in another course.
The Faculty policy on plagiarism can be found at http://arts.anu.edu.au/student_information/current/rules/

Signature

_________________________

Date ______________

You should be familiar with the Universitys Code of practice on academic honesty in learning and teaching at
http://info.anu.edu.au/policies/Codes_Of_Practice/Students/Other/Academic_Honesty.asp

As during the Middle Ages so under the Third Reich

John Heartfield AIZ 31 May 1934, Prague