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Ink
An Investigatory Project
Researchers:
- Angelique Rae J. Almonte - Perrybar Patrick L. Atienza - Jimmy C. Miranda Jr.
- Jeremiah M. Simangan -
Presented to:
Mr. Kevin L. de Guzman
Date:
February 2013
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
iii
ABSTRACT
Proponents
The main objective of our research is to make a unique and extraordinary experiment that will discover
new knowledge about the uses of different substance which has not been known useful. In making this oneof-a-kind experiment, different minds, skills, knowledge and efforts combined to produce our very own
product. A product which we are proudly presenting and show it to other people the essence and
effectiveness of it. This product will benefit each and every individual in different way and uses.
We chose to make ink in order to supply ink due to the scarcity of inks for markers in our classroom. And
also to save a lot of money for it is cheaper rather than the usual ink which is being sold in the market and it
is safer for the substance we used in making this ink is not chemical unlike those in markers with various
chemicals on it. And most importantly, we would like to let other peoples eyes and heart to realize the
importance of ink in our daily activities in life such as its usage in schools and offices.
We gather information that came from different sources such as researching in the World Wide Web,
from others testimonies and opinions and most importantly is from our own very knowledge. We come up
with a plan of making Alugbati ink as a substitute for the scarcity of supply on ink in todays society.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Acknowledgement
ii
Abstract
iii
Table of Contents
iv
CHAPTER I
5-7
Conceptual Framework
- Related Literature
- Theoretical Framework
CHAPTER III
11-13
Methodology
- Materials
- Procedures
CHAPTER IV
14-17
Presentation
Analysis
Interpretation
CHAPTER V
18-19
Summary of Findings
Conclusion
Recommendation
CHAPTER VI
20
Bibliography
In this modern world of technology, the price of a certain product becomes a challenge to every
consumer and even to the producers particularly to the scarcity of resources in order to satisfy the needs and
wants of all the people. Nowadays, one of the major problems is supplying the needs of ink, ink used in
ballpens, marker pens, printers and many more. Everybody needs ink for writing and coloring purposes. But
we are spending so much money just to buy and avail it. We cant deny that most of the modernized and
industrialized countries throughout the world are experiencing this. Even the government encourage young
scientist to discover things that can be useful and answer to the needs of social changes.
A shrubby plant, Malabar Nightshade, Alugbati in native terms inhabits a watery surface in wet lands.
Nightshade family has about 90 genera and 2600 species. This was commonly played by lass, seeds as nail
polish; stems, leaves, seeds as ingredients in cooking and this has caused a stain or tint on their dresses.
With this observable phenomenon, us, the researchers have come-up with this study, the Alugbati Seeds
Juice as a Marker Ink.
Experimentation with simple mixing of juice with other substances, and so with the various process
based on the ink making in the ink industry. After which testing, treatments, and comparison and contrasting
should be done, this study probably discovers the potential as ink and a good product of a community.
Can the extracted juice from the Alugbati berries or seeds be a good source for marker ink
production?
What substances can we found on its juice that made it dark in color?
Will be the produced ink from the Alugbati berries or seeds can be compared to those commercial
inks?
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Related Literature
This study is focusing on the Alugbati berries extract as an alternative source of ink. This section covers
the past studies researches including the up-to-date facts and article, which have bearing on this study. It is
compared and analyzed the information difference commons. In connection with this we give respect to the
authors and researcher who contributed and supplied important data and information that have strengthen
this research study on original studies which correlates with some other studies connected with other
researches.
A
The Pc world and Rochester Institute of Technology test inks from Cannon, Epson, HP, Kodak
and Lexmark head to head against cheaper 3 rd party inks in the year of 2008. The lower cost print
more page but the brand name inks print better quality more fade resistant image. Cannon ink is
judge good with text and photos to third party inks.
Choice Magazine, an Australian publication similar to consumer reports test official manufacture
ink and 7 brands of 3rd party ink really worked well and save money in 2011.
In Allion.com, a Japanese consulting firm has run several tests comparing various brands named
printer ink with off brand inks and continuous ink system in 2011. The test appear to be well done
using gasses to stimulate the aging process, but the reports sometimes leave out crucial bits of
information such as the name of the brand ink.
Fernandez said in one of his articles that Marker inks are widely used in the Philippines at
present but because it is being manufactured in other countries it is expensive. Due to this, the
feasibility of the leaf protein concentrates of Mayana Leaves as a cheaper source of colorant for
marker ink.
Mesas group and Bensurto conducted an experiment regarding the extraction of Alugbati seed as
replacement for dye in 2008. And they stated that Alugbati seed can be extracted as fabric dye and it
can be potential source of fabric dye. The dye is produced from Alugbati berries that its juice is so
intensely purple that it puts juice to shame.
Based on the result of Swtmine study in 2009, she said that The alugbati seed can be made into
a food coloring and can be a potential source of food coloring production. The food coloring produced
from Alugbati seed following an easy step. The food coloring observed to be violet in color and pure
odor. According to the result of the survey, the product was food coloring like in odor.
Vegetables dyes were also developed by the Egyptians, who found a way of fixing the dye into a
transparent white powder to produce a pigment. This process is called LAKE MAKING and is still
used by Winsor & Newton to produce rose madder genuine.
Theoretical Framework
A study showed the anthocyanin extracted from Basella rubra berries produced a stain comparable with
synthetic stains like crystal violet and safranin, and can be used as an alternative microbiological stain. And a
book was made intentionally to exhibit the microbiological stain of Malabar Nightshade fruits and indeed, the
book was published in 2006 by the Transactions of the National Academy of Science and Technology. The
book was entitled Utilization of an indigenous dyestuff from Basella rubra (alugbati) as microbiological stain
Volume or Issue 28 by Enerva, Lorna T., et al. The abstract of the book goes like this: This study was
undertaken to extract anthocyanin from Basella rubra berries and utilize the extract as microbiological stain.
It is an inexpensive, indigeneous and abundant raw material. The alugbati berries were macerated in a
blender and extracted with 1% HCl in 95% methanol. The extract obtained was filtered and then
concentrated. Thin layer and column chromatography methods were used to isolate and purify the
anthocyamin. The samples were analyzed using infrared spectra and ultraviolet spectra. FT-IR revealed the
presence of a hydroxyl group which is prominent in the structure of anthocyanin pigment at 3385cm\'1. The
C=O stretching for aromatic ring were indicated by a peak at 1635.20 cm\'l, 1513.38 em-I for C=O bending,
1439.91 cm\'I for O-H bending, 1207.42 cm,l for c-o stretching, 1151.92cm" for alkane and 1100.77 em-I for
C-C stretching. The structure of anthocycanin was further established by the e maximum of the ultraviolet
spectrum at 510.0 nm. For the application, the crude extract was used as a stain for Staphyloccus aureus, a
gram positive bacteria and Escherichia coli, a gram negative bacteria. The staining process for the
microorganism used mordants like potassium alum, calcium oxide and copper sulfate for fixing the color.
Only copper sulfate and lime responded positively as a mordant that gave favorable outcome in fixing the
color of alugbati. The samples were screened based on the criteria of color retention and evenness. The
structure of the microorganisms with respect to shape and size and certain cellular components were
identified using a microscope and photomicrographs. The alugbati extract produced stain that was
comparable with synthetic stains like crystal violet and safranin and can, therefore, be used as an alternative
stain.
METHODOLOGY
We, the researchers, made use of the experimental design. Different samples on Alugbati extract is
collected and tested the component through component analysis. Descripted analysis will be used in the
analysis and interpretation of data. And through these methods, various principles and procedures of inquiry
were followed.
Materials
Procedures
Preparation of Alugbati
Berries
Do not choose overly
ripe and ready to spoil
Alugbati berries.
Wash the fruits
thoroughly.
Extraction of Alugbati
Berries
Comparative
Analysis
For selecting or gathering Alugbati fruit, pick the fruits that are ripe and dark purple already, the riper the
better. Do not choose fruits that are overly ripe and ready to spoil, for the natural ink that will be made can
spoil as well, even though theres vinegar and salt. After selecting the Alugbati fruits, wash the fruits first
before pulverizing it for these fruits may carry bacteria or harmful substances that could make this
investigatory project go wrong. Now, extract the juice out of Algubati fruits with the use of mortar and pestle.
After extraction, strain the extracted ink to separate the skin and seed of berries in a strainer and put it on a
clean beaker. Be sure to use a strainer fine enough to remove all remains from the juice.
After getting the juice, add vinegar, and lastly the salt. Stir it until smooth and until even-colored liquid is
produced. Make sure that the salt is completely dissolved before adding some dye. Now, add some coloring
dyes that you desire. Various colors of ink could be produced if different colors of dye will be used. And lastly,
transfer to a bottle or jar the finished product and seal until use or you can directly put it into the marker.
Analysis
The produce ink received four treatments, the first treatment is staining the specimen with Alugbati juice
without water, second treatment is staining with Alugbati juice with water, third treatment is staining with dye
without water and fourth treatment is staining with dye with water. The amount of Alugbati juice was constant
at 1 tbsp. From those treatments done, results were obtained. Different treatments were also done to
compare the produced stain with commercial stain to determine their effectiveness.
After conducting the experiment, the results are compared to the commercial inks according to its
intensity, stability of color or resistance to fading, consistency of the color, and the absorption time of the ink
to be absorbed by the paper.
Very Good
Treatments
Good
Moderate
------
water
2Alugbati Juice with water
Bad
tsp. of water
tsp. of dye
without water
4Alugbati Juice with dye
with water
tsp. of dye
tsp. of water
As we have noticed we choose to have us our final product the Alugbati Juice without water for the
intensity of the produced ink was likely the same as those inks that are being sold. It has a strong color and
yet its very vibrant. While the stability of color or its resistance to fading was obtained, it was tested in writing
the marker on a piece of paper and it lasted for a long period of time. For the consistency of the color, the
condition of the color of the ink was constant. And for the last observation, the absorption time of the ink was
quite the same with those commercial markers. So for the totality of the result in our investigatory project, we
could say that our experiment was a big success!
Interpretation
If ever our problem will be solved, we will be benefited from it. Well, actually not only us, but also the
teachers, our school and the society as well. Its existence and its importance can help us. It can supply inks
that can be used in daily uses. With this, we can also convince some people or our fellow students that we
can have some alternative ways on supplying ink. This ink is very cheap and anyone can do this; by this
implication, it can help our economy as well. With this, we can help our country to be more resourceful and
unique. We can also lessen the country's expenses with this. They can use Alugbati Ink as their alternative
use for the common ink we have. In our community, just like how this ink can help us. This Alugbati seeds
can be found everywhere in different and selected places. With this project we made, they can help our
environment by getting rid of Alugbati seeds in our community lessening its population, after that, instead of
just throwing those away; you can use them as inks by the help of our project. In this way, we can help our
economy, environment at the same time ourselves and others. To sum it all, this product can be used as an
alternative way of getting ink.
In this observable phenomena have come up the proponent to conduct research study, marker ink out of
Malabar nightshade berries to have a new source and solve the problem to the high value of commercial ink.
1
The ink produced from Alugbati was easy to make and it was observable.
According to the result of our analysis, the product was most likely the same with the features of the
markers in the market.
Conclusion
Therefore we conclude in focusing in the production of ink out of the Alugbati seeds juice has a great
feature as an ink. And the plant to be used is the one, which is cultivated here in Philippines. Experimentation
with simple mixing of juice with other substances, and so with the various process based on the ink making in
the ink industry. In correspond to the collected data and based on the experiments, it was concluded that
Alugbati stain is feasible and it is comparable to the commercial stain in terms of clearness. After which
testing, treatments, and comparison and contrasting were done, we can conclude that our research is
successful. Through this research, most likely the discovery of the seed and its potential as ink is a good
product for the community.
Recommendation
On the basis of the results of this study, the following recommendations were formulated:
1
The community will be informed and trained on how to make marker inks from Alugbati fruits and it
will serve as an income-based livelihood.
Using such type of marker ink which is not hazardous to the environment helps the whole community
to use and produce this kind of product.
This research could help the community look for alternative source of ink for markers. And it may also
help them to challenge and developed new products for ink. The result of this study will also help to
enrich their capabilities in developing local available resources for colored ink.
Compare to the commercial one, this produced product has a great advantage to us consumers.
6 Through this study, were hoping to make people know that every substance in this earth has its own
different purposes.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Enerva, Lorna T. , et al . (2006). Utilization of an indigenous dyestuff from Basella rubra (alugbati) as
microbiological stain. Retrieved from http://scinet.dost.gov.ph/union/ShowSearchResult.php?
s=2&f=&p=&x=&page=&sid=1&id=Utilization+of+an+indigenous+dyestuff+from+Basella+rubra
%26nbsp%3B+(alugbati)+as+microbiological+stain&Mtype=ANALYTICS
Duncombe, S. (2011, March 15). Choice magazine. Retrieved from Details/Subscribe Inkjet Refill
Alternatives.
Sex:
Female
Address:
Blk. 20 Lot 4 Apitong St. Duraville Subd. Ampid, San
Mateo, Rizal
Contact Numbers:
297-05-21 | 09357942841 | 09107090464
Email Address:
angeliquealmonte@yahoo.com
Citizenship:
Filipino
Education
Elementary level
1) Quirino Elementary School
( 2003 2007 )
2) Hermogenes Bautista Elementary School
( 2007 2009 )
Remnant Conference
Remnant Conference
( 2010 2011 )
Vision Camp
( November 2009 / Antipolo )
Achievements / Honors
Highest Honor
( 2nd Quarter of Academic Year 2012 2013 )
Highest Honor
( 1st Quarter of Academic Year 2012 2013 )
Miss Photogenic
( October 25, 2012 / Mr. and Ms. Remnant )
Honor
( 4th & 2nd Quarter of Academic Year 2011 2012 )
High Honor
( 3rd Quarter of Academic Year 2011 2012 )
Honorable Mention
Classroom President
( Academic Year 2009 2010 & 2011 2012 )
Top 4
( Academic Year 2010 2011 )
Top 2
( Academic Year 2009 2010 )
Top 1
( Academic Year 2007 2008 )
Top 1
( Academic Year 2005 2006 )
Top 5
( Academic Year 2004 2005 )
Skills / Interests
Singing
Dancing
Acting
Affiliation
GOD-VENGERS
( 2012 )
Tribe of Joseph
( 2012 )
( 2009 )
Personal Qualities
_________________
Angelique Rae Almonte
Sex:
Male
Address:
102110 Aurora Blvrd. Project 3. Quezon City
Contact Numbers:
434-84-41
Email Address:
chokimiranda@yahoo.com
Citizenship:
Filipino
Education
Elementary level
1) Project 3 Elementary School
( 2003 2009 )
Mathematics Program
( 2003 2009 )
Remnant Conference
( 2010 2011 )
Remnant Conference
( 2012 2013 )
Science Fare
( 2013 )
Achievements / Honors
Top 7 in Class
( Grade 1: 2003 2004 )
Top 8 in Class
( Grade 2: 2004 2005 )
Top 9 in Class
( Grade 3: 2005 2006 )
Top 10 in Class
( Grade 5: 2007 2008 )
Top 10 in Class
( Grade 6: 2008 2009 )
Top 5 in Class
( 1st Year: 2009 2010 )
Best in History
( 3rd Year: 2011)
( 2012 )
Skills / Interests
Logical Thinker
Good Listener
Well-built perseverance
Badminton player
Affiliation
2 - Joseph
( 2010 2011 )
3 Moses
( 2011 2012 )
Tribe of Asher
( 2011 2012 )
4 David
( 2012 - present )
The Aveggies
( 2012 )
Street Faithers
( 2012 )
Personal Qualities
Logical Thinker
Industrious
Fair Player
Good Sportsmanship
_________________
Jimmy C. Miranda Jr.
Jeremiah M. Simangan
Age:
17 yrs. old
Sex:
Male
Address:
#22 Guyabano St. Project 2, Quezon City
Contact Numbers:
09068510538
Email Address:
Citizenship:
Filipino
Education
Elementary level
Qurino Elementary School
( 2003 2009 )
Remnant Conference
( 2010 2011 )
Remnant Conference
( 2012 2013 )
Science Fare
( 2013 )
Achievements / Honors
Skills / Interests
Singer
Dancer
Excellent in English
Musically inclined
Affiliation
1 Paul
( 2009 2010 )
2 - Joseph
( 2010 2011 )
3 Moses
( 2011 2012 )
Tribe of Asher
( 2011 2012 )
4 David
( 2012 - present )
God-Vengers
( 2012 )
Personal Qualities
_________________
Jeremiah M. Simangan
Sex:
Male
Address:
Contact Numbers:
Email Address:
Citizenship:
Filipino
Education
Elementary level
Mathematics Program
( 2003 2009 )
Remnant Conference
( 2010 2011 )
Remnant Conference
( 2012 2013 )
Science Fare
( 2013 )
Achievements / Honors
Top 7 in Class
( Grade 1: 2003 2004 )
Top 8 in Class
( Grade 2: 2004 2005 )
Top 9 in Class
( Grade 3: 2005 2006 )
Top 10 in Class
( Grade 5: 2007 2008 )
Top 10 in Class
( Grade 6: 2008 2009 )
Top 5 in Class
( 1st Year: 2009 2010 )
Best in History
( 3rd Year: 2011)
( 2011 )
Skills / Interests
Logical Thinker
Good Listener
Well-built perseverance
Badminton player
Affiliation
2 - Joseph
( 2010 2011 )
3 Moses
( 2011 2012 )
Tribe of Asher
( 2011 2012 )
4 David
( 2012 - present )
The Aveggies
( 2012 )
Street Faithers
( 2012 )
Personal Qualities
Logical Thinker
Industrious
Fair Player
Good Sportsmanship
_________________
Perrybar Patrick L. Atienza