NR Electric Co., Ltd.

PCS-985B/AW

PCS-985 generator-transformer unit protection can be applied to

turbo-dynamo, gas-turbine, hydro, pumped storage and nuclear
power generators with different connection modes. It supports
conventional CT/VT and ECT/EVT, and provides interfaces for
power plant automation.

Generator-Transformer
Unit Protection

Generator-Transformer
Unit Protection
For medium to large generators, two sets of PCS-985 relays
can be used to achieve duplicated protection configuration.
Two PCS-985 relays use different CT groups, main and backup
protection in one PCS-985 share one group of CTs.

PCS-985B Functional Block Diagram

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PCS-985B provides complete electric quantity protection of

a turbo-dynamo or nuclear power generator-transformer unit
which usually comprises generator, main transformer, stepdown transformer and exciter or excitation transformer.

PCS-985AW Functional Block Diagram

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PCS-985AW can be applied for a large-scale hydro or

pumped storage generator-transformer unit with different
connection modes.

NR Electric Co., Ltd.

Functions
Generator protection
Unrestraint current differential protection (87UG)
87UG provides high speed tripping against stator phase-tophase faults, especially for severe fault.

The calculated longitudinal residual overvoltage element

is based on generator terminal zero sequence voltage and
neutral point voltage.

Percentage restraint current differential protection (87PG)

87PG is variable slope differential protection. Advanced
asynchronous method CT saturation detection algorithms
can prevent 87PG from mal-operation caused by CT
saturation during eternal fault. The fast detection of CT circuit
abnormal condition can avoid relay mal-operation.

Phase-to-phase impedance protection (21P)

Two stages impedance protection is equipped at the
generator terminal as phase-to-phase backup protection.
Full impedance, directional impedance or shifted impedance
characteristics can be selected for these two stages.

Split phase transverse differential protection (87SG)

87SG is a protection element utilized for hydro-generator
inter-turn faults.
Incomplete differential protection (87IG)
87IG element is utilized for hydro-generator stator inter-turn
fault or phase-to-phase fault by measuring current inputs
from terminal and neutral point of branch.
High sensitive transverse differential protection (87S)
87S is a high sensitive differential protection element by
measuring currents from two generator neutral points. It is
against stator inter-turn fault, branch circuit-open, or short
circuit between phases, etc. Technologies such as frequency
tracking, full cycle Fourier transformation, and high ratio
filtration of third harmonic are adopted to improve this
element performance.
Longitudinal zero-sequence overvoltage protection for interturn fault (59N)
59N is a zero-sequence over-voltage element by measuring
voltage of generator terminal VT open-delta winding. It
adopts technologies such as frequency tracking, full cycle
Fourier transformation, and high ratio filtration of third
harmonic to ensure relay tripping is based on fundamental
frequency component.
DPFC directional protection for inter-turn fault (7/67)
DPFC directional protection for inter-turn fault is a zerosetting high-sensitive protection element based on NR DPFC
philosophy.
Calculated longitudinal residual overvoltage protection for
inter-turn fault (59N)

Voltage controlled overcurrent protection (50P/51P)

There are two stages with two separate time delays. Stage
1 is used to trip bus coupler breaker or other breakers, and
stage 2 is to shut down the generator. Composite voltage
element consists of phase-to-phase undervoltage element
and negative overvoltage element.

Generator-Transformer
Unit Protection

DPFC differential protection (87DG)

87DG element is based on NR's innovative DPFC
philosophy. It detects current deviation only which does not
include load current, and it is sensitive to slight internal fault.

Fundamental zero-sequence voltage protection for stator

earth fault (59G)
59G is 2-stage zero-sequence voltage element based on
measurement of generator neutral point voltage fundamental
frequency component. It adopts technologies such as
frequency tracking, full cycle Fourier transformation, and
high ratio filtration of third harmonic to ensure relay tripping
is based on fundamental frequency component.
Zero-sequence overcurrent protection for stator earth fault
(51G)
51G is a sensitive overcurrent protection against stator earth
fault by measuring zero-sequence current from the generator
neutral point.
Third harmonic overvoltage ratio protection for stator earth
fault (27/59TN)
27/59TN covers about 20~25% of earth fault of the stator
winding near the neutral point of the generator.
Third harmonic overvoltage differential protection for stator
earth fault (87TN)
87TN is enabled automatically when the generator is
connected with the system and if the load current exceeds
0.2Ie (generator rated current) it will only issue an alarm. It
will protect 100% of the stator winding.
100% stator earth-fault protection with voltage injection (64S,
with RCS-985U)
With external 20Hz voltage injector (RCS-985U), earth fault
at any point across the stator winding can be detected. This
element provides 100% stator earth fault protection during
generator starting, operating and shutting down based
on measurements including earthing resistance, earthing
current and external voltage circuit monitoring.

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Rotor one-point earth-fault protection with ping-pong

principle (64R1)
64R1 adopts the switch-over sampling principle, and detects
any insulation resistance between rotor winding and the axis.
It includes two stages: sensitive stage and regular stage.
Rotor two-point earth-fault protection with ping-pong principle
(64R2)
If 64R1 is used for alarm only, when the earth resistance is
less than the regular stage setting, it will automatically switch
into 64R2 with a time delay.
Rotor earth-fault protection with voltage injection (64R)
Based on the leading-out mode of the rotor windings, 64R
has two injection styles: double-ends injection and single-end
injection. The switching cycle of the injected power supply
can be adjusted in accordance with the capacitor between
rotor winding and ground. 64R can reflect the decline of
insulation resistance between generator rotor and shaft by
real-time calculating one-point earth resistance of rotor, with
or without excitation voltage.

Undervoltage protection (27)

Undervoltage protection reflects the reduction of three
phase-to-phase voltages, and it is locked by the binary input
of synchronous condenser operation.
Definite-time over-excitation protection (24)
Definite-time over-excitation protection consists of two
stages: one is for alarm, the other is for tripping. Both of
these time delays can be set independently.
Inverse-time over-excitation protection (24)
Inverse-time over-excitation protection realizes inverse-time
characteristic by linear processing on given inverse time
operation characteristic, obtaining multiple of over excitation
by calculation, and calculating corresponding operation
time delay by sectional linear insertion. It reflects heat
accumulation and radiation.

Definite-time stator overload protection (49S)

Definite-time stator overload protection has two stages: one
for alarm and the other for tripping.

Reverse-power protection (32R)

Reverse power protection is provided to detect generator
motoring in order to protect the prime mover from damage.

Inverse-time stator overload protection (49S)

Inverse-time stator overload protection consists of three
parts: low-setting initiator, inverse-time part and upper-limit
definite-time part.

Low forward power protection (32F)

Low forward power protection responds to low forward
power flow. it can be released by the binary input for nonemergency shutoff or the binary input indicating that the
valve of the steam turbine is in the closed position.

Definite-time negative-sequence overload protection (46)

Definite-time negative-sequence overload protection has two
stages: one for alarm and the other for tripping.
Inverse-time negative-sequence overload protection (46)
Inverse-time negative-sequence overload protection consists
of three parts: low-setting initiator, inverse-time part and
upper-limit definite-time part.
Loss-of-excitation protection (40)
Loss-of-excitation protection represents abnormal operation
of the generator due to excitation failure. It includes 3 criteria:
undervoltage criterion, stator-side impedance criterion and
rotor-side criterion. The voltage at the generator terminal and
neutral point can be selected as undervoltage criterion. Static
stability impedance circle and asynchronous impedance
circle can be selected as stator-side impedance criterion.
Out-of-step protection (78)
Out-of-step protection calculates impedance element
by positive-sequence voltage and current, the operation
characteristic of out-of-step protection comprises three parts:
lens part, boundary part and reactance line part.

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Overvoltage protection (59)

Two stages of overvoltage protection can be used for tripping
or alarming.

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Sequential tripping reverse-power protection (32R)

Sequential tripping reverse-power protection is used when
the steam valve of the turbine has been closed first before
tripping.
Underfrequency protection (81U)
Underfrequency protection will issue an alarm or trip if the
accumulated time delay or once duration time delay exceeds
its setting.
Overfrequency protection (81O)
Overfrequency protection will issue an alarm or trip when it
operates.
Inadvertent energization protection (50/27)
Considering security of the protection, both currents from the
generator terminal and neutral point are used as criteria.
Startup/shutdown protection of differential current (SS)
Startup/shutdown protection of differential current is used for
phase-to-phase fault of the generator.

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Low-frequency overcurrent protection (50LF)

Low-frequency overcurrent protection is used for phase-tophase fault of the generator during Startup/shutdown.
Breaker failure protection (50BF)
When there is an internal fault of the generator, the
protection operates to trip but the breaker at the generator
terminal fails, it needs to initiate breaker failure protection
and trip adjacent breakers in time.

Excitation Transformer/Exciter Protection

Differential protection (87E)
Differential protection consists of unrestraint differential
protection and variable slop differential protection. It adopts
2nd, 3rd, 5th harmonic current detection and blocking
method.
Overcurrent protection (50P/51P)
Overcurrent protection includes two stages used as backup
protection.
Overload protection (49)
Overload protection consists of definite-time and inversetime excitation winding overload protection.

Main Transformer Protection

Unrestraint current differential protection for generatortransformer unit (87U)
Unrestraint current differential protection is used to
accelerate the trip speed for generator-transformer unit inner
serious fault. It does not need any block element, but the
setting should be greater than maximum inrush current.
Percentage restraint current differential protection for
generator-transformer unit (87P)
87P can protect the generator, main transformer, auxiliary
transformer, and exciter or excitation transformer. It is
based on a variable slope percentage differential restraint
characteristic with inrush and overexcitation inhibits. It
includes two different inrush current detection principles:
second harmonic restraint principle and waveform distortion
discrimination principle. CT saturation detection element can
prevent mal-operation due to CT saturation during external
fault.

Unrestraint current differential protection (87UT)

Unrestraint current differential protection is used to
accelerate the trip speed for transformers inner serious fault.
It does not need any block element, but the setting should be
greater than maximum inrush current.
Percentage restraint current differential protection (87PT)
Percentage restraint current differential protection is
based on a variable slope percentage differential restraint
characteristic with inrush and overexcitation inhibits. It
includes two different inrush current detection principles:
second harmonic restraint principle and waveform distortion
discrimination principle. CT saturation detection element can
prevent mal-operation due to CT saturation during external
fault.
DPFC differential protection (87DT)
87DT reflects only deviation components of differential
current and restraint current, it is not affected by the load
current. It can detect slight fault within transformer.

Generator-Transformer
Unit Protection

Startup/shutdown protection of zero-sequence voltage (SS)

Zero-sequence overvoltage is utilized for stator earth fault of
the generator during Startup/shutdown.

Restricted earth-fault protection (REF)

REF extends protection coverage to the neutral point of wyeconnected windings where fault currents may be below the
pickup of the main transformer differential elements.
Voltage controlled overcurrent protection at HV side
(50P/51P)
2 stages of voltage controlled overcurrent protection at HV
side are used for phase-to-phase backup protection of the
main transformer. Of which, voltage controlled element can
be enabled or disabled by logic setting.
Phase-to-phase impedance protection at HV side (21P)
Three kinds of impedance characteristics can be selected,
i.e. full impedance, directional impedance and shifted
impedance.
Ground overcurrent protection at HV side (50G/51G)
Ground overcurrent protection at HV side has two stages,
with separate time delay of each stage.
Directional zero-sequence overcurrent protection at HV side
(67G)
The directional element uses calculated zero-sequence
current and calculated zero-sequence voltage. The direction
points to the system side, definitely with the reach angle of
750.
Inverse-time zero-sequence overcurrent protection at HV
side (51G)
Four IEC inverse-time operating characteristics are provided,
and users can select according to their needs.

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Gap zero-sequence overvoltage/overcurrent protection at

HV side.
Gap zero-sequence protection at HV side is used for the
transformer with neutral point grounded through a gap or
small reactance.
Definite-time over-excitation protection (24)
Definite-time over-excitation protection consists of two
stages one is for alarm the other is for tripping. Both of these
time delays can be set independently.
Inverse-time over-excitation protection (24)
Inverse-time over-excitation protection realizes inverse-time
characteristic by linear processing on given inverse time
operation characteristic, obtaining multiple of over excitation
by calculations, and calculates corresponding operation
time delay by sectional linear insertion. It reflects heat
accumulation and radiation.

Overload alarm (49)

Initiating cooling (49)

Miscellaneous
Mechanical protection (MR)
Fault detector (FR)
Voltage and current drift auto adjustment.
VT circuit supervision (VTS)
CT circuit supervision (CTS)
CT saturation detection (CTS)
Inrush current detection (VTS)
Self diagnostic
GPS clock synchronization
Fault Recorder
IEC61850 MMS & GOOSE for station bus

Pole discrepancy protection at HV side (62PD)

Pole discrepancy protection at HV side adopts phase current,
negative-sequence current, and zero-sequence current as
criteria to detect the abnormal situation of Pole discrepancy.
Breaker flashover protection.
Before the generator-transformer unit connecting with the
system, when the difference of phase angle between bus
voltage and generator voltage is around 1800, breaker
flashover is possible. Breaker flashover protection is used
in case of this situation, and one phase and two phase
flashover are considered.
Zero-sequence voltage alarm at LV side (59G)
Zero-sequence voltage alarm at LV side can be provided
for the main transformer as the supervision of earthing fault
when GCB is not closed.
Overload alarm (49)
Initiating cooling (49)

Auxiliary Transformer
Unrestraint current differential protection (87UT)
Percentage restraint current differential protection (87PT)
Voltage controlled overcurrent protection at HV side
(50P/51P)
Voltage controlled overcurrent protection of branch 1 at LV
side (50P/51P)
Voltage controlled overcurrent protection of branch 2 at LV
side (50P/51P)
Zero-sequence overcurrent protection of branch 1 at LV side
(50N/51N)
Zero-sequence overcurrent protection of branch 2 at LV side
(50N/51N)

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IEC60870-5-103 protocol
MODBUS protocol
DNP 3.0 LAN

Features
High-performance unified hardware and real-time calculations
This relay adopts high performance CPUs and DSPs,
internal high-speed bus, and intelligent I/O. Both hardware
and software adopt modular design, and can be flexibly
configured.
Independent fault detector elements
The unique hardware design with two independent data
acquisition paths can prevent the mal-operation due to
the hardware component failure. The tripping output is
continuously supervised by the independent fault detector
element executed in the separated CPU. It will significantly
enhance the reliability.
Variable slope percentage differential protection
Variable slope percentage characteristic is adopted for
current differential protection. If the pickup slope and
maximum slope are reasonably set, high sensitivity can be
gained during internal fault, while transient unbalance current
can be avoided during external fault.
DPFC percentage differential protection
DPFC percentage differential protection reflects only
deviation components of differential current and restraint
current, it is not affected by the load current. It can detect
slight fault within the transformer and generator. Besides, it

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Detect CT Saturation by asynchronous method

For external fault, waveform discrimination of phase
current and differential current is adopted. Mal-operation
will not occur if the CT correct transfer time from primary to
secondary side is not less than 5ms. For internal fault, the
device will operate quickly.
High-sensitive transverse differential protection
By adopting frequency tracking, digital filter and Fourier
transformation, the filtration ratio of third harmonic
component can exceed 100. All these countermeasures
guarantee the reliability of protection in all conditions.
Percentage restraint inter-turn protection
The device adopts new criteria of generator current
percentage restraint technique to ensure the accurate
operation during inter-turn fault occurs in stator winding
and prevent mal-operation during external asymmetric fault
occurs.
Stator earth-fault protection
Through the real-time adjustment of coefficient of amplitude
value and phase, the PCS-985 makes differential voltage
between the generator terminal and neutral point in normal
operation condition. When stator earth fault occurs, the
criteria tend to operate reliably and sensitively.
Stator earth-fault protection with external voltage injection
principle
The protection adopts digital technology to calculate the
earth fault resistance accurately. The protection is adaptive
for various operation conditions, such as stillness, no-load,
shutdown, startup and connected to the power grid.
Rotor earth-fault protection with ping-pong principle
DC current is input by a high-performance isolated amplifier.
Via switching two different electronic switches, the PCS985 solves four different ground-loop equations to compute
rotor winding voltage, rotor ground resistance and earthing
position on real time and display these information on LCD
screen.

Rotor earth-fault protection with external voltage injection

principle
The protection method is adaptive to various lead-out modes
of rotor windings, and both single-end injection and doubleends injection can be selected. It can detect faults without
excitation voltage, and the fault location can be measured if
double-ends injection is selected.
Loss-of-excitation protection
Loss-of-excitation protection optionally combines stator
impedance criteria, reactive power criteria, rotor voltage
criteria and busbar voltage criteria to meet various demands
of different generator units.
Out-of-step protection
Out-of-step protection adopts three-impedance elements
(gains from positive-sequence current and positive sequence
voltage of the generator) to distinguish out-of-step from
steady oscillation. In addition, the protection can accurately
locate the position of oscillation center and record the
oscillation slid numbers of external and internal oscillation
respectively in real-time.

Generator-Transformer
Unit Protection

is insensitive to CT saturation since its restraint coefficient is

set comparatively high.

VT circuit failure supervision

Two groups of VT inputs are equipped at the generator
terminal. If one group fails, the device will issue an alarm
and switch over to the healthy one automatically. It does not
need to block protection element relevant to voltage.
CT circuit failure supervision
Reliable blocking function can prevent the device from
undesired operation due to CT circuit failure or AC sampled
circuit failure.
Powerful communication function
2 independent Ethernet interfaces and 2 independent RS485 communication interfaces are provided. Power industry
communication standard IEC60870-5-103, Modbus protocol
and new generation substation communication standard
IEC61850 are supported.
Complete event recording function
64 fault operation sequences, 64 fault waveforms, results of
256 self-supervision reports, and 1024 binary signal change
reports can be recorded.

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