3/23/2011

General Procedure for Analysis

Cables and Arches 1

Nottingham University
When solving the problems, do the work as neatly as
possible. Being neat generally stimulates clear and
orderly thinking and vice versa.
2

Addition of a System of
Coplanar Forces

Addition of a System of
Coplanar Forces
Coplanar Force Resultants

For resultant of two or more forces:

Find the components of the forces in the specified
axes
Add them algebraically
Form the resultant
In this subject, we resolve each force into rectangular
forces along the x and y axes.

Fx

Fy
3

- Positive scalars = sense of direction along the

positive coordinate axes
- Negative scalars = sense of direction along
the negative coordinate axes
- Magnitude of FR can be found by Pythagorean
Theorem
FR

F 2 Rx

FRx

FR cos

FRy

FR sin

F 2 Ry

3/23/2011

Addition of a System of
Coplanar Forces
Coplanar Force Resultants

Addition of a System of
Coplanar Forces
Example
Determine x and y components of F1 and F2
acting on the boom. Express each force as a
Cartesian vector

- Direction angle ? (orientation of the force)

can be found by trigonometry
tan

FRy
FRx

FR

F 2 Rx

FRx

FR cos

FRy

FR sin

F 2 Ry

tan

FRy
FRx

Addition of a System of
Coplanar Forces

Addition of a System of
Coplanar Forces

Solution
Scalar Notation
F1x
F1 y

200 sin 30 N

Solution
Alt, by similar triangles
100 N

F2 x
260 N

100 N

200 cos 30 N 173 N 173 N

F2 x

Hence, from the slope

triangle

12
13
260 N

12
13

240 N

5
13

100 N

Similarly,

5
tan1
12

F2 y
7

260 N

3/23/2011

Addition of a System of
Coplanar Forces

Addition of a System of
Coplanar Forces
View Free Body Diagram

Example
The end of the boom O is subjected to three
concurrent and coplanar forces. Determine
the magnitude and orientation of the
resultant force.
FR

F 2 Rx

FRx

FR cos

FRy

FR sin

Solution
Scalar Notation
FRx

Fx :

FRx

400 N

F 2 Ry

tan

FRy

FRy

FRx

FRy

383.2 N
Fy :

250 sin 45 N 200

4
N
5

383.2 N

250 cos 45 N

200

3
N
5

296.8 N
9

Addition of a System of
Coplanar Forces

Condition for the Equilibrium

of a Particle
Particle at equilibrium if
- At rest
- Moving at constant a constant velocity
Newtons first law of motion
?F=0
where ?F is the vector sum of all the forces
acting on the particle

Solution
Resultant Force
FR

383.2 N

296.8 N

485 N
From vector addition,
Direction angle ? is
tan

10

296.8 N
383.2 N

37.8
11

12

3/23/2011

Condition for the Equilibrium

of a Particle

The Free-Body Diagram

Newtons second law of motion

? F = ma
When the force fulfill Newton's first law of
motion,
ma = 0
a=0
therefore, the particle is moving in constant
velocity or at rest

Cables and Pulley

- Cables (or cords) are assumed to have negligible
weight and they cannot stretch
- A cable only support tension or pulling force
- Tension always acts in the
direction of the cable
- Tension force in a continuous
cable must have a constant
magnitude for equilibrium
13

14

The Free-Body Diagram

The Free-Body Diagram

Cables and Pulley

Procedure for Drawing a FBD

1. Draw outlined shape
- Isolate particle from its surroundings
2. Show all the forces
- Indicate all the forces
- Active forces: set the particle in motion
- Reactive forces: result of constraints and supports
that tend to prevent motion

- For any angle ?, the cable is subjected to

a constant tension T
throughout its length

15

16

3/23/2011

The Free-Body Diagram

The Free-Body Diagram

A spool is having a weight W
which is suspended from the
crane bottom
Consider FBD at A since
these forces act on the ring
Cables AD exert a resultant
force of W on the ring
Condition of equilibrium is
used to obtained TB and TC

Procedure for Drawing a FBD

3. Identify each forces
- Known forces should be labeled with proper
magnitude and direction
- Letters are used to represent magnitude and
directions of unknown forces

18

17

The Free-Body Diagram

The Free-Body Diagram

Example
The sphere has a mass of 6kg and is
supported. Draw a free-body diagram of the
sphere, the cord
CE and the knot at C.

The bucket is held in

equilibrium by the cable
Force in the cable =
weight of the bucket
Isolate the bucket for FBD
Two forces acting on the
bucket, weight W and
force T of the cable
Resultant of forces = 0
W=T
19

20

3/23/2011

The Free-Body Diagram

The Free-Body Diagram

View Free Body Diagram

Solution
Cord CE
Two forces acting, force of
the sphere and force of the
knot
Newtons Third Law: FCE
is equal but opposite
FCE and FEC pull the cord
in tension
For equilibrium, FCE = FEC

Solution
FBD at Sphere
Two forces acting,
weight and the force
on cord CE.
Weight of 6kg
(9.81m/s2) = 58.9N
21

Coplanar Systems

22

Coplanar Systems

A particle is subjected to coplanar forces in the

x-y plane
Resolve into i and j components for
equilibrium
? Fx = 0
? Fy = 0
Scalar equations of equilibrium
require that the algebraic sum
of the x and y components to
equal o zero

Scalar Notation
- Sense of direction = an algebraic sign that
corresponds to the arrowhead direction of the
component along each axis
- For unknown magnitude, assume arrowhead
sense of the force
- Since magnitude of the force is always
positive, if the scalar is negative, the force is
acting in the opposite direction
23

24

3/23/2011

Coplanar Systems

Coplanar Systems

Example
Consider the free-body diagram of the
particle subjected to two forces

Example
Determine the tension in
cables AB and AD for
for
equilibrium of the 250kg
engine.

Assume unknown force F acts to the right for

equilibrium
? Fx = 0 ;
+ F + 10N = 0
F = -10N
Force F acts towards the left for equilibrium
25

Coplanar Systems

26

Coplanar Systems

Solution
FBD at Point A
- Initially, two forces acting, forces
of cables AB and AD
- Engine Weight
= (250kg)(9.81m/s2)
= 2.452kN supported by cable CA
- Finally, three forces acting, forces
TB and TD and engine weight
on cable CA

Solution
+? ? Fx = 0;
+?
? Fy = 0;
Solving,

TBcos30 - TD = 0
TBsin30 - 2.452kN = 0
TB = 4.90kN
TD = 4.25kN

*Note: Neglect the weights of the cables since they are

small compared to the weight of the engine
27

28

3/23/2011

Coplanar Systems

Coplanar Systems

Example
If the sack at A has a weight
of 20N ( 2kg), determine
the weight of
of the
the sack
sack at
atBB
and the force in each cord
needed to hold the system in
the equilibrium position
shown.

Solution
FBD at Point E
- Three forces acting,
forces of cables EG and
EC and the weight of
the sack on cable EA

29

30

Moment of a Force
Scalar Formation

Coplanar Systems
Solution
+? ? Fx = 0;
+?
? Fy = 0;
Solving,

In General
TEGsin30 - TECcos45 = 0
TEGcos30 - TECsin45 - 20N = 0
TEC = 38.6kN
TEG = 54.6kN

*Note: use equilibrium at the ring to determine tension

in CD and weight of B with TEC known
31

Consider the force F and the point O which lies in the

shaded plane
The moment MO about point O,
or about an axis passing
through O and perpendicular
to the plane, is a vector quantity
Moment MO has its specified
magnitude and direction
32

3/23/2011

Moment of a Force
Scalar Formation

Moment of a Force
Scalar Formation

Magnitude

Direction

For magnitude of MO,

MO = Fd
where d = moment arm or perpendicular
distance from the axis at point O to its line of
action of the force

Direction of MO is specified by using

right hand rule
- fingers of the right hand are curled
to follow the sense of rotation when
force rotates about point O

Units for moment is N.m

33

34

Moment of a Force
Scalar Formation

Moment of a Force
Scalar Formation
Direction

Direction

MO is shown by a vector arrow

with a curl to distinguish it from
force vector
Example (Fig b)
MO is represented by the
counterclockwise curl, which
indicates the action of F

- Thumb points along the moment

axis to give
give the
the direction
directionand
andsense
sense
of the moment vector
- Moment vector is upwards and
perpendicular to the shaded plane

35

36

3/23/2011

Moment of a Force
Scalar Formation

Moment of a Force
Scalar Formation

Direction

Direction

Arrowhead shows the sense of rotation

caused by F
Using the right hand rule, the direction
and sense of the moment vector points
out of the page
In 2D problems, moment of the force
is found about a point O

Moment acts about an axis

perpendicular to the plane containing
Fand
F
and d
Moment axis intersects
the plane at point O

37

38

Moment of a Force
Scalar Formation

Moment of a Force
Scalar Formation
Resultant Moment of a System of
Coplanar Forces

Resultant Moment of a System of

Coplanar Forces

Resultant moment, MRo = addition of the moments

of all the forces algebraically since all moment
forces are collinear
MRo = ?Fd
taking clockwise to be positive

A clockwise curl is written along the equation to

indicate that a positive moment if directed along
the
+ z axis and negative
along the z axis

39

40

10

3/23/2011

Moment of a Force
Scalar Formation

Moment of a Force
Scalar Formation

Moment of a force does not always cause rotation

Force F tends to rotate the beam clockwise about A with
moment
MA = FdA
Force F tends to rotate the beam counterclockwise about
B with moment
MB = FdB
Hence support at A prevents
the rotation

Example
For each case, determine the moment of the
force about point O

41

42

Moment of a Force
Scalar Formation

Moment of a Force
Scalar Formation
Solution

Solution
Line of action is extended as a dashed line to establish
moment arm d
Tendency to rotate is indicated and the orbit is shown
as a colored curl
(a) M o

(100 N )(2m)

(b) M o

(50 N )(0.75m) 37.5 N .m(CW )

(c ) M o

(40 N )(4m 2 cos 30 m)

(d ) M o

(60 N )(1sin 45 m)

( e) M o

(7 kN )(4m 1m)

229 N .m(CW )

42.4 N .m(CCW )
21.0kN .m(CCW )

200 N .m(CW )

43

44

11

3/23/2011

Moment of a Force Scalar

Formation

Moment of a Force
Scalar Formation
Solution

Example
Determine the moments of
the 800N force acting on the
frame about points A, B, C
and D.

Scalar Analysis
MA

(800 N )(2.5m)

MB

(800 N )(1.5m) 1200 N .m(CW )

2000 N .m(CW )

MC

(800 N )(0m) 0kN .m

Line of action of F passes through C

MD

(800 N )(0.5m)

400 N .m(CCW )

45

Free-Body Diagrams

46

Free-Body Diagrams

FBD is the best method to represent all the known

and unknown forces in a system
FBD is a sketch of the outlined shape of the body,
which represents it being isolated from its
surroundings
Necessary to show all the forces and couple moments
that the surroundings exert on the body so that these
effects can be accounted for when equations of
equilibrium are applied
47

48

12

3/23/2011

Free-Body Diagrams

Free-Body Diagrams

49

Free-Body Diagrams

50

Free-Body Diagrams

Support Reactions
If the support prevents the translation of a body in a
given direction, then a force is developed on the body
in that direction
If rotation is prevented, a couple moment is exerted
on the body
Consider the three ways a horizontal member, beam
is supported at the end
- roller, cylinder
- pin
- fixed support
51

Support Reactions
Roller or cylinder
Prevent the beam from
translating in the vertical
direction
Roller can only exerts a force
on the beam in the vertical
direction
52

13

3/23/2011

Free-Body Diagrams

Free-Body Diagrams

Support Reactions

Support Reactions

Pin
The pin passes through a hold in the beam and
two leaves that are fixed to the ground
Prevents translation of the beam in any direction
F
The pin exerts a force F on the beam in this
direction

Fixed Support
This support prevents both translation
and rotation of the beam
A couple and moment must be developed
on the beam at its point of connection
Force is usually represented in x and y
components
53

Free-Body Diagrams

54

Free-Body Diagrams

Cable exerts a force on the

bracket
Type 1 connections

Concrete Girder rest on the ledge

that is assumed to act as a smooth
contacting surface
Type 6 connections

Rocker support for this bridge

girder allows horizontal
movements so that the bridge is
free to expand and contract due
to temperature
Type 5 connections
55

Utility building is pin supported

at the top of the column
Type 8 connections
56

14

3/23/2011

Free-Body Diagrams

Free-Body Diagrams

External and Internal Forces

Floor beams of this building

are welded together and thus
form fixed connections
Type 10 connections

A rigid body is a composition of particles, both

external and internal forces may act on it
For FBD, internal forces act between particles which
are contained within the boundary of the FBD, are not
represented
Particles outside this boundary exert external forces
on the system and must be shown on FBD
FBD for a system of connected bodies may be used
for analysis
57

5.2 Free-Body Diagrams

58

Free-Body Diagrams
Idealized Models

Idealized Models
Needed to perform a correct force analysis of
any object
Careful selection of supports, material,
behavior and dimensions for trusty results
Complex cases may require developing several
different models for analysis
59

Consider a steel beam used to support the roof

joists of a building
For force analysis, reasonable to assume rigid
body since small deflections occur when beam is
loaded
Bolted connection at A will allow for slight
rotation when load is applied => use Pin

60

15

3/23/2011

Free-Body Diagrams

Free-Body Diagrams

Support at B offers no resistance to horizontal

movement => use Roller
Building code requirements used to specify the roof
loading (calculations of the joist forces)
Large roof loading forces account for extreme loading
cases and for dynamic or vibration effects
Weight is neglected when it is small compared to the
load the beam supports

Procedure for Drawing a FBD

1. Draw Outlined Shape
Imagine body to be isolated or cut free from its
constraints
Draw outline shape
2. Show All Forces and Couple Moments
Identify all external forces and couple moments that
act on the body

61

62

Free-Body Diagrams

Free-Body Diagrams

Procedure for Drawing a FBD

Usually due to
- applied loadings
- reactions occurring at the supports or at points of
contact with other body
- weight of the body
To account for all the effects, trace over the
boundary, noting each force and couple moment
acting on it

3. Identify Each Loading and Give Dimensions

Indicate dimensions for calculation of forces

63

Procedure for Drawing a FBD

Known forces and couple moments should be

properly labeled with their magnitudes and
directions
Letters used to represent the magnitudes and
direction angles of unknown forces and couple
moments
Establish x, y and coordinate system to identify
unknowns
64

16

3/23/2011

Free-Body Diagrams

Free-Body Diagrams

Example
Draw the free-body diagram of the uniform
beam. The beam has a mass of 100kg.

Solution
Free-Body Diagram

65

66

Equations of Equilibrium

Equations of Equilibrium
For equilibrium of a rigid body in 2D,
?Fx = 0; ?Fy = 0; ?MO = 0
?Fx and ?Fy represent the algebraic sums of the x and
y components of all the forces acting on the body
?MO represents the algebraic sum of the couple
moments and moments of the force components about
an axis perpendicular to x-y plane and passing
through arbitrary point O, which may lie on or off the
body
67

Alternative Sets of Equilibrium Equations

For coplanar equilibrium problems, ?Fx = 0; ?Fy = 0;
?MO = 0 can be used
Two alternative sets of three independent equilibrium
equations may also be used
? Fa = 0; ?MA = 0; ?MB = 0
When applying these equations, it is required that a
line passing through points A and B is not
perpendicular to the a axis
68

17

3/23/2011

Equations of Equilibrium

Equations of Equilibrium

Solution
FBD
600N force is represented by its x and y components
200N force acts on the beam at B and is
independent of the
force components
Bx and By, which
represent the effect of
the pin on the beam

Example
Determine the horizontal and vertical
components of reaction for the beam loaded.
Neglect the weight of the beam in the
calculations.

69

70

Equations of Equilibrium

Equations of Equilibrium

Solution
Equations of Equilibrium

Solution
MB

MB
600 cos 45 N
Bx

0;

100 N (2m ) (600 sin 45 N )(5m ) (600 cos 45 N )(0.2m ) A y (7 m ) 0

0;
Bx

Ay

319 N
Fy

424 N

0;

319 N 600 sin 45 N 100 N 200 N

A direct solution of Ay can be obtained by applying ?MB =

0 about point B
Forces 200N, Bx and By all create zero moment about B
71

By

By

405N

72

18

3/23/2011

Equations of Equilibrium
Solution
Checking,
MA

0;

(600 sin 45 N )(2m ) (600 cos 45 N )(0.2m ) (100 N )(5m )

( 200 N )(7 m ) B y (7m ) 0
By

405 N

73

19