Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 6, JUNE 2014
I. INTRODUCTION
Manuscript received September 10, 2013; revised January 15, 2014; accepted
March 19, 2014. Date of publication March 26, 2014; date of current version
May 29, 2014. This work was supported in part by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under Project No: 110E265.
The authors are with the Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41000, Turkey (e-mail:
sibelgunduz@kocaeli.edu.tr).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2014.2313855
0018-926X 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
DIKMEN et al.: PLANAR OCTAGONAL-SHAPED UWB ANTENNA WITH REDUCED RADAR CROSS SECTION
2947
the designed UWB antenna has the lower RCS in the whole operation bandwidth, especially in the low frequency range, compared to the previously reported RCS reduced UWB antennas.
With these novel features, the proposed antenna can be conveniently used as an UWB antenna in the low RCS platforms.
2948
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 6, JUNE 2014
Fig. 5. Surface current distributions of the reference UWB antenna. (a) 7 GHz. (b) 13 GHz.
tions on the metallic areas of the reference antenna were obtained. The radiation behavior of an antenna is generally based
on the surface current distributions of the metallic areas. The
metallic areas where the surface currents are small can be subtracted in order to reduce the RCS. Thus the radiation performance of the modified antenna will be maintained the same,
as the RCS will be reduced. The simulation results of the surface current distributions for reference antenna are presented
in Fig. 5. The currents are distributed unequally. Some places
have the minimum current amplitude as the others have the maximum. According to these current distributions, the metal areas
were subtracted, as shown in Fig. 6.
As seen from Fig. 6, a strip line with the width of
is
left on the ground layer to feed the radiator element. According
to the current distribution an elliptic geometry is subtracted from
the ground layer. The origin of the elliptic geometry that was
subtracted is on the middle of the feeding point of the antenna.
The radius of the elliptic geometry at - axis is
and - axis is
. Beside them, a circular part with
radius
is subtracted from the radiator element.
To better demonstrate the effect of the elliptic geometry of
the ground plane on the reflection coefficient, we simulated antenna with various
and
values. First, we investigated
the effect of . As seen from the Fig. 7(a), increasing the
values, while keeping constant the other parameters cause a decrease in the antenna performance. When
, the
reflection coefficient characteristic is very close the reference
antenna. Second, the effect of
values on the reflection coefficient is investigated. According to the simulation results, when
increases as the other parameters kept constant, the reflection coefficient characteristic begins to deteriorate in the lower
frequency band [see Fig. 7(b)]. For this reason, the radiuses of
the elliptic geometry are chosen as
,
.
Finally, the effect of the removed circular part on the reflection coefficient is investigated. Fig. 8 shows the simulated
results of the modified antenna with the increasing length
of , from 4 to 6 mm. As seen from figure, the increasing
values cause the decreases in the antenna performance, especially within 49 GHz frequency range. With these parametric
studies, the optimum antenna dimensions are obtained. The
simulation results of the reference and modified antenna are
shown in Fig. 9. We observed that the modifications didnt
affect the reflection coefficient characteristics of the antenna.
Besides the frequency domain performances of the reference
and modified antennas, the time domain performances must be
obtained in order to ensure a good UWB characteristic. For this
purpose, the effect of subtraction of metal areas on the time
DIKMEN et al.: PLANAR OCTAGONAL-SHAPED UWB ANTENNA WITH REDUCED RADAR CROSS SECTION
Fig. 8. Effect of
2949
Fig. 11. Simulated group delays for reference and modified antenna.
are due to the fabrication of the antennas. To verify this fabrication effect, a sensitivity study for the antenna geometry was
carried out [Fig. 13(c)]. As mentioned before, the parameters
, , and have the critical role on the reflection coefficient. In Fig. 13(c), the simulation was performed with 1 mm
smaller dimension of . As seen from the figure, the simulation result came closer to the measurement result that was the
evidence of the fabrication effect.
III. ANTENNA PERFORMANCE
Fig. 9. Simulated reflection coefficient results for reference and modified
antenna.
domain performance was investigated. Fig. 10 presents the impulse responses of reference and modified antennas. In time domain analysis, a Gaussian pulse was used for excitation signal.
As seen from Fig. 10, the subtraction process didnt affect the
time domain performance. As well as the impulse responses of
the antennas, the group delay is another important parameter in
time domain analysis of UWB antenna designs. The simulated
group delays for reference and modified antennas are shown in
Fig. 11. From the figure, after the modifications the group delay
response still has less variation.
Finally, the reference and modified antennas were fabricated
(Fig. 12). They are measured with Rohde Schwarz ZVB 20
vector network analyzer to obtain the reflection coefficient characteristics. The simulated and measured results of the reflection
coefficient for the reference and modified UWB antennas are
shown in Fig. 13(a) and (b), respectively. It can be seen from
the figures that the measurements and the simulation results of
the reflection coefficient are relatively in a good agreement. The
differences between the measurements and simulation results
2950
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 6, JUNE 2014
Fig. 12. Pictures of octagonal-shaped UWB antennas. (a) Reference. (b) Modified.
Fig. 13. Simulated and measured reflection coefficient for the reference, modified and adapted octagonal-shaped UWB antenna.
(2)
(3)
(4)
DIKMEN et al.: PLANAR OCTAGONAL-SHAPED UWB ANTENNA WITH REDUCED RADAR CROSS SECTION
2951
Fig. 17. Simulation results of monostatic RCS for reference and modified antennas for -polarized incident wave impinging from normal direction.
Fig. 18. Simulation results of monostatic RCS for reference and modified antennas for -polarized incident wave impinging from normal direction.
Fig. 19. Measured RCS results of modified antennas for -polarized incident
wave impinging from normal direction.
2952
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 6, JUNE 2014
As seen from Figs. 20 and 21, also for oblique incident angles
the RCS reduction is maintained in the operation band. This
shows that, the modified antenna geometry provide a good RCS
reduction within the whole frequency band and for normal and
oblique incidence angles.
V. CONCLUSION
Fig. 20. Simulated RCS at oblique incidence for -polarized incident wave.
. (b)
.
(a)
Fig. 21. Simulated RCS at oblique incidence for -polarized incident wave.
. (b)
.
(a)
DIKMEN et al.: PLANAR OCTAGONAL-SHAPED UWB ANTENNA WITH REDUCED RADAR CROSS SECTION
2953
[33] T. Hong, S. -X. Gong, W. Jiang, Y.-X. Xu, and X. Wang, A novel
ultra-wideband antenna with reduced radar cross section, Progr. Electromagn. Res., vol. PIER 96, pp. 300308, 2009.
[34] H. Y. Xu, H. Zang, and K. Lu, Ultra wideband Koch fractal antenna
with low backscattering cross section, J. Electromagn. Waves Appl.,
vol. 24, no. 1718, pp. 26152623, 2010.
[35] Y. B. Thakare and Rajkumar, Design of fractal patch antenna for size
and radar cross-section reduction, IET Microw. Antennas Propag.,
vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 175181, Feb., 2010.
[36] H. Y. Xu, H. Zhang, K. Lu, and X. F. Zeng, A holly-leaf-shaped
monopole antenna with low RCS for UWB application, Progr. Electromagn. Res., vol. 117, pp. 3550, 2011.
[37] Y. Liu and S. X. Gong, A novel UWB clover disc monopole antenna
with RCS reduction, J. Electromagn. Waves Appl., vol. 22, no. 89,
pp. 11151121, 2008.
[38] S. H. Zainud-Deen, H. A. El-AzemMalhat, and K. H. Awadalla, A
single-feed cylindrical superquadric dielectric resonator antenna for
circular polarization, Progr. Electromagn. Res., vol. 85, pp. 409424,
2008.
[39] S.-X. Gong and Y. Liu, Prediction and Reduction of Antenna Radar
Cross Section. Xian, China: Publishing House of Xidian Univ.,
2010.