B1 Grammar topics

These are topics you need to study to pass an exam

at B1 level, such as Cambridge English Preliminary:
Adverbs
Both, either, neither
Broader range of intensifiers; So, such, too, enough
Comparatives and superlatives
Question tags
Conditionals, 2nd and 3rd
Connecting words expressing
cause and effect, contrast etc.
Embedded questions
Future continuous
Modals - must/cant deduction
Modals might, may, will, probably
Modals should have/might have/etc
Modals: must/have to
Past continuous
Past perfect
Past simple
Past tense responses
Phrasal verbs, extended
Prepositions of place
Present perfect continuous
Present perfect/past simple

Reported speech (range of tenses)

Simple passive
Wh- questions in the past
Will and going to, for prediction

ADVERBS
Use:
Adverbs can be used to describe verbs. They describe HOW you do something.
Examples: She walks quickly; He sings nicely.
Form:
1) You can make many adverbs by adding ly to an adjective.
slow -> slowly; loud -> loudly
If an adjective ends in y, change it to an i.
heavy -> heavily; funny -> funnily
Add ally to adjectives ending in ic.
Physical -> physically; energetic -> energetically
2) Some adverbs are irregular, and do not end in ly. These include:
good -> well She dances well.
hard -> hard He works hard.
fast -> fast He runs fast.
late -> late He arrives late.
3a) Usually, the adverb goes after the verb it describes.
She talks quietly NOT She quietly talks.
He runs fast. NOT He fast runs.
3b) If the verb has a direct object WITHOUT A PREPOSITION the adverb should go
after the object.
You sang that song nicely. NOT You sang nicely that song.
He did the job well. NOT He did well the job.
3c) If the verb is followed by a preposition and an object, you can put the adverb in
different places.
He quickly walked to the shop.
He walked quickly to the shop.
He walked to the shop quickly.

4) Adverbs are NOT used to describe the following verbs. These verbs use adjectives.
Be I am quiet. NOT I am quietly.
Seem It seems strange. NOT It seems strangely.
Look That looks nice. NOT That looks nicely.
Smell That smells good. NOT That smells well.
Sound That sounds great. NOT That sounds greatly.
Feel That feels funny. NOT That feels funnily.
5) Some words end in ly but they are not adverbs. Friendly is an example. Friendly is
an adjective. We can say She is friendly but not She talks friendly. There is no
adverb for friendly, but we can say She talks in a friendly way. Elderlyand lonely are
also adjectives, not adverbs. Kindly and early are adjectives and adverbs.

BOTH, EITHER, NEITHER

Use:
1) Both
Both means two of two things.
I have two cats. I like both of them.
2) Neither
Neither means not one or the other of two things.
Neither of my cats is grey.
Remember to use a singular verb after neither.
Neither of the dogs are dangerous. => Neither of the dogs is dangerous.
3) Either
Either means one or the other.
There are two cakes. Please have one. You can have either one.
Form:
1) You can use both, neither and either directly before a noun.
Both supermarkets are good.
Neither supermarket sells electrical goods.
We can go to either supermarket, I dont mind.
2) Both, neither and either are often used with of. But you must always use
adeterminer (the, my, these, those, his etc) before the noun.
Both of children like chocolate cake. => Both of the children like chocolate cake.
However, you dont have to use of with both.
Both of the children like chocolate cake.
Both children like chocolate cake.
3) You can use both, neither and either+ of + object pronoun(you, them, us).

Both of them wore white dresses.

Neither of us was late.
Have either of you got a pen?
4) You can use both ... and ...; neither ... nor ..., and either ... or ....
Examples:
Both James and Diana work here.
Neither James nor Diana works here.
You can ask either James or Diana.
Grammar: So, such, too, enough
Too
Use:
Too means there is a lot of something. It shows a negative opinion.
Its too hot = It is very hot and I dont like it.
Form:
You can use too before an adjective.
Its too cold. My trousers are too small.
You can also use it before an adverb,
You walk too fast. James speaks too quietly.
Before a noun, use too much (uncountable nouns) or many (countable nouns).
I ate too much food.
I ate too many sandwiches.
You can also use too much after a verb.
I ate too much.
Paul drinks too much.
Enough
Use:
Enough means you have what you need.
We have enough food for everyone = everyone has some food.
We dont have enough chairs for everyone = some people dont have chairs.
Form:
Write enough before a noun.
We have enough chairs.
But write it after an adjective or verb.
Are you warm enough? Hes qualified enough. She isnt tall enough to be a model.
You dont work hard enough. Are you sleeping enough?

Sentences with enough are sometimes followed by to + verb infinitive.

Im not tall enough to reach the book.
I havent got enough money to buy that coat.
So
Use:
So means very.
Its so hot!
Form:
So is generally used before an adjective or an adverb.
Hes so funny! He plays the piano so well!
However, in modern English, it is increasingly being used before nouns and verbs.
That dress is so last year! (= That dress is last years fashion)
Im so going to shout at him when I see him! (so = really)
So can be used with a that clause, to show a result of the first clause.
I was so hot that I couldnt sleep.

Such
Use:
Such also means very. Such is used before an adjective and noun.
They are such nice children.
Form:
A / an, if necessary, go after such, not before.
Thats a such pretty dress. => Thats such a pretty dress!
Like So, Such can be used with a that clause, to show a result of the first clause.
I was such a nice day that we decided to go to the park.

Common mistakes
1) Some students use too with a positive meaning. But use so or very here
Its too hot! I love the summer! => Its so hot! I love the summer!
2) Some students write enough in the wrong place.
Do we have sugar enough? => Do we have enough sugar?
3) Some students use so / suchthat incorrectly.
It was so hot that the sun was shining.
This sentence is not correct because the sun was shining is not a direct result of It was
so hot. The hot day did not cause the sun to shine.

Comparatives

Use:
Use the comparative form to talk about how two things are different.
I am taller than you.
This book is thicker than that one.
Form:
1) If an adjective has one syllable, add er to the end. If it ends in e already, just addr.
tall => taller nice => nicer
thick => thicker late => later
2) If an adjective ends in one vowel and one consonant, write the consonant again,
then write er. But never write a w twice.
big => bigger new => newer (NOT newwer) thin => thinner slow => slower
(NOT slowwer) slim => slimmer
My brother is thinner than me.
3) If an adjective has two syllables and ends in y, change the y to i and add er.
funny => funnier silly => sillier
Which of these books is funnier?
5) Some adjectives have irregular superlative forms. These are listed below.
good => better
bad => worse
far => further
Add than after a comparative adjective to compare one thing with another. However,
this is not always necessary.
My house is smaller than yours.
Superlatives

Use:
Use the superlative form to describe something that is greater than any other thing.
The Amazon is the longest river in the world.
Helen is the most intelligent student in the class.
Form:
1)

Write the before all superlatives.

2)
If an adjective is short and has one syllable, add est to the end. If it ends
in e already, just add st.
tall
=>
the tallest
nice
=>
the nicest
thick
=>
the thickest
late
=>
thelatest

2)
If an adjective ends in one vowel and one consonant, write the consonant
again, then write est. But never write a w twice.
big
=>
the biggest
new
=>
thenewest (NOT newwest)
thin
=>
the thinnest
slow
=>
the
slowest (NOT slowwest)
slim
=>
the slimmest
The biggest cat in the world is the lion.
3)

If an adjective has two syllables and ends in y, change the y to i and addest.
funny =>
the funniest
silly
=>
thesilliest

Its the silliest film Ive ever seen!

4)
For other adjectives with two or more syllables, DONT add est.
Writemost before the adjective.
interesting
=>
the most interesting
surprising
=>
the most surprising
Its the most interesting book Ive ever read.
5)

Some adjectives have irregular superlative forms. These are listed below.
good
=>
the best
bad
=>
the worst
far
=>
the furthest

6)
a) In is often (but not always) used after a superlative adjective to describe
where this statement is true.
London is the biggest city in England.
Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
My brother is the tallest person in my family.
Question Tags

Use:
Use question tags in two situations.
1) You are not sure if something is true, so you want to check. In this case, your voice
should rise when you say the question tag.

Youre not going now, are you?

2) You know something is true. You want to include/involve another person in the
conversation. In this case, your voice should fall when you say the tag. It does not sound
like a question.

He doesnt live here now, does he?

Form:
Question tags are either:
1) positive statements with short, negative questions at the end.
These tags check something that you believe is true.
Its Monday today, isnt it?
2) negative statements with short, positive questions at the end.
These tags check something that you believe is false.
Its not raining, is it?
Make question tags this way:
1) If there is an auxiliary verb or a modal verb, write it in the opposite form (positive
or negative) at the end of the sentence. Then write the subject pronoun of the sentence.
Ians nice, isnt he?
Laura hasnt arrived yet, has she?
I cant do anything to help, can I?
We wont be late, will we?
Caution:
CAUTION: Use arent with Im in questions tags.
Im a bit careless, arent I?
NOT

Im a bit careless, am not I?

2) In present and past simple sentences, use do, does or did in the question tag.
Brian and Cathy dont eat meat, do they?
Your dad lives abroad, doesnt he?
Your friends enjoyed themselves, didnt they?
3) Use a positive question tag after never.
Miles never goes out, does he?
Second Conditional

Use:
The second conditional structure is used to talk about imaginary situations and the
consequences.
Example: If I had a car, I could visit my friend.
(But the truth is, I do not have a car, and I cannot visit my friend).
The second conditional structure is also used to talk about imaginary abilities and the
consequences.
Example: If I could fly, I wouldnt need a car.
(But the truth is, I cannot fly, and so I need a car.)

Form:
1) Make the second conditional in this way.
If

past simple

would / wouldnt

verb

you
he
she...
Example:

you
he
she...

d
could / couldnt

(infinitive
form)

If we had more money, we would buy that house.

Or
I
would / wouldnt verb
you
d
(infinitive form)
he
could / couldnt
she...
Example:

if

I
you
he
she...

past simple

Shed be more successful if she worked harder.

2) The verb to be can use were for all subjects. This is particularly true in the
sentence: If I were you
If I were you, Id buy a bicycle.
However, this rule is often overlooked.
If he were more careful, he wouldnt break everything. =>
If he was more careful, he wouldnt break everything.
3) To talk about imaginary abilities, use could.
If

I
you
he
she...

Example:

could + verb (infinitive) ,

I
you
he
she...

would / wouldnt
d

verb
(infinitive
form)

If I could help you, I would!

4) Notice that the infinitive verb after the modal verbs is not necessary if the meaning is
clear. Dont contract modal verbs when there is no infinitive verb present.
If I could pay, Id... => If I could pay, I would...
Common errors:
1) Many students write would after If
If I would have a lot of money, I would buy that car!
=>
If I had a lot of money, I would buy that car!
2) Many students forget to use could to talk about abilities.
If I played the drums, Id join a band.
=>
If I could play the drums, Id join a band.
Third Conditional

Use:
Use the third conditional to talk about past events. Use it to describe what could have

happened (event b) as a result of something else (event a). However, neitherevent

a nor event b happened. Therefore the third conditional describes hypothetical,
imaginary situations.
If I had been at home yesterday, Id have got your phone call.
(But, I was not at home, and I didnt receive your call.)
The third conditional is often used to criticise:
If you had worked harder, you wouldnt have failed the test.
(But you didnt work hard and you failed the test).
Or it can be used to express regret:
If I hadnt spent all my money, I couldve bought a computer.
(But I spend all my money and I couldnt buy a computer).
Or it can be used to express relief:
If I wed taken that route, wed have been stuck in the traffic jam for hours!
(But we didnt take that route, and we didnt get stuck)
Form:
a) Make the third conditional structure this way:

If

past perfect
(had + past participle)
(hadnt + past
participle)

would have
wouldve
d have
wouldnt have

EVENT A

past participle

EVENT B

If youd told me that Anna had put on weight, I wouldnt have congratulated her on
becoming pregnant.
Or:

I / you / he /
she / we / it /
they

would have
wouldve
d have

past participle

if

past perfect
(had + past participle)
(hadnt + past participle)

wouldnt have
EVENT B

EVENT A

Jim wouldnt have made those mistakes if you had trained him properly.
b) You can also use may have / may not have, might have / might not have orcould
have / couldnt have to describe less certain possibilities rather than certain
consequences.
You might have had an accident if youd driven home in the snow last night.

c) Sometimes the if clause is implied but not spoken.

Id have helped.
means Id have helped if youd asked me.
I wouldnt have said that.
means I wouldnt have said that if Id been there.
Common Mistakes
Some students write would after if. Would does not go in the If clause, it goes in the
other clause.
If I would have seen Sally, Id have told her the news.
If I had seen Sally,
Id have told her the news.
CONNECTION WORDS
Use:
Connectives join two clauses, and show the relationship between them.
The relationship can show:

a contrast Although, but, even though, however, despite, in spite of

a cause because, because of, as a result of, due to

an effect so, consequently, as a result, thus, therefore

These words cannot be used interchangeably. They may be located in different places
with in the sentence, and they may use a different grammar.
Form:
a) Connectives showing Contrast
Compare these sentences with the same meaning:
i It is sunny but temperatures are low.
Never start a sentence with But. You can use but after a comma(,). In short sentences,
no punctuation is needed.
ii Although it is sunny, temperatures are low. / Even though it is sunny, temperatures
are low.
Note how Although and Even though are located in a different part of the sentence
from But. Although and Even though go before the known clause, whereas but goes
before the unknown clause. The two clauses are separated with a comma. The order of
clauses can be reversed.
Temperatures are low, even though / although its sunny.
iii It is sunny. However, temperatures are low.
Note how however starts a sentence and is followed by a comma. It may also be seen
after a semi-colon (;). Consequently, it is usually seen in longer sentences.

iv Despite the sun, temperatures are low.

In spite of the sun, temperatures are low.
Note the position of Despite and In spite of before the known clause. The order of
clauses can be reversed:
Temperatures are low despite / in spite of the sun.
Also note that these words are followed by a noun, not a verb clause. You can also use
the ing form of the verb in these sentences.
Despite / In spite of it being sunny, temperatures are low.
b) Connectives showing a Cause
Compare these sentences with the same meaning.
i I arrived late because the traffic was bad.
Because the traffic was bad, I arrived late.
Note you can ONLY start a sentence with Because if there are two clauses in the
sentence.
Because we were late. INCORRECT
Because we were late, we missed the start of the show. CORRECT
Starting a sentence with Because is more formal than using it in the middle of a
sentence, and is most commonly used in writing, not speaking.
ii I arrived late because of the bad traffic. OR Because of the bad traffic, I arrived
late.
I arrived late due to the bad traffic.
OR Due to the bad traffic, I arrived late.
I arrived late as a result of the bad traffic. OR As a result of the bad traffic, I arrived
late.
Note how these expressions are followed by a noun, not a verb clause.
c) Connectives showing Effect
Compare these sentences with the same meaning.
i We were late so we missed the beginning of the show.
Never start a sentence with So. So can follow a comma(,). In short sentences, no
punctuation is needed.
ii We were late and thus we missed the beginning of the show.
We were late and consequently we missed the beginning of the show.
We were late and as a result we missed the beginning of the show.
We were late and therefore we missed the beginning of the show.
Consequently, As a result, Therefore and Thus are more formal than So. They are
common in formal sentences. They often start a sentence, but they can be joined to the
previous sentence with and.
Common Mistakes:
1. Some students begin sentences with But and So.

Joe went to university. But he didnt like it. Joe went to university, but he didnt like
it.
2. Some students write a sentence with because and only one clause.
I went to the shop. Because I needed some bread. I went to the shop because I
needed some bread.
3. Some students do not use nouns when they needed to.
I went indoors due to it was cold outside. I went indoors due to the cold weather
outside.
EMBEDDED QUESTIONS

Use:
Whenever you use an introductory phrase before a question, you must change the word
order in the question.
Introductions include:
Can you tell me...? Do you know...? I dont know... Im not sure... I wonder... I cant
remember...
Whats the time? =>Can you tell me what the time is?
Where did he go? =>I dont know where he went.
Form:
1) If the question has an auxiliary verb, swap the positions of the auxiliary verb and the
subject. You can also do this in sentences with the verb to be.
Example: When can you get here?
Can is the auxiliary verb and you is the subject. Swap their positions when you add an
introduction.
Do you know when you can get here?
Other examples:
Where has he gone? =>I dont know where he has gone.
What are they doing? =>I dont know what theyre doing.
What time is it? =>Have you any idea what time it is?
You cannot contract the verb if it is the last word in the sentence.
Do you know what time its?
=>Do you know what time it is?
2) If the question is in the present or past simple, remove do / does / did from the
question. Change the verb ending so that the verb is in the correct tense.
Example:
Where did he go? =>Did you see where he went?
What time do you get up? =>Can you tell me what time you get up?
Where does she work? =>I wonder where she works.
3) If a question does not have a question word (Where, What, Why etc.)
use if orwhether before the question.

Example:
Does he live here? =>Do you know if he lives here?
Are they coming to the party? =>Do you know whether they are coming to the party?

Prepositions and prepositional phrases of place

Use:
Use prepositions of place to describe where something is.

The ball is in the box.

The ball is on the box.
The ball is under the
box.

The ball is over the

box.
The ball is next to the The ball is between the
box.
two boxes.

The ball is near

(to) the box.

The ball is in front

of the box.

The ball is behind the

box.

In is also used in these situations:

Countries, cities, villages We live in France / in Paris / in Madrid.
the world
mountains and valleys
buildings
water
the middle / centre

Its the highest building in the world.

They have a cottage in the mountains / in a valley.
She works in a bank.
Dont swim in the sea / the river / the lake.
He lives in the middle of Paris / in the city centre.

Which film was that actor in? I read about it in the

books / films / newspaper newspaper.
On is also used in these situations:
walls, ceilings, doors,
floor:
surfaces
the front / side/ back
left / right
Floors
lists / menus
roads

She hung the picture on the ceiling / the wall / the door.
Theres a dirty mark on the page / table
Theres a label in on the box / bottle
The school is on the left.
Jims office is on the second floor.
Whats on the menu? Did you buy everything on the list?
I live on Jackson street. The nearest gas station is on the
motorway. The post box is on the way to work.
He lives on the coast. London is on the River Thames.

natural lines and borders

At is also used in these situations:
the top / bottom (of a page)Sign your name at the top / bottom.
Turn left at the traffic lights / roundabout / end of the street.

Directions:
Position (next to
something)

Wait at the traffic lights / corner / tree.

the front / the back

the beginning / the end

I wrote my name at the front / back of the book.

What happened at the beginning / end of the film?
I met him at a party / conference / football match

events

Ill meet you at the airport / the station / home

buildings

Common mistakes:
1. Some students miss out part of the prepositional phrases.
I live next a small shop. =>I live next to a small shop.
I parked the car in front the I parked the car in front of the building.
building. =>
2. Some students add a second preposition where it is not necessary.
Your bag is behind ofthe
door.=>

Your bag is behind the door.

REPORTED SPEECH
Use:
Use reported speech to talk about what another person said in the past.
Eve:
James:

I went to the party on Friday night.

Eve said that she had gone to the party on Friday night.

Form:
1) When reporting speech, the verb in the sentence may shift to a past tense.

am / is / are

changes
to

I am fine.
present simple

She said that she was fine.

changes
to

I like it.
present continuous

changes
to
changes
to

changes
to
changes
to

past perfect
I told him that Id read the book.

changes
to

She was walking home

alone.
present perfect continuous

past perfect
Tom said that he had done the shopping.

Ive read that book.

past continuous

could
You said that you could come to the meeting.

I did the shopping.

present perfect

would
You said that youd be there.

changes
to

I can come to the meeting.

past simple

past continuous
He said that she was sleeping.

Ill be there.
can

past simple
He said he liked it.

Shes sleeping.
will

was / were

past perfect continuous

He said that she had been walking home
alone.

changes
to

past perfect continuous

Ive been working,

I told him that Id been working.
2) To report speech, use He / She / I said (that) ...
You can also use He / She told me (that)...; I told him / her (that)...
3) Dont use quotation marks () when reporting speech.
4) References to times in the past also may need to change when using reported
speech, if that time is no longer the same.
this morning / week / month
yesterday
last week / month
ago
tomorrow
next week / month

Simple passive

that morning / week / month

the previous day
the previous week / month
earlier / previously
the following day
the following week / month

Use:
The passive voice is used:
a) When the object of a sentence is more important than the subject
The city was destroyed by the volcano.
b) When the subject of the sentence is unknown.
This cheese was made in Canada.
It is common in formal and scientific writing.
Form:
You can use the passive voice in all tenses. Use the correct form of be + the past
participle of the verb.

Present Simple:
I
you / they / we
It / She / he

Past Simple:
you / they / we
I / It / She / he

Present Perfect:
I / you / they / we
It / She / he

am
are
is

were
was

taken
given
built
made
eaten
brought
cooked
left...

People built the castle over 800

years ago.
=> The castle was built over 800
years ago.

Someone has taken my book!

=> My book has been taken!

have been
has been

Past Perfect:
I / you / they / we / it / she / he
had been

Modals
I / you / they / we / it / she / he

Past participle The workers collect the rubbish of

Wednesdays.
=> The rubbish is collected on
Thursdays.

When we arrived at the airport,

someone had resold our tickets.
=> When we arrived at the
airport, our tickets had been
resold.

You must wear a hard hat in this

area.

can be
will be
would be
must be
should be
could be

=> Hard harts must be worn in

this area.

To mention who caused the action, use by.

The bins were emptied by the cleaning staff.
MODAL VERBS

Using Modals for Recommendations

Use:
The following modals can be used to give recommendations.
must Must can be used to give a strong recommendation.
You must see the Empire State Building while you are in New York.
have to You can also use have to for recommendations, but must is more
common. Have to is generally used to talk about rules and things beyond your control.
You have to see the Empire State Building while you are in New York.
should Should and ought to are used to give a suggestion.
You should try haggis while you are in Scotland.
could Could is used to give an option.
You could stay in a hotel, or you could stay at a guest house.
dont have to Dont have to is used to say that something isnt necessary.
You dont have to get a taxi; the metro is really fast and efficient.
shouldnt Should is used to warn someone gently against doing something.
You shouldnt walk home alone after dark.
mustnt Mustnt is used to warn someone strongly against doing something.
You mustnt go to that part of the city its dangerous.
Form:
Must, should and could are modals. Modals follow the following rules.

1) Do not add s to the third person singular.

He must. NOT He musts
2) To form a negative, add not after the verb.
I shouldnt. NOT I dont should
3) To form questions, invert the modal verb and the subject.
Must you? NOT Do you must?
4) Modals are always followed by a verb in the infinitive form.
I should go. NOT I should to go. / I should coming.
Have to is a regular verb.
1) Use Do / Does / Did to form questions.
Do you have to go? NOT Have you to go?
2) Have to is followed by a verb in the infinitive form.
I have to go.
3) Use dont / doesnt / didnt to form negative sentences.
I dont have to go. NOT I havent to go.
Common Mistakes:
1. Many students use to after modal verbs.
You must to visit the museum. You must visit the museum.
2. Some students write the question and negative form of have to incorrectly.
You havent to take the bus You dont have to take the bus.
Have you to go now? Do you have to go now?
May Might and Adverbs of Probability
May and Might
Use:
Use May and Might to talk about what will possibly happen in the
future. May andMight mean maybe will. They can refer to the future or the present.
Examples: I might have a pen in my bag. ( = present use)
She may arrive tomorrow. ( = future use)
Form:
May and Might are modal verbs, like can, will and should, so they follow the same
rules.
1) Do not add s to the third person singular.
He may come. NOT He mays come.
She might stay. NOT She mights stay.
2) To form a negative, add not after may and might.
He may not come. She might not stay.

3) To form questions, invert may/might and the subject. However, questions

withmight are not common.
Might he be late?
4) May can be used with I or we to make requests. However, can and could are more
common.
May I have some chocolate? May we go to the party?
5) May and Might are always followed by a verb in the infinitive form.
I might go. NOT I might to go.
She might stay. NOT She might staying.

Will + adverbs of probability

Use:
You can use will and wont with different adverbs to show how probable a future event
is.
Ill possibly go to the party.
Ill probably go to the party.
Ill definitely go to the party.
Ill certainly go to the party.
Form:
Note that will / ll is used before the adverb, but wont is used after the adverb.
Ill probably see you later.
I probably wont see you later.
Should have

Use:
1)
Should have can be used to express regret about the past to wish that
something in the past had happened in a different way:
I should have studied for my exam!
(I didnt study for my exams. I failed. Now I wish that the past was different.)

2)
Should have can also be used to talk about something you expected to
happen, but it didnt happen (or it didnt happen until later).
The letter should have arrived by now, but it hasnt come yet.
(I was expecting a letter, but it isnt here).
Heres the bus! It should have been here twenty minutes ago.
(The bus is late. It has just arrived).
Form:

I
You
He / She / It
We
They

should have + past participle

shouldve

You should have phoned me.

You shouldnt have done that.

shouldnt have + past participle

WH-QUESTIONS
Use:
Whenever you use an introductory phrase before a question, you must change the word
order in the question.
Introductions include:
Can you tell me...? Do you know...? I dont know... Im not sure... I wonder... I cant
remember...
Whats the time? =>Can you tell me what the time is?
Where did he go? =>I dont know where he went.
Form:
1) If the question has an auxiliary verb, swap the positions of the auxiliary verb and the
subject. You can also do this in sentences with the verb to be.
Example: When can you get here?
Can is the auxiliary verb and you is the subject. Swap their positions when you add an
introduction.
Do you know when you can get here?
Other examples:
Where has he gone? =>I dont know where he has gone.
What are they doing? =>I dont know what theyre doing.
What time is it? =>Have you any idea what time it is?
You cannot contract the verb if it is the last word in the sentence.
Do you know what time its?
=>Do you know what time it is?

2) If the question is in the present or past simple, remove do / does / did from the
question. Change the verb ending so that the verb is in the correct tense.
Example:
Where did he go? =>Did you see where he went?
What time do you get up? =>Can you tell me what time you get up?
Where does she work? =>I wonder where she works.
3) If a question does not have a question word (Where, What, Why etc.)
use if orwhether before the question.
Example:
Does he live here? =>Do you know if he lives here?
Are they coming to the party? =>Do you know whether they are coming to the party?