Ap

endice A

Derivation of fluid
governing equations
A.1.

Three-dimensional (3D) equations

Herein, we will derive the 3D fluid governing equations. These equations

are valid for any single point in the open channel, thus having x-, y- and zcomponents. The velocities along x-, y-, and z-directions are given by u, v and
w, respectively.
NOTE: Class group Work: based on Figures (A.1, A.2), some useful definitions are given below:
Volumetric flow: Q [L3 T 1 ]
Volumetric flux: Q/A=V [LT 1 ]
mass flow: Q [M T 1 ]
mass flux: Q/A = U [M L2 T 1 ]
momentum flow: QU [M LT 2 ]
momentum flux: QU/A = U 2 [M L1 T 2 ]
u.u: flux x-momentum in x-direction [M L1 T 2 ]
u.v: flux x-momentum in y-direction [M L1 T 2 ]
u.w: flux x-momentum in z-direction [M L1 T 2 ]
v.u: flux y-momentum in x-direction [M L1 T 2 ]
v.v: flux y-momentum in y-direction [M L1 T 2 ]
v.w: flux y-momentum in z-direction [M L1 T 2 ]
79

80

APENDICE
A. DERIVATION OF FLUID GOVERNING EQUATIONS
w.u: flux z-momentum in x-direction [M L1 T 2 ]
w.v: flux z-momentum in y-direction [M L1 T 2 ]
w.w: flux z-momentum in z-direction [M L1 T 2 ]

A.1.1.

Conservation of mass

Figura A.1: Mass fluxes in three dimensions

Considering an infinitesimal particle as observed in Figure (A.1). (u), (v),
and (w) are the mass fluxes/unit area. The total mass is M = xyz.
Therefore the rate of change of Mass (M ) is equal to:
(xyz)
= M assF luxIn M assF luxOut
t

(A.1)

(xyz)
= (u (u + (u)))yz
t
+(v (v + (v)))xz
+(w (w + (w)))xy

(xyz)
= (u)yz (v)xz (w)xy
t

(A.2)

(A.3)

Note: Remember the following mathematical description: if y = f (x)



dy
f (x + x) f (x)
= Limx0
(A.4)
dx
x

A.1. THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) EQUATIONS

81

Notice that Let x, y and z 0

(u) (w) (w)

=

t
x
y
z

(A.5)

(u) (v) (w)

+
+
+
=0
t
x
y
z

(A.6)

A tensorial notation of the continuity equation (A.6) is expressed as:

+ .(~u) =
+ ~u.() + (.~u) = 0
t
t

(A.7)

Defining Dt
= t
+ ~u = t
+ u x
+ v y
+ w z
, which is the material
derivative (following a particle). Then:

=
+ ~u.
Dt
t

(A.8)

The above equation shows that changes in could be due to temporal and
spatial effects. Therefore the general equation is written as:
D
+ (.~u) = 0
Dt

(A.9)

For incompressible fluid, the density is constant over the entire flow field,
then, the continuity equation reads as:
.~u = 0

A.1.2.

(A.10)

Conservation of Momentum

Based on Newtons 2nd law: Rate of change of momentum (mass x acceleration) is equal to the summatory of forces. The type of forces are defined
as:
Surface: Pressure and stresses
Friction: due to viscosity
Body forces: gravity
Herein, only the derivation for the z-momentum equation will be shown:
(w)
xyz = (w.u)yz + (w.v)xz + (w.w)xy
{z
}
| t {z
} |
f luxin

ROCof zmom

(w.u + (w.u))yz (w.v + (w.v))xz (w.w + (w.w))xy

|
{z
}
f luxout

82

APENDICE
A. DERIVATION OF FLUID GOVERNING EQUATIONS

Figura A.2: Momentum balance

(xz |x0 )yz (yz |y0 )xz (zz |z0 )xy
|
{z
}
stresses

+ (xz |x0 +x )yz + (yz |y0 +y )xz + (zz |z0 +z )xy

|
{z
}
stresses

gxyz(A.11)
|
{z
}
Bodyf orces:sinks

Using:
ij
= Limxj 0
xj

ij |xj0 +xj ij |xj0

xj

(A.12)

xz
yz
zz
(w) (w.u) (w.v) (w.w)
+
+
+
=
+
+
g (A.13)
t
x
y
z
x
y
z
Rearranging the LHS terms:




w
w
w
w
(u) (v) (w)

+u
+v
+w
+w
+
+
+
(A.14)
t
x
y
z
t
x
y
z
|
{z
}
=0due to mass conservation
Then, the z-momentum equation is expressed as:


w
w
w
w
xz
yz
zz

+u
+v
+w
= g +
+
+
t
x
y
z
x
y
z

(A.15)

A.1. THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) EQUATIONS

83

Similarly the derivation for the x- and y-momentum are performed. Herein
the summary of the 3D Navier-Stokes equations:
u v
w
+
+
=0
x y
z

u
u
u
1 p
u
+u
+v
+w
=
+ e
t
x
y
z
x

v
v
v
v
1 p
+u
+v
+w
=
+ e
t
x
y
z
y

w
w
w
1 p
w
+u
+v
+w
=
g + e
t
x
y
z
z

(A.16)

2u 2u 2u
+ 2 + 2
x2
y
z
2v
2v
2v
+ 2+ 2
2
x
y
z



(A.17)

2w 2w 2w
+
+
x2
y 2
z 2

(A.18)


(A.19)

Where e = + t , is the kinematic viscosity (property of the fluid) and

t is the turbulent eddy viscosity (property of the flow). Notice that the above
equations have been averaged over time.