2012 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems

December16-19, 2012, Bengaluru, India

Feasibility stuudy of a small SPV pow

wer plant
added to existing rooftop BTS
V.Raviprasad

Ravinndra. K. S

Research Scholar, EED

MNNIT Allahabad, U.P, Indiaa.
vrpnaidu@mnnit.ac.in

Professsor, EED
MNNIT Allahhabad, U.P, India.
rksingh@
@mnnit.ac.in

Abstract This paper proposes a modification to the existing

rooftop Base Transceiver Station (BTS) locateed in urban area.
Due to growing subscriber base the telephone service
s
providers
(TSPs) are forced to install more rooftop BTS in densely
populated urban areas amid tall concrete bu
uildings. Due to
huge running cost incurred on electric en
nergy bills, fuel
purchase and rentals, the TSPs are unable too run/maintain a
wide spanning network.
s
solar photo
This scenario can be averted by adding a small
voltaic power plant to existing rooftop BT
TS. This paper
describes techno-economic optimum sizing of
o a small SPV
power plant connected to existing rooftop BTS located in
ne PV array size
urban area. The prime concern is to determin
for existing battery bank with limited area to install PV
modules on rooftop.

network expenses, reguulator levies, operating &

maintenance cost, which is resulting in slower expansion
G services across India.
and delay in rollout of 3G/4G
The net debt to earnnings before interest, taxes,
depreciation, and amortizaation (EBITDA) of all major
telecom companies have inccrease manifold. The telecom
majors are looking forward to
t reduce capital expenditure as
well as running expenditurre in every possible way. In
developing countries electrrical generation is less than
demand, so rolling blackoouts is a normal daily event.
Telecom equipment must bee supplied from a power source
thats reliable, secure, flexible and redundant. For example:
in Uttar Pradesh, India, loadd shedding duration ranges from
4 -5 hrs per day in urban areas
a
and up to 12 hrs in rural
areas. During this period thhe TSPs are relying on DEG to
power the BTS. The provvision of secure power source
capable of independent operation in emergency is the prime
requirement.
p
mains which are plagued
The prime source being public
by rolling blackouts and broown outs, TSPs are using DEG
as back up incase if publicc mains fail, with advances in
diesel engine technologies and
a rigorous quality control of
the parts manufactured, thee Mean Time between Failure
(MTBF) of DEG is in the raange of 10-3 to 510-3. i.e., one
startup failure in every 20000 starting operations [1] and the
mean time to repair is less thhan 5 hrs [2]. The autonomy of
reserve power stored in baattery must be higher than the
MTTR of DEG, so TSPs gennerally have 6hrs battery backup
meant for critical DC loads.
m
BTS installation is 100%
The present policy for most
availability and 100 to 500 years MTBF [3]. To meet the
policy requirement for most BTS installations a 6hrs battery
plus standby DEG is used inn developing countries. Several
combinations were suggestedd in the past like use of fuel cell
as reserve power source in [44], fuel cell needs 10% of rated
power to start and for startinng it takes few minutes, which
makes UPS with a back up of 10-15 minutes mandatory thus
increasing capital cost.
An approach to optimizze the SPV-FC-Battery hybrid
system for remote telecom power
p
system is done in [5] but
did not optimized the SPV arrea requirement, power rating of
SPV and battery storage reqquirement is as per TSPs policy
target. An attempt to use wind-photovoltaic
w
power supply
for a remote telecom system
m was successfully carried with
high availability in [6], but thhe cost analysis and sizing were
not addressed. Similar studdy was carried on wind - PV

Index Terms- solar powered telecom arrchitecture, BTS

power saving techniques, telecommunication power supplies,
mobile base stations powering, techno-economics of SPV
power plant.

I. INTRODUCTION

he traditional rooftop BTS are powered by public mains

and a Diesel Electric Generator (DEG)) which provide
reserve power in case of public mains failure.
f
During
transfer of load from public mains to DEG and
a vice versa a
battery bank supplies necessary energy to all the critical
e
stored in
electrical loads as shown in Fig 1. The energy
battery bank will be sufficient to meet thhe critical load
demand for a period greater than Mean Time
T
to Restore
(MTTR).

Fig.1 Existing power architecture of BTS

The telecom juggernaut is slowing dow

wn; one of the
reasons is increase in operating expensses, even after
implementing a number of ideas like infrasttructure sharing,
outsourcing and increasing asset productivitty; yet operation
challenges remain.
m
telephone
For example: India has over 400000 mobile
BTS, on an average the operating cost off urban BTS is
$800/month, 69% of the operating cost is inncurred because
of electrical energy and fuel purchases. Withh increasing

978-1-4673-4508-8/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE

system for remote telecom with DEG as reeserve source in

[7] did not addressed the SPV sizing issue, state of battery
charge (SOC), depth of discharge (DOD), and number of
battery replacements(BRPs).
wind for remote
In another work, the existing hybrid PV/w
telecom station is optimized using iterative teechnique [8] but
proposed complete replacement of existing equipment
e
at the
site. The model presented in [9] consideredd utility grid and
DEG as standby and the power is feed from
m SPV-wind, but
the sizing issue is not addressed and the arrea required for
PV modules is not considered as a constraintt.
With decrease in power consumed byy decentralized
telecom equipment and steep fall in prices of
o solar cells has
caused all TSPs to consider the possibility off using solar PV
cells for powering its telecom equipment [10]. Most of the
published methods [1] [17] are meant forr either rural or
new installation, none of the articles discussed
d
about
existing installations.
RE FOR
II. NEW PROPOSED ARCHITECTUR
TELECOMMUNICATIONS

All the architectures proposed to till date are supplied by

utility grid, DEGs, renewable sources and chharged batteries.
To increase reliability and redundancy, seveerely sources are
connected in parallel to the BTS, due to thiss there is always
excess electric capacity, which was neitther stored nor
pumped back into grid, in this paper we alsoo propose to sell
back the excess electricity generated by resoources available
at BTS.

Fig. 2 Proposed architecture

In a random survey of 18 urban rooftoop BTS sites at

Allahabad, U.P, India. Electricity Distributiion Company is
enforcing scheduled power cuts ranging froom 4 to 5 hrs in
two intervals of a day. During this period BTS
B
are feed by
DEG which consumes precious fossil fuels and
a are emitting
green house gasses, during transition from
m utility grid to
DEG a -48V, 1000Ah Battery pack acts ass backup power
supply. Utilization of DEG during scheduuled power cut
resulted in production of 2.75% excess electtricity, due to an
operation period of 1460Hrs/yr and 7330starts/yr; the
operation life of DEG is only 11yrs.
G are 3,364$/yr
The O&M charges and fuel cost of DEG
and 4693 $/yr respectively, the electricity purchased from
utility grid costed 2200$/yr, total annuual charges for
operating a base station is 10257$/yr, exccluding rents &
municipality taxes.
Due to reflection / absorption of radio energy by
buildings and to ensure there is enouggh overlap for

"handover" to/from other sites when the customer is

travelling, TPS are installingg one BTS for every 1 to 2 Sq
Km in urban areas.

Fig. 3 Daily AC load profile

In Allahabad city there are

a 10 BTS stations owned by
each TSP, the BTS DEG set
s diesel consumption is 5475
L/yr, making it 54750 L/yr/T
TSP and there are over 6 major
TSPs in Allahabad, the annnual BTS diesel consumption is
328500L/yr. This is a majoor financial and environmental
concern.

Fig.4 Dailly DC load profile

Our survey at Allahabad revealed that 87% of the roof

top BTS sites have more thann 67 Sq.m of vacant area. In this
paper we propose that this area
a
can be used for setting up
SPV power plant on the rooof top at existing BTS site, and
the same can be used to pow
wer the BTS, the excess power
generated by the SPV poweer plant is stored in battery or
sold back to grid dependinng on grid buy back price, the
proposed architecture is illusstrated in Fig 2.
The challenging task in integrating
i
a small SPV power
plant to grid is, it has to maiintain a reliable communication
with the control center for
fo monitoring, operating and
protecting the grid/SPV [255]. This can be overcome by
using MINTEL [26] or RAM
MO [27] network existing at the
BTS used for telecommunicaation management, all BTSs are
integrated by Telecommunnication Management Network
(TMN) the data/status of renewable generation can be
upload into WEB at any Teleecom Central office.

The SPV array is connected to the AC bus because 40%

of the PV output power is used by local Air Conditioner,
30% is sold back to grid and 25% is used by DC load and to
charge the batteries.

rating
0.1353
KWP/Sq.m

TABLE I
Details of SPV Power Plant
SPV
SPV
Cost/
Power
Type
Area
KW
Plant
required
size
Poly
35.168
4.75
3100$
crystalline
Sq.m
KW

Interleaving
between
rows
1 meter

The effect of change in temperature and shading of SPV

cell is taken into consideration the details of SPV panel and
its parameters are given in Table I & II.
TABLE II
SPV Power Plants Specifications [19]
efficiency of the solar module as
16 %
Inverter/ P C U efficiency
94 %
Mean output
22.6 KWh/day
capacity utilization factor
19 %
levelized tariff
0.3354 $ / KWh
temperature coefficient
4.4 % / 0C
losses in DC & AC system up to the POI 6 %
Tracking
No

The Major portion of the power drawn by rooftop BTS

is for cooling the heat emitted by electronic components,
battery pack and to keep humidity/dust free operating
environment, this will enhance the equipment/battery life
considerably. The air conditioner is set to operate at 240C,
since the all weather cabin volume is small the compressor
operates in on-off cycling (10 min ON 10 min OFF) to
maintain the temperature at the set level as shown in Fig 3.
DC load is almost remains constant with minor fluctuations
throughout the day, as shown in Fig 4.
TABLE III
Power Requirement of Various BTS Equipment
DC Load (BTS equipment)
750W
18 KWH /day
DC Load (charging of batteries)
150W
3.6 KWH/day
AC Load (Air conditioning)
2000W
34 KWH/day
set temperature is 24oC

The DEG is used as auxiliary power source its details are

given in Table IV. The existing battery bank is used as a
backup system and to maintain constant voltage across the
load. The battery pack consists of two parallel strings of 24
batteries each battery voltage is 2V, with a capacity of
1000Ah and 2KWH.
TABLE IV
Existing Generator Details
No of cylinders
2
Cooling system
Water cooled with radiator
Fuel
Diesel
Fuel supply system
(Direct Injection) DI
Rating
15KVA
Diesel Tank capacity
100liters
Specific fuel consumption 0.3 L/KWH

III. SOLAR RADIATION CALCULATION

Solar radiation on tilted PV array has three components
namely direct solar radiation (Hdm), diffuse solar radiation

(Hdm) and ground reflected solar radiation (Hgm), the

monthly average daily solar radiation (Htm) can be expressed
as [13] .
.Htm = HbmRbm + HdmRd + HgmRr.(1)
Where Rbm, Rd and Rr are tilt factor for the daily direct
solar radiation, diffuse radiation and ground reflected
radiation respectively.
The total critical daily radiation during a month Hcm can
be expressed as [13]
Hcm = Lm / Asm.(2)
Where Lm is daily average load, and A is area of SPV
array and sm is overall system efficiency for a month. In all
the months Hcm Htm, which means that the designed
system is adequate. The daily PV array out for a month
E(pv)m, average daily energy directly available to load E(d)m
and annual daily average energy E(p)l is calculated by
expressions used in Reference [13].
TABLE VI
Utility Grid Details
Supply voltage
3 Phase, 440v, 50 Hz
Scheduled power cut 4Hrs/ day
10am 1pm, & 7 8pm
Grid sale price
0.1636 $ /KWH

IV. EFFECT OF SHADING & TEMPERATURE ON AREA

COMPUTATION

The urban areas are crowded with proximate buildings of

different heights there is always necessity of considering the
effect of shading for rooftop installed small SPV power
plant. The de-rating factor for shading (DFs) occurs when
PV modules are shaded by nearby structures or objects. A
typical de-rating factor is best determined using a device
such as the Solar Pathfinder.
The difference between urban and rural temperature is
most prevalent when the winds are light, the dew point is
moderate and the skies are clear. The de-rating due to
increase in operating temperature (DFt) occurs when PV
modules gets heated up during the course of day.
The overall de-rating factor (DFo) is the product of the
chosen individual de-rating factors.
..DFo

=DFs DFt

(3)

V. BATTERY ANALYSIS
The PV array output that is in excess of daytime load is
available to charge the battery, which is equal to monthly
total solar radiation (m) that is above Hcm. The battery
SOC is estimated by calculating the solar radiation
utilizability [13], the SOC lies between minimum (Bmin) or
maximum (Bmax) which is taken care by existing charging
control system at the rooftop BTS.
The battery life is determined based on the assumption
that all energy produced by the PV array does not pass
through the battery, the battery lifetime is governed by the
DOD [13] and also the energy available to charge the
battery. The total no of BRPs over the system lifetime is

calculated [13].
4

365
0.5

exp

100

for random variable

The probable density funcction
C, is found by convolving the
t probability density function
of power output (Ps) and loadd (L).
6

Where Bc is battery coefficient, N is liffe period of the

system, NA is average life in cycles, DODd is
i daily depth of
discharge and DODo = 0.8.
VI. AVAILABILITY ANALYSISS
The reliable performance of telecommunnication depends
on the availability of the public mains, innverter/rectifier,
batteries, DEG set and small SPV power plaant. If the mains
fail, the battery will take the burden of feedding the telecom
exchange DC load, to minimize the amoount of battery
reserve needed a DEG set is used.

Since SPV power plant is added to an existing system for

mption and reduce the electricity
minimizing the fuel consum
purchased from the grid therre is no change in reliability of
the existing system.
VII. OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE USED
There are various optimizzation techniques for optimizing
SPV power plant sizing such as linear programming,
graphical construction, gennetic algorithm and iterative
approach etc,[12 ],[13] and [16].
[
Since the objective of this
paper is to minimize the runnning cost (i.e., cost of fuel and
energy purchased from gridd) by utilizing the vacant space
available at BTS installed on
o rooftop and existing battery
pack. In this paper iterative approach
a
is used as optimization
technique because of its sim
mplicity and certainty of results.
The flow chart of optimizatioon process is shown in Fig 5.
The optimization is carrieed out in three levels to ensure
satisfaction of all the constraaints,
1. Hcm Htm ; impllies that the PV array size is
inadequate.
2. E(pv)m > E(p)l ; meaans that there is enough surplus
energy to charge thee battery.
3. SOC < Bmax ; signiffy that the system is available as
per the policy of moost BTS installations.
4. Amin Aaviail ; denoote that the minimum PV array
area required (Amin) is less than are equal to area
available (Aaviail) att rooftop BTS site.
The optimization processs is run for all hours (i) in a
month and all months (m) inn a year, the optimized values is
obtained by writing a prograam in MATLAB which yielded
the results given in Table V.
T
Table
V
Optimized valuues of SPV power plant
Amin
35.168 sqq min (4.76KW)
SOC
100% for 90% of time in an year
DOD
Inverse off SOC
BRPs
Ones in every
e
20 years

VIII. SIMULATION OF OPTIMIZED MODEL

Fig. 5 Flow chart of proposed optimizationn technique

There are various methods to calculate the

t reliability of
the system such as loss of load probabilityy (LLP), loss of
power supply probability (LPSP), energy reliability
r
index,
least square method, supply unavailability [12], [13], [15]
and [20]. Here loss of power supply probaability is used to
estimate the reliability of the proposed system
m [15].

The proposed systems feasibility is assessed through

m
detailed information than
HOMER. HOMER gives more
the statistical models such as
a RETScreen and provides the
optimization and sensitivity analysis
a
with limited input [20].
The maximum AC powerr required by BTS is for cooling
a all weather compartment, the
the equipment enclosed in an
maximum AC power consum
mption is during day time, since
the compartment temperature has to be maintained at 240C,
when outside temperature iss 400C. During night time AC
power consumption decrreases because the outside
temperature is 300C.

Fig.6 Scattered plot between the power drawn by AC

A load Vs SPV
generated power.

Fig. 9 Power drawn by DC

C load Vs SPV generated power

Fig 9 shows that the DC load

l
of BTS is also majorly met
by power generated by SPV
V power plant, in the absence of
main supply/DEG/SPV, the energy stored in battery during
D load.
the day serves the needs of DC

V generated power.
Fig. 7 Scattered graph of battery input & output Vs SPV

The SPV power generation and air condition power

u
grid is reconsumption go hand in hand; hence the utility
leaved from supplying the power required for
fo air condition.
The scattered plot is shown in Fig 6.

Fig. 10 Power generated by

b DEG Vs SPV power plant

During scheduled powerr cut period, the generator is

rarely turned on, which is evident from Fig 10, because of
availability of SPV power plant output, due to less operating
n
of starts (272 starts/yr),
period 365hrs/yr and less number
the operating life of DEG has
h considerably increased from
11yrs to 49yrs, the fuel coonsumption is decreased from
5611L/yr to 1181 L/yr resulted in an annual saving of $3624
on fuel bills.

Fig. 8 Battery Bank State of Charge Vs tim

me of year

In the existing system, battery is charged by

b AC mains or
from DEG set, in the proposed model thhe battery gets
charged only when the power output of SPV
V power plant is
over and above the air conditioning unit requirement
r
and
BTS DC Load equipment (i.e., when output is above 3KW).
The battery energy input and output behaviour is given in
Fig 7. The battery bank state of charge is 1000% for 85% of
the time in a year as shown in Fig 8.

Fig. 11 Energy sold to grid

g Vs power generated by SPV

In the proposed model, it is assumed that the DEG

produces only enough power to meet the demand; this saves
precious fossil fuel and decreases the emissions. From the
Fig 11, its clearly evident that most of the energy sold back
to grid is when the SPV is generating energy.
IX. RESULTS
After coupling SPV power plant to an existing BTS site
and optimizing the model in HOMER, the financial results
are as follows.
1) The direct financial gain is 386 $/yr from the sale of
excess electricity back to utility grid.
2) A Saving of 3624 $/yr on fuel and 800$ on electricity
bills.
3) The overall reduction in annual expenses is 4810$/yr
All this for an additional investment of $15454 (borrowed
at an interest rate of 12.79% /yr) on SPV power plant of
5KW, the breakeven point is 5 years, whereas the life of a
typical SPV power plant is 25years.

[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]

[15]
[16]

X. CONCLUSION
Addition of small SPV power plant to existing rooftop
BTS is financially viable, with a substantial decrease in
running expenses.
A telecom BTS urban site is quite suitable for setting
up a distributed generation system which has both
communication facility as well as it is connected to utility
grid.
The increased redundancy did not alter the reliability of
the system during night, because the existing battery pack
is used. But there is twofold raise in reliability during
day time.
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