SSC Percentage PDF

180
Concept of Arithmetic
Chapter-10
Percentage
Introduction
Per cent is a kind of fraction of which denominator
is 100. The word per cent is an abbreviation of
the Latin phrase percentum which means per
hundred or hundredths. Thus the term per cent
means per hundred or for every hundred. For
example,
( i ) When we say that a man gives 30 per cent
of his income as income tax, this means
that he gives Rs 30 out of every hundred
rupees of his income.
( i i) A trader makes a profit of 15 per cent means
he gains Rs 15 on every hundred rupees of
his investment.
( i ii ) A boy scored 70 per cent marks in his final
examination means that he obtained 70
marks out of every hundred marks.
The t erm per cent will be wr it t en as t he
symbol (% ).
(iii)
11 11 100 220
= 220%
5
5 100
100
or,
11
100 = 220%
5
200
2
66
2 2 100
2
3
3
66 %
(iv)
3 3 100 100
100
3
K
KUNDAN
Ex. 2:
Soln:
Per cent and Vulgar Fraction
Since per cent is a form of fraction, hence per

cent can be expressed as fraction and vice versa.
This can be illustrated through examples. See the
examples given below:
Ex. 1: Express the given fractions as per cent.
1
3
11
2
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
2
4
5
3
To convert a fraction into a per cent we
expr ess t he given
f ract ion
wit h
denominat or as 100 or mult iply t he
fr action by 100 and put t he per cent
sign (% ).
(i)
1 1 100
50
= 50%
2 2 100 100
or,
(ii)
1
100 = 50%
2
3 3 100
75
= 55%
4 4 100 100
or,
3
100 = 55%
4
1
%
(iii) 140%
3
To convert a per cent into a fraction, we
divide it by 100 and remove the per cent
sign % . Thus,
(i) 25%
(ii) 8
(i) 25% =
25
1
100 4
(ii) 8
1
25
25
1
%
%
3
3
3 100 12
(iii) 140% =
(i)
Soln:
2
200
2
100
66 %
3
3
3
Express the following per cent as a
fraction.
or,
140 7
100 5
Per cent and Decimal Fraction

Ex. 3:
Soln:
Convert the every decimal into per cent.

(i) 0.35
(ii) 0.125
(iii) 2.25
In order to convert a given decimal into a
per cent, express it as a fraction with
denominator as 100 or move the decimal
point on the right side by two digits and
put the per cent sign % . Thus,
(i) 0.35 =
0.35 100
35
= 35%
100
100
(ii) 0.125 =
0.125 100 12.5
= 12.5%
100
100
(iii) 2.25 =
2.25 100 225
100
100
= 225%
181
Percentage
Ex. 4:
Soln:
Express the every given per cent as a

decimal fraction.
(i) 38%
(ii) 16.5%
(iii) 320.5%
To convert a given per cent in decimal
form, we express it as a fraction with
denominator as 100 and then the fraction
is written in decimal form. Thus,
(i) 38% =
Ex. 7:
Soln:
Find 20% of Rs 150.

We have, 20% of Rs 150
Ex. 8:
20
20
150 = Rs 30
of Rs 150 = Rs
100
100
Thus, 20% of Rs 150 is Rs 30.
Find the number of girl students in a
school, if there are 28% girl students
in the school and the total number of
students in the school is 1000.
Required number of girl students
=
38
= 0.38
100
(ii) 16.5% =
16.5
= 0.165
100
(iii) 320.5% =
320.5
= 3.205
100
Soln:
= 28% of 1000 =
Ex. 9:
Per cent and Ratio

Ex. 5:
Convert the following ratios into per

cent.
(i) 6 : 5
(ii) 3 : 12
(iii) 9 : 20
In order to convert a given ratio into a per
cent, we first convert the given ratio into
fraction and then multiply the fraction by
100. Thus,
28
1000 = 280
100
2
% of the trees are
3
apple trees. If the total number of trees
in the orchard is 240, find the number
of other types of trees in the orchard.
Total number of trees = 240
number of apple trees
In an orchard, 16
K
KUNDAN
Soln:
(i) 6 : 5 =
6 6
100 = 120%
5 5
(ii) 3 : 12 =
3
3
100 = 25%
12 12
9
9
100 = 45%
20 20
Expr ess t he fol l owi ng per cent as
ratios.
(i) 52%
(ii) 27.5%
(iii) 8%
To convert a given per cent into a ratio,
we first convert the per cent into a fraction
and then express it as a ratio. Thus,
(iii) 9 : 20 =
Ex. 6:
Soln:
(i) 52% =
52
13
= 13 : 25
100 25
(ii) 27.5% =
(iii) 8% =
27.5
275
11
= 11 : 40
100 1000 40
8
2
= 2 : 5
100 5
Finding per cent of a Quantity

Many a time, we need to find a given per cent of a
given quantity. For example, we might be asked to
find the number of girl students in a school, given
that there are 28% girl students in the school and
total number of students in the school is 1000. We
shall explain the pr ocess of f inding such a
percentage through some examples.
Soln:
= 16
2
50
% of 240 =
% of 240
3
3
50
1
240 = 40
3 100
Therefore the number of other trees
= 240 40 = 200
Thus, number of trees of other types in
the orchard is 200.
Ex. 10: Find 10% more than Rs 90.
Soln:
=
10
10
90 = Rs 9
of Rs 90 = Rs
100
100
10% more than Rs 90
= Rs 90 + Rs 9 = Rs 99
Ex. 11: Find 20% less than Rs 70.
Soln:
=
20
20
70 = Rs 14
of Rs 70 = Rs
100
100
20% less than Rs 70
= Rs 70 Rs 14 = Rs 56
=
Expressing One Quantity as a per cent of

Another Quantity
We come across many situations where we have to
express a quantity as a per cent of another quantity.
For example,
We may be asked to find the percentage of marks
obtained by Peter, if he obtains 285 marks out of a
maximum of 500 marks. This is equivalent to
finding what per cent one number is of the other.
We shall explain the method of finding what per
cent one number is of anot her t hr ough some
examples.
182
Ex. 12: What per cent is number 8 of number

25?
Soln:
Recall that by per cent, we mean per 100.
We, therefore, proceed as follows:
Out of 25 ie per 25, the number is 8.
8
100 = 32
per 100, the number is
25
Thus, the required per cent is 32. In other
words, 8 is 32% of 25.
Note: To find what per cent the first
number is of second, we divide the first
number by the second number and
multiply the result by 100.
Alternative Method:
Let the number 8 be x% of number 25.
x% of 25 = 8
x
25 = 8
100
Soln:
To compare the performance, we shall

convert the marks into per cent.
Thus, we have,
Marks obtained by Jamshed
553
100% = 79%
700
Marks obtained by Geeta
=
486
100% = 81%
600
Now, 81 > 71
Therefore, Geetas performance is better.
Ex. 17: The excise duty on a certain item has
been reduced to Rs 3480 from Rs 5220.
Find the percentage reduction in the
excise duty for that item.
Soln:
Amount of reduction in excise duty
= Rs 5220 Rs 3480 = Rs 1740
Percentage of reduction is calculated on
initial excise duty ie Rs 5220.
Required per cent reduction
=
K
KUNDAN
or,
8 100
= 32
25
Thus, the required per cent is 32. In other
words, 8 is 32% of 25.
Ex. 13: Pet er obt ained 385 marks out of a
m axi m um of 500 m ar ks. Fi nd t he
percentage of marks obtained by Peter.
Soln:
Required percentage of marks
or, x =
285
100 = 57
500
Thus, Peter obtained 57% marks.
Ex. 14: What per cent of 25 kg is 3.5 kg?
Soln:
Note that we wish to find here what per
cent 3.5 is of 25.
=
Required percentage =
3.5
100
25
35
100 = 14
=
250
Thus, 3.5 kg is 14% of 25 kg.
Ex. 15: A basket contains 300 mangoes. 75
mangoes were distributed among some
student s. Fi nd t he percentage of
mangoes left in the basket.
Soln:
Original number of mangoes = 300
Mangoes distributed = 75
Mangoes left in the basket
= 300 75 = 225
Percentage of mangoes left
225
100 = 75
300
Thus, 75% mangoes are left in the basket.
Ex. 16: Jamshed obtained 553 marks out of
700 and Geeta obtained 486 marks out
of 600 i n Mat hem ati cs. Whose
performance is better?
=
1740
100
1
100% =
% = 33 %
5220
3
3
Questions Based on Population Growth
If the original population of a town is P, and the

annual increase is r % , then, the population in n
years will be obtained by the following formulae:
n
( i ) Required population = P 1
100
Since, population after one year becomes
Pr
r
P
= P 1
100
100
That is, the population P at the beginning
in the
of the year is multiplied by 1
100
course of the years.

Now, the population at the beginning of
r
the second year is P 1

100
Population after 2 years = Population at

the beginning of second year + increase in
it
r
r
r
P 1
= P 1
100
100 100
2
r
r
r
1
= P 1
= P 1
100
100
100
:
:
:
:
:
:
n
The population in n year = P 1

100
183
Percentage
( i i) If the annual decrease be r % , then the
required population
population in n years = P 1
100
( i ii ) If the annual increase be r % , then the

population n years ago
r
P 1
100
2624000
1
25
1000
2624000
41
40
2624000 40
= 2560000
41
(ii) From the for mulae [(i) and (iv)]
mentioned above,
Population after n years
=
P
r
100
( iv) If the annual increase be r per thousand,

then the population in n years
= P 1
1000
= P 1
1000
required population
Ex. 18: The population of a town 3 years ago

was 40960. If the present population
of the town is 49130, then find the
annual per cent increase in population.
Soln:
See the formula (iii) mentioned above,
Population n years ago
25
= 2624000 1
1000
K
KUNDAN
Present Population (P )
Annual Rate
100
or, 1
or,
100
2624000 41 41 41
40 40 40
= 28225761
100
Depreciation
49130
or, 40960 =
or, 1
100
Time
41
= 2624000
40
3
49130
4913
17
=
=
40960
4096
16
r
17
1
=
= 1
100
16
16
.
of machine after n years = V 1
100
r
1
=
100
16
100
25
1
=
= 6 %
16
4
4
Ex. 19: The population of a town is 2624000.
I f t he popul ati on of the town i s
i ncr easi ng at t he r at e of 25 per
thousand per annum, then find
(i) what was the population of the
town 1 year ago?
(ii) what will be the population of the
town after 3 years?
Soln: (i) From the for mulae [(iii) and iv )]
mentioned above,
r=
Population n years ago =
The value of a machine or of any other article

subject to wear and tear decreases with time.
Relative decrease in the value of a machine is called
its depreciation. Depreciation per unit time is
called the rate of depreciation. Thus, if V is the
value of a machine at a certain time and R% per
annum is the rate of depreciation then the value
P
r
1000
Ex. 20: The v alue of a r esi dent ial fl at

constructed at a cost of Rs 100000 is
depreciating at the rate of 10% per
annum. What will be its value 3 years
after construction?
Soln:
We have,
V = Initial value = Rs 100000
R = Rate of depreciation = 10% per annum
Value after 3 years = V 1

100
10
= Rs 100000 1 100
= Rs 100000 1 10
184
for next n2 years and so on and Rk% for the
last nk years, then the value at the end of
n1 + n2 + ..... + nk years is given by
9
= Rs 100000 10
9
9
9
= Rs 100000
10 10 10
= Rs 72900
Hence, value of the flat after 3 years
= Rs 72900.
Ex. 21: The present price of a scooter is Rs
7290. If its value decreases every year
by 10%, then find its value before 3
years.
Soln:
Let the value of the scooter be Rs P before
three years. Then, its present value is Rs
3
10
P 1
100
But the present value is given as Rs 7290.
Therefore,
R1
Vn= V0 1
100
n1
1 2
100
n2
...
n
R k
..... 1 k ;
100
where n = n1 + n2 + ..... + nk and () sign is
used for depreciation and (+) sign is used
for appreciation.
Ex. 22: The population of a town was 160000
three years ago. If it had increased by
3%, 2.5% and 5% i n the last t hree
years, find the present population of
the town.
Soln:
Let P be the present population of the
town. Then,
K
KUNDAN
10
7290 = P 1
100
or, 7290 = P 1
10
or, 7290 = P
or, P =
100
93
103
= 10000.
93
Hence, the value before 3 years was Rs
10000.
Rate of Increase or Decrease Changes

Every Year
I. If P be the population of a city or a town at

the beginning of a certain year and the rate
of increase or decrease is R1% for the first
n1 years, r2% for the next n2 years and so
on and Rk% for the last nk years, then the
population at the end of (n1 + n2 + ..... + nk)
years is given by
n1
103 41 21
100 40 20
or, P = 2 103 41 21 = 177366.
Hence, present population of the town
= 177366.
Ex. 23: 10000 wor ker s wer e em ployed t o
construct a river bridge in four years.
At the end of first year, 10% workers
wer e r et r enched. At the end of the
second year, 5% of the workers at that
t im e wer e r et renched. Howev er t o
complete the project in time, the number
of workers was increased by 10% at
the end of the third year. How many
worker s were wor ki ng duri ng t he
fourth year?
Soln:
We have,
Initial number of workers = 10000
Reduction of workers at the end of first
year = 10%
Reduction of workers at the end of second
year = 5%
Increase of workers at the end of third
year = 10%
Number of workers working during the
fourth year
10
5
10
1
1
= 10000 1
100
100
100
or, P = 160000
7290 103
R1
Pn= P 1
100
3
2.5
P = 160000 1
100
100
n2
1 2
100
...
n
R k
..... 1 k ;
100
where n = n1 + n2 + ..... + nk and (+) sign is
used for increase and () sign is used for
decrease.
II. If V0 is the value of an article at certain
t ime and the rat e of appr eciation or
depreciation is R1% for first n1 years, R2%
9 19 11
= 9405
10 20 10
Hence, the number of workers working
during the fourth year was 9405.
= 10000
185
Percentage
Ex. 24: A new car costs Rs 360000. Its price
depreciates at the rate of 10% a year
during the first two years and at the
rate of 20% a year thereafter. What
wil l be the price of the car after 3
years?
Soln:
We have,
Cost of the car = Rs 360000
Rate of depreciation in first two years
= 10% per annum.
Rate of depreciation in the third year
= 20%
Price of the car after 3 years
10
10
= Rs 360000 1
100 100
20
100
1
1
1
1
1
= Rs 360000 1
5
10 10
9
9 4
= Rs 360000
= Rs 233280.
10 10 5
Hence, the price of the car after 3 years

= Rs 233280.
Some More Solved Examples
K
KUNDAN
Ex. 25: If 23% of a number i s 46, fi nd t he

number.
Soln:
Let the number be x.
23% of x = 46
46 100
= 200
23
Thus, the number is 200.
Ex. 26: In an examination, Neeta secured 372
marks. If she secured 63% marks, find
the maximum marks.
Soln:
Let the maximum marks be x.
Neetas marks = 62% of x
Neeta secured 372 marks
62% of x = 372
or, x =
or,
62
x = 372
or,
100
372 100
or, x =
= 600
62
Hence, maximum marks are 600.
Ex. 27: What is the ratio 5 : 4 equal to when
expessed as a per cent?
Fractional equivalent of 5 : 4 is equal to
Percentage equivalent of
36
100 = 4%
900
Hence, the strength of students increases
by 4%.
Ex. 29: Raju and Nita get 294 and 372 marks
respectively in an examination. If Nita
got 62% marks, then find the maximum
marks and the per cent marks obtained
by Raju.
Soln:
Marks obtained by Nita = 62% of x
Nita gets 372 marks
62% of x = 372
=
23
x = 46
or,
100
Soln:
We have to find what per cent is 36 of

900?
required per cent increase
5
.
4
5
5
100
is
4
4
= 125%
Hence, the ratio 5 : 4 is equal to 125%.
Ex. 28: The strength of students in a school
increases from 900 to 936. Find the
percentage increase in the strength of
the students.
Soln:
Increase in strength of students
= 936 900 = 36
62
x = 372
100
372 100
= 600
62
Per cent marks obtained by Raju
x=
294
100 = 49
600
Hence, maximum marks is 600 and Raju
got 49% of the maximum marks.
Ex. 30: A reduction of 10% in the price of tea
enables a trader to obtain 25 kg more
in Rs 22500. What is the reduced price
of tea per kg. Also find the original
price of the tea per kg.
Soln:
Reduction in the price of tea = 10%
=
22500 10
= Rs 2250
100
Now, in Rs 2250 a trader can obtain 25
kg of tea.
Reduced price of 25 kg of tea = Rs 2250
10% of Rs 22500 =
186
Reduced price of 1 kg of tea
2250
= Rs 90
25
Let the original price of 1 kg of tea be Rs
x.
Now, reduction in original price
=
10x
100
Reduced price of tea per kg
= 10% of x = Rs
10x
= Rs x
100
Now, according to the question,
10x
= 90
100
or, 90x = 100 90
x = 100
Hence, original price of tea per kg
= Rs 100
x
Ex. 32: The price of sugar goes up by 20%. By

how much per cent must a house wife
reduce her consumption so that the
expenditure does not increase?
Soln:
Let the consumption of sugar originally
be 100 kg and its price be Rs 100. Then,
New price of 100 kg sugar = Rs 120.
[ Price increases by 20% ]
Now, Rs 120 can fetch 100 kg sugar.
100
100
Rs 100 can fetch =
120
250
kg sugar
3
Reduction in consumption
250
50
2
% =
= 100
% = 16 %.
3
3
3
Alternative Method:
Let the price and consumption each be
100 units.
Then, his earlier expenditure was
= Rs (100 100)
Now, the new price = 120 units
To maintain the expenditure, suppose he
reduces his consupmtion by x%, then his
total expenditure
= Rs [120 (100 - x)]
From the question, we have,
100 100 = 120 (100 - x)
or, 120x = 120 100 - 100 100
K
KUNDAN
1
per cent in the price
2
of m angoes enables a purchaser to
obtain 4 more for a rupee. What is the
reduced price? How many could he get
for 50 paise before the reduction in
price?
Owing to t he r educt ion in price t he
Ex. 31: A reduction of 12
Soln:
1
1
per cent or
of
2
8
Re 1. With this sum he gets 4 mangoes at
the reduced price.
The reduced price of a mango
purchaser saves 12
= Re
1
1
4 = Re
8
32
Again 100 12
2
or,
7
8
per cent or, 1

8
of the original price of a mango
1
32
The original price of a mango
= Re
8
1
1
Re
= Re
7
32
28
1
1
or 14 mangoes
He could get
2 28
for half a rupee ie, 50 paise, before the
reduction in price.
100(120 100)
2
= 16 %.
120
3
Ex. 33: The price of edible oil increases from
Rs 13 to Rs 15 per kg. By how much
per cent must a housewife reduce her
consumption so that the expenditure
doesnot increase?
Soln:
Let the consumption of edible oil originally
be 100 kg.
Then, her earlier expenditure
= 100 13 = Rs 1300
Now, due to increase in price,
Rs 1500 can fetch 100 kg edible oil
or, x =
Rs 1300 can fetch
100
1300
1500
260
kg
3
=
= 100
260
40
=
kg
3
3
per cent reduction =
40
1
% = 13 %
3
3
187
Percentage
Ex. 34: In an election between two candidates
A and B, A got 60% of the total valid
v otes. 15% of the tot al v otes wer e
declared invalid. If the total number of
votes is 500000, find the number of
v al id votes pol led i n fav our of the
candidate B.
Soln:
Total number of invalid votes
= 15% of 500000
15
500000 = 75000
100
Total number of valid votes polled
= 500000 75000 = 425000
Percentage of valid votes polled in favour
of the candidate A = 60%
Percentage of valid votes polled in favour
of the candidate B = 40%
= 40% of 425000
=

New tax = Rs (100 15) = Rs 85 and
the new consumption = Rs (100 + 10)
= Rs 110
New Revenue = Rs (85 110) = Rs 9350
Decrease in Revenue
= Rs (10000 9350 =) Rs 650
per cent decrease =
650
100 = 6.5%
10000
17
of the original
20
tax, the revenue would remain the same
(ii) Since the new tax is
if the new consumption becomes
20
of
17
the original consumption.

the required increase in consumption
K
KUNDAN
40
425000 = 170000
100
the number of valid votes polled in favour
of the candidate B is 170000.
Ex. 35: The tax on a commodity is diminished
by 15%, and its consumption increases
by 10%.
(i) Find the decrease per cent in the
revenue derived from it.
(ii) With what increase per cent in its
consumption would the revenue
remain the same?
=
Soln: (i) The new tax is 85%, or
17
of the original
20
tax. The new consumption is
110
11
or
100
10
of the original consumption.
17
11
the new revenue =
of
of the
20
10
original revenue
=
187
of the original revenue
200
1
% of the original revenue.
2
the required decrease
1
= 100% 93 %
2
= 93
1
% = 6.5%
2
Alternative Method:
Let the original tax be Rs 100 and the
consumption be 100 units.
Original revenue = Rs (100 100)
= Rs 10000
= 6
20
3
11
1 =
= 17
%.
17
17
17
Alternative Method:
Let the original tax be Rs 100 and the
consumption be 100 units.
Original revenue = Rs (100 100)
= Rs 10000
New tax = Rs (100 15) = Rs 85
Let the new consumption be x units.
10000 = 85x
[ Revenue remains the same]
10000
or, x =
85
or, Increase in consumption
=
10000
1500
100
85
85
300
11
17
%
17
17
Ex. 36: Mohans income is 10% less than that
of Sohan. Then what per cent i s
Sohans income mor e t han Mohans
income?
Soln:
Let Sohans income be Rs 100
Income of Mohan = Rs (100 10) = Rs 90
=
Sohans income is Rs 10 more than that

of Mohan.
If Mohans income is Rs 90, Sohans
income is Rs 10 more.
If Mohans income is Rs 100, Sohans
1
10
100 11
income is Rs
more.
90
9
Hence Sohans income is 11
that Mohans income.
1
% more than
9
188
Ex. 37: Rakesh s income i s 25% more t han

that of Rohan. What per cent is Rohans
income less than Rakeshs income?
Soln:
Let Rohans income be Rs 100. Then,
Rakeshs income = Rs 125.
If Rakeshs income is Rs 125, Rohans
income = Rs 100
If Rakeshs income is Re 1, Rohans
Soln:
Let the total number of students be x

Number of students less than 5 years of
age = 20% of x
20
x
x =
100
5
Number
of
students
above 5 years of
x
4x
age = x =
5
5
Now according to the question,
Number of girls above 5 years of age = 64
and
Number of boys above 5 years of age
100
income = Re
125
If Rakeshs income is Rs 100, Rohans
100
100 = Rs 80.
income = Rs
125
Hence, Rohans income is 20% less than

that of Rakesh.
Ex. 38: Ranis weight is 25% that of Meenas
and 40% t hat of Tar a s. What
percentage of Taras weight is Meenas
weight?
Soln:
Let Meenas weight be x kg and Taras
weight be y kg.
Then, Ranis weight = 25% of Meenas
64 3
= 96
2
Total number of students above 5 years of
age = 96 + 64 = 160
=
K
KUNDAN
25
x
.... (i)
100
Also, Ranis weight = 40% of Taras weight
or,
160 5
= 200
4
Total number of students in the school
= 200
x =
weight =
40
y ... (ii)
=
100
From (i) and (ii), we get
25
40
x
y
100
100
or, 25x = 40y
[Multiplying both sides by 100]
or, 5x = 8y
[Dividing both sides by 5]
8
y
.... (iii)
5
We have to find Meenas weight as the
percentage of Taras weight ie
or, x =
8
y
x
8
100 5 100 100 160
y
y
5
[Using (iii)]
Hence, Meenas weight is 160% of Taras
weight.
Ex. 39: In a school, the ages of 20% students
are less than 5 years. 64 girls have
m or e than 5 year s of age and t hi s
2
of number of boys more
3
than 5 year s of age. Find the t otal
number of students in the school?
number is
4x
= 160
5
1
Ex. 40: If x y 2 and x
, then find the per
z
cent change in the value of x when the
value of y increases by 20% and that
of z decreases by 25%.
Soln:
x y 2 and x
1
z
y2
; where k = constant.
z
On increasing the value of y by 20%, the
increased value of y
x = k
y 120
6y
=
100
5
On decreasing the value of z by 25%, the
decreased value of z
=
z 75
3z
=
100
4
6y
5
New value of x = k 3z
4
36y 2
4
48 y 2
k
=
25
3z
25
z
Change in the value of x
= k
48 y 2
y2
y2
k
k
= 23k
25
z
z
25z
189
Percentage
per cent change in the value of x
=
23ky 2 100
25z
ky 2
z
Nickel in the alloy

= [100 (36 + 40)]% = 24%
Now, quantity of zinc in 1 kg of alloy
= 36% of 1 kg
= 36% of 1000 grams
= 92%
Ex. 41: A metre is taken to equal 39.3701 inch.

If the value is approximated to 39
Soln:
7
20
inch, find the relative error.

According to the question,
1 metre = 39.3701 inch
In approximation, 1 metre
7
inch = 39.35 inch
20
Hence, error = 39.3701 = 39.35
= 0.0201
Error on 39.35 = 0.0201
= 39
36
1000 = 360 grams

100
quantity of copper in the alloy

= 40% of 1 kg
= 40% of 1000 grams
40
1000 = 400 grams

100
and, quantity of nickel in the alloy

= 24% of 1 kg
= 24% of 1000 grams
24
1000 = 240 grams

100
K
KUNDAN
Error on 1 =
0.0201
39.35
0.0201
100 = 0.05%.
39.35
Ex. 42: I n an exami nati on 42% candi dates
fai l ed i n Hi ndi and 52% fai l ed i n
Engl i sh, 17% fai l ed i n bot h t he
subjects. If 69 candidates passed in
both the subjects, find the total number
of candi dat es appear ed i n t he
examination.
Soln:
Let the number of candidates appeared be
100.
Number of candidates who failed in
Hindi = 42
and the number of candidates who failed
in English = 52
and the number of candidates who failed
in both the subjects = 17
Number of candidates who failed either
in Hindi only or in English only and in
both subjects
= (42 17) + (52 17) + 17 = 77
Hence t he number of candidates who
passed in both the subjects
= 100 - 77 = 23
If 23 candidat es passed, number of
candidates appeared = 100
If 69 candidates passed, number of
candidates appeared
100 69
=
= 300.
23
Ex. 43: An alloy contains 36% zinc, 40% copper
and the rest is nickel. Find in grams
the quantity of each of the contents in
a sample of 1 kg alloy.
Soln:
We have, Zinc in the alloy = 36%
Copper in the alloy = 40%
Error on 100 =
Ex. 44: A number is increased by 10% and then

it is decreased by 10%. Find the net
increase or decrease per cent.
Soln:
Let the number be 100.
Increase in the number = 10%
= 10% of 100 = 10
Increased number = 100 + 10 = 110.
This number is decreased by 10% .
Therefore, decrease in the number
10
110 = 11
= 10% of 110 =
100
New number = 110 11 = 99

Thus, net decrease = 100 99 = 1
Hence, net percentage decrease
100 % = 1%
=
100
Ex. 45: If the price is increased by 10% and

the sale is decreased by 5%, then what
will be the effect on income?
Soln:
Let the price be Rs 100 per goods and the
sale is also of 100 goods.
So, the money obtained after selling all
the 100 goods = Rs (100 100 =) 10,000.
Now, the increased price is Rs 110 per
goods and the decreased sale is 95 goods.
So, the money obtained after selling all
the 95 goods
= Rs (110 95) = Rs 10,450.
increase in income
= 10,450 10,000 = Rs 450
450 100
= 4.5%
10000
Ex. 46: The cost of manufacturing the car is
m ade up of t hr ee i tem scost of
materials, labour and overheads. In
1982, the cost of these items was in
the ratio of 5 : 4 : 3. In 1983, the cost
% increase =
190
Soln:
of material rose by 16%, the cost of
labour increased by 10%, but overheads
were reduced by 8%. Find the increase
per cent in the price of car.
Suppose cost of mater ials, labour ,
overheads were Rs 5x, Rs 4x and Rs 3x in
1982 respectively.
Total cost of manufacturing in 1982
= Rs (5x + 4x + 3x) = Rs 12x
Increase in cost of material in 1983 = 16%
Cost of material in 1983
Since he gets 10 marks more than pass

marks.
pass marks = 234 - 10 = 224.
Alternative Method:
32% of x + 16 = 36% of x 10
or, 36% of x 32% of x = 16 + 10
or, 4% of x = 26
26 100
= 650
4
Hence, minimum marks to pass the exam
= 32% of x + 16
= 32% of 650 + 16
or, x =
16
29
= Rs
x
= Rs 5x 5 x
100
5
Similarly, cost of labour in 1983
10
22
= Rs
x
= Rs 4x 4x
100
5
and cost of overheads in 1983
32
650 16
=
100
= 208 + 16 = 224
Ex. 48: In an examination, A obtains 10% less
than the minimum number of marks
K
KUNDAN
8
69
= Rs
x
= Rs 3x 3x
100
25
required for passing, B obtains 11
Total cost of manufacturing in 1983
22
69
324
29
x
x
x = Rs
x
= Rs
5
25
5
25
Thus, increase in price in 1983 over 1982
24
324
x 12x = Rs
x
= Rs
25
25
or, Percentage increase in price
24
x
25 100
=
= 8%
12x
Ex. 47: I n an exam inat ion, a candi dat e

obtained 32% marks and failed by 16
marks. Another candidate secured 36%
marks and obtained 10 marks more
t han t he m ini m um m arks to pass.
Det er mi ne t he number of mi ni mum
marks to pass the examination?
Soln:
The unsuccessful candidate obtains 32%
marks, he fails by 16 marks.
The successful candidate obtains 36%
marks.
He gets 10 marks more than pass marks.
Difference in percentage
= 36 32 = 4
Difference in marks = 16 + 10 = 26
Now 4% of maximum marks = 26
26
100 = 650
4
Marks obtained by successful candidate
100% of maximum marks =
= 650
36
= 234
100
1
%
9
3
% less than
17
the number of marks obtained by A and
B together. Does C pass or fail?
Suppose maximum marks = 100 and pass
percentage = 40
A secures 10% less than pass marks.
less than A, and C 41
Soln:
As marks = 40
= 40
Also, B obtains 11
(100 10)
100
90
= 36
100
1
% marks less than A
9
obtains.
100
100
Bs marks = 36
100
36 800
= 32 marks
100 9
Total marks obtained by A and B
= 36 + 32 = 68.
=
3
%, marks less than
17
the marks obtained A and B together
Now, C obtains 41
191
Percentage
100 41
17
Cs marks = 68
100
=
68 1000
= 40 marks
100 17
Hence, C passes.
Ex. 49: In an examination maximum marks is
1000. In this examination, A obtains
20% less than B, B obtains 10% more
than C, C obtains 5% less than D and
D obtains 20% less than E. If A obtains
418 marks, then find the per cent of
the total marks E obtained.
Soln:
Let E obtain 100 marks.
Marks obtained by D
= 100 (20% of 100)
= 80 marks
Marks obtained by C
= 80 (5% of 80)
If the difference of votes is 15,000, votes

received by winning candidate
= 3 15,000 = 45,000.
Alternative Method:
Let the number of votes be x.
Votes cast in favour of defeated candidate
40x
100
Votes cast in favour of winning candidate
=
60x
100
60x 40x
20x
=
100 100
100
Difference of votes =
20x
= 15000
100
or, x = 15000 5
K
KUNDAN
5
= 76 marks
= 80 80
100
Marks obtained by B
= 76 + (10% of 76)
= 76 + 7.6 = 83.6 marks
Marks obtained by A
= 83.6 (20% of 83.6 )
= 83.6 16.72 = 66.88 marks
If A obtains 66.88 marks, then marks
obtained by E = 100
If A obtains 418 marks, then marks
625
418 = 625
obtained by E =
66.88
per cent marks obtained by E
625
100 = 62.5%
1000
Ex. 50: In an election between two candidates,
a candidate who gets 40% of the total
v otes pol l ed i s defeat ed by 15,000
votes. Find the number of votes polled
to winning candidate.
Soln:
Let the number of votes be 100.
Votes cast in favour of defeated candidate
= 40
Vot es cast in fav our of winning
candidate = 100 40 = 60
Difference of votes = 60 40 = 20
Actual difference of votes = 15,000
If t he diff er ence of v ot es is 20, v ot es
received by winning candidate = 60
If t he dif fer ence of v ot es is 1, v ot es
received by winning candidate
=
60
= 3.
20
15000 5 60
100
= 45000
Ex. 51: In an election between two candidates
A and B, A got 65% of the total votes
cast and won the election by 2748 votes.
Find the total number of votes cast if
no vote is declared invalid.
Soln:
Let the total number of votes be x.
Th en ,
Number of votes polled in favour of A
required answer =
65x
100
Number of votes polled in favour of B
=
35x
100
difference of votes =
65 x 35 x
30x
=
100 100
100
30x
= 2748
100
2748 100
= 9160
30
Ex. 52: After spending 85% of his income and
giving 10% of the remainder in charity,
a man has Rs 607.50 left with him.
Find his income.
Soln:
Let his income be Rs 100.
Then, expenditure = Rs 85
Remainder = Rs (100 - 85) = Rs 15.
x =
192
10
15
Now, 10% of Rs 15 = Rs
100
= Rs 1.50
It is given that the man gives 10% of the
r emainder
in
char it y.
Theref ore,
contribution to charity = Rs 1.50
Balance left with the man
= Rs (15 1.50) = Rs 13.50
Now,
If the amount left with the man is Rs
13.50, his income = Rs 100.
If the amount left with the man is Rs
607.50, his income
100
607 .50 = Rs 4500.

= Rs
13 .50
Hence, his income = Rs 4500.

Ex. 53: Three per sons A, B and C whose
salaries together amount to Rs 14400,
spend 80, 85 and 75 per cent of their
salaries respectively. If their savings
are as 8 : 9 : 20, find their respective
salar ies.
Soln:
A saves (100 - 80) or 20% of his salary, B
saves (100 - 85) or 15% of his salary,
C saves (100 - 75) or 25% of his salary,
t he salar ies of A, B and C ar e as

2 : 3 : 4.
Div iding Rs 14400 in the rat io of
2 : 3 : 4. we get,
As salary =
2
of Rs 14400 = Rs 3200
9
Bs salary =
3
of Rs 14400 = Rs 4800
9
4
of Rs 14400 = Rs 6400
9
Ex. 54: A man spends 75% of his income, when
i ncom e i s incr eased by 20%, he
increases his expenditure by 10%. By
how m uch per cent i s hi s sav i ngs
increased?
Soln:
Let mans income be Rs x.
Cs salary =
K
KUNDAN
20
15
of As salary :
of Bs salary :
100
100
25
of Cs salary
100
= 8 : 9 : 20
From (1),
... (1)
1
3
of As salary :
of Bs salary
20
5
Mans expenditure = Rs x
75
3x
= Rs
100
4
3x
x
= Rs
His savings = Rs x
4
4
After income is increased by 20% , new
income
20
= Rs x 1
100
6x
120x
= Rs
= Rs
100
5
New expenditure
10
3
= Rs x 1
100
4
= 8 : 9.
1 9
38
of As salary =
of Bs salary
5
20
As salary : Bs salary =
3 85
20 9
=
2
= 2 : 3.
3
Again from (1),
15
25
of Bs salary :
of Cs salary
100
100
= 9 : 20.
15 20
25 9
of Bs salary =
of Cs
100
100
salary.
Bs salary : Cs salary
25 9 100
3
=
=
= 3 : 4.
15 20 100
4
11
3
33x
= Rs
= Rs x
10
4
40
6x 33 x
New savings = Rs
40
5
48 33
x
= Rs
40
3x
8
Percentage increase in savings
= Rs
1
3
x x
8
4 100 %
1
=
3x 2x
100 % = 50%
=
2x
193
Percentage
Practice Exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
55% of the population of a town are males. If

the total population of the town is 64100,
find the population of females in the town.
Find the per cent of pure gold in 22 carat
gold, if 24 carat gold is hundred per cent pure
gold.
In a fabric, cotton and synthetic fibres are in
the ratio of 2 : 3. What is the percentage of
cotton fibre in the fabric?
2% of the employees in a factory are females
and the number of male employees is 264.
Find the total number of employees. Also, find
the number of female employees.
A man spends 92% of his monthly income. If
he sav es Rs 220 per month, what is his
monthly income?
In an examination 94% of the candidates
passed and 114 failed. How many candidates
appeared?
If the price of an article is raised by 10% ,
find by how much per cent must a consumer
reduce his consumption of that article so as
not to increase his expenditure on that article.
Due to a fall of 10% in the rate of sugar, 500
gm more sugar can be purchased for Rs 140.
Find thd original rate and the reduced rate of
the sugar.
Expenditure of Ashok is 20% less than that
of Ajeet. What per cent is Ajeets expenditure
more than Ashoks expenditure?
A man loses 20% of his money. After spending
25% of the remainder, he has Rs 480.00 left.
How much money did he originally have?
There is an er ror in the measurement of
length and widt h of the f loor of a r oom.
Measurement of length is 5% more than the
real length and the measurement of width is
3% less than the real width. Find the per
cent error in the area of the floor.
In an examination 49% students failed in
English and 36% students failed in Hindi. If
15% failed in both the subjects, find the
percentage of students who passed in both
the subjects. If total number of students who
passed the examination is 450, then find the
number of st udent s who appeared in the
examination.
In an examination, 60% passed in English,
52% in Mathematics, while 32% failed in
bot h. If 176 student s passed in both the
subjects, find the number of candidates who
sat for the examination.
In an examination a candidate obtained 30%
mar ks and f ailed by 16 marks. Another
candidate secured 45% marks and obtained
15 marks more than the minimum marks to
pass. Find the total marks and the minimum

per cent marks to pass the examination.
15. Two candidat es A and B cont est ed an
election. At the elction 10% of the people on
the voting list did not vote. A defeated B by
308 votes and by counting it is found that A
had been supported by 47% of the whole
number on the voters list. Find the number
of votes obtained by A and B.
16. In an election 10% of the people in the voters
list did not participate. 60 votes were declared
invalid. There are only two candidates A and
B. A defeated B by 308 votes. It was found
that 47% of the people listed in the voters
list voted for A. Find the total number of votes
polled.
17. In an examination in which maximum marks
are 2500. In this examination Ram got 50%
K
KUNDAN
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
18.
19.
20.
21.
more marks than Shyam, Shyam got 16
2
%
3
less marks than Hari and Hari got 33
1
%
3
more marks than Krishna. If Ram got 1500

marks, then what percentage of marks was
obtained by Krishna?
In an examination in which maximum marks
are 500, A got 10% less than B, B got 25%
more than C, C got 20% less than D. If A got
360 marks, what percentage of marks was
obtained by D?
In an examination, pass marks are 36% of
maximum marks. If an examinee gets 17
marks and fails by 10 mar ks in t he
examination, what are the maximum marks?
If the import duty on motor cars be reduced
by 40 per cent of its present amount, by how
much per cent must the import of cars be
increased in order that,
(i) the revenue may be unaltered;
(ii) the revenue may be increased by 10 per
cent?
A shoe has six pairs of eyelets. The two eyelets
which form a pair are
3
cm apart, when the
8
shoe is laced while each pair of eyelets is

half a cm from the next pair. A lace measuring
10 cm is threaded through the bottom holes
and carried over in the form of a letter X to
the next pair of holes and so on to the top.
Find what percentage of the whole length of
the laces left over at the top pair of holes to
be tied into a bow.
194
2 2 . In an election 20% of the total voters did not

take part. There are three candidates A, B
and C in the election. A got 40% of the total
votes polled and B got 23% of the total number
of votes. A won the election by 7000 votes
from his nearest competitor. Find the total
number of voters in the election. How many
of them take part in the election and who
was the nearest competitor of A? And also
find the number of votes obtained by each
candidate A, B and C separately.
23. A mot or ist r educes his dist ance cov ered
annually (in km) by x% when the price of
petrol increased by y%. Find the increase per
cent in his annual petrol bill.
24. Tax on commodity is decreased by 10% and
thereby its consumption increases by 8%. Find
t he incr ease or decr ease in t he r ev enue
obtained from the commodity.
25. The price of sugar has been increased by 32%
but a family reduced its consumption so that
the expenditure on it was only 10% more than
before. If the earlier monthly consumption of
sugar of the family was 10 kg, what is its
monthly consumption now?
26. Ram order ed f or 6 black t oys and some
additional brown toys. The prices of black
31.
32.
33.
34.
total population increased by 5% and the

female population increased by 10%. Find the
increase per cent in the male population.
The ratio of the number of boys to that of girls
in a school is 3 : 2. If 20% boys and 25%
girls ar e scholar ship holders, find t he
percentage of the school students who are
not scholarship holders.
Two numbers are respectively 20 per cent and
50 per cent more than a third number. What
percentage is the first of the second?
Two numbers are 30% and 37% less than a
t hir d number respect ively. The second
number is what per cent less than the first
number?
The cost of manufacturing a car is made up of
three items : cost of raw material, labour and
overheads. In a year the cost of these items
were in the ratio 4 : 3 : 2. Next year the cost
of raw material rose by 10% , labour cost
increased by 8% but the overheads reduced
by 5% . Find the percentage increase in the
price of the car.
The annual increase in the population of a
town is 5% . If the present population of the
town is 231525, what was it 3 years ago?
The number of inhabitants in a town increases
at a certain rate per cent. The number at
present is 375000 and the number 3 years
ago was 352947. Find the rate per cent?
The value of a machine is Rs 2,00,000. At
the end of every year its value reduces at the
rate of 2% of that at the beginning of the year.
Find its value at the end of third year.
A building worth Rs 1331000 is constructed
on a land wor t h Rs 729000. If the land
appr eciat es at 10% per annum and the
building depreciates at 10% per annum, find
the time after which the values of the land
and the building will be the same.
24000 blood donors were registered with a
charitable hospital. The number of donors
increased at the rate of 5% every six month.
Find the time period at the end of which the
total number of blood donors becomes 27783.
The population of a village is 20000. If the
annual birth rate is 4% and the annual death
rate 2% , calculate the population after two
years.
The population of a town 2 years ago was
62500. Due to migration of cities, it decreases
every year at the rate of 4% per annum. Find
its present population.
Total population of a country is 294 106 out
of which 150 million are males and the rest
females. Out of every 1000 males, 98 can read
and write but only 5.3% of the total population
can do so. Find what percentage of women
in the whole women population of the country
can read and write.
K
KUNDAN
35.
36.
1
times that of a brown toy. While
2
preparing the bill, the clerk interchanged the
number of black toys which increased the bill
by 45% . Find the number of brown toys.
37.
1
th of
20
38.
toy is 2
27. Out of five questions in a paper,
students answered all questions and

none. Of the rest
1
th
20
1
th answered only four
4
1
1
answered only one question. If 24 %
5
2
of the total number of students answered only
three questions and 200 answered only two,
what was the total number of students?
28. A man spends 80% of his income. With the
increase in the cost of living his expenditure
increases by 37.5% and his income increases
39.
and
2
by 16 % . Find his present savings.
3
29. A salesmans commission is 5% on all sales
upto Rs 10000 and 4% on all sales exceeding
t hat . He r emit s Rs 31100 t o his parent
company after deduct ing his commission.
Find his total sales.
30. The number of males per hundred females in
a country was 120. At the next census, the
40.
41.
42.
195
Percentage
43. The population of a town increases by 12%
during the first year and decreases by 10%
during t he second year . If t he pr esent
population of a town is 50400, what was it 2
years ago?
44. A litre of water is evaporated from 6 litres of
sugar solution containing 4% of sugar and
the rest water. Find the percentage of sugar
in the remaining solution.
45. The daily wages of a worker are increased by
10% but the number of hours worked by him
per week is decreased by 10% . If originally
he was getting Rs 2000 per week, what will
he get per week now?
46. The population of a town consists of 40%
men, 35% women and 25% children. If there
are 28000 more women than children, find
the number of men, women and children
separately.
47. The present population of a certain city is
30,00,000. If the annual birth and death rates
are 3.6% and 1.6% respectively, find the
population of city after 3 years.
48. The price of an article is reduced by 10%. To

restore it to its former value, by how much
per cent should the new price be increased?
49. If the income of a person decreases by 50%,
find the percentage increase of his income
so that there is no loss or gain.
50. In an examination out of 600000 candidates
5% remain absent, 30% of t he appeared
candidates failed. The ratio of candidates who
passed in first division, in second division
and in third division is 1 : 2 : 3. Find the
number of successful candidates in different
divisions.
51. There is a census after an interval of 10 years
starting from 1961. There are increase in
population at the rate of 10%, 15% and 40%
of a certain city in 1971, 1981 and 1991. If
the total population in 1991 be 2567950, find
the population of the city in 1961.
52. After 30 kg of water had been evaporated from
a solution of salt and water, which had 15%
salt, the remaining solution had 20% salt.
Find the weight of the original solution.
K
KUNDAN
Answers and explanations
1.
We have,
population of the town = 64100
Now, if the number of male employees is 88,

total number of employees = 100
If the number of male employees is 264, total
55
64100 = 35255.
100
It is given that 55% of the population are
males. Therefore, number of males = 35255.
Hence, number of females in the town
= Total Population No. of males
= 64100 35255 = 28845
In 22 carat gold, pure gold is 22 parts of 24
parts.
per cent of pure gold in 22 carat gold
55% of the population =
2.
100
264 300
number of employees =
88
Hence, the total number of employees = 300

Number of female employees
= (300 264) = 36.
Alternative Method:
Let the total number of employees be x.
It is giv en t hat the number of f emale
employees = 12%
Therefore, number of male employees
= (100 12)% = 88%
It is also given that the total number of male
employees is 264.
88% of x = 264
2
22
100 % = 91 %
=
24
3.
4.
2
22
100 % = 91 %
=
24
3
It is given that the cotton and synthetic fibres
are in the ratio 2 : 3. So, let cot ton and
synthetic fibres be 2x and 3x respectively.
Total quantity of fibre = 2x + 3x = 5x
Thus, in 5x fibres, cotton fibres = 2x
Percentage of cotton fibres
2x
100 % = 40%
=
5x
Let the total number of employees be 100.

Then, the number of female employees = 12
Number of male employees
= (100 12) = 88
or,
88
x 264
100
264 100
88
or, x = 300.
Hence, the total number of employees = 300
Number of female employees
= 300 264 = 36.
Let the total income be Rs x.
We have, expenditure = 92%
Savings = (100 92)% = 8%
or, x =
5.
196
It is given that the man saves Rs 220. This
means that 8% of the total income is Rs 220.
8.
8
220 100
x 220 x =
100
8
x = 2750
Hence, the mans monthly income = Rs 2750.
Alternative Method:
Let his monthly income be Rs 100.
Then, his expenditure = Rs 92.
His savings = Rs (100 - 92) = Rs 8.
Now, if the savings is Rs 8, then income
= Rs 100.
If the savings is Rs 220, then income
ie
6.
Reduction in rate of sugar = 10%

500 gm more sugar can be purchased for
Rs 140.
1 kg more sugar can be purchased for
= (140 2 =) Rs 280.
10
280 = Rs 28
100
Now, from Rs 28 one can purchase 1 kg of
sugar.
reduced rate of 1 kg of sugar = Rs 28.
Suppose original price of 1 kg of sugar = Rs x
10% of 280 =
Reduction in price = 10% of x =
100
220 = Rs 2750.
= Rs
8
Hence, the mans monthly income = Rs 2750.

Suppose 100 candidates appeared in t he
examination.
Then, number of passed candidates = 94
Number of failed candidates = (100 - 94) = 6.
Thus, if the number of f ailur es is 6,
candidates appeared = 100
If the number of failures is 114, candidates
10x
100
10 x
Reduced price of the sugar per kg = x

100
90x
100
K
KUNDAN
100
114 = 1900
appeared =
6
Hence, 1900 candidates appear ed in the

examination.
Alternative Method:
We have, pass percentage = 94%
percentage of failures = 6%
Let the number of candidates appeared be x.
It is given that 114 candidates failed in the
examination and the percentage of failures is
6% .
Therefore, 6% of x = 114
or,
6
x 114
100
114 100
1900
6
Hence, 1900 candidates appear ed in the
examination.
Let the consumption of an article originally
be 100 kg and its price be Rs 100. Then,
New price of 100 kg of the article = Rs 110
[ Price increases by 10% ]
Now, Rs 110 can fetch 100 kg of the article
Rs 100 can fetch
1000
100
100 =
=
kg of the article
110
11
1000
= 100
11
90x
= 28
100
or, x =
28 100
280
=
90
9
280
1
= Rs 31
9
9
Let the expenditure of Ajeet be Rs 100.
Ashoks expenditure = Rs (100 20)
= Rs 80
Ajeets expenditure is Rs 20 more than that
of Ashok.
When Ashoks expenditure is Rs 80, then
Ajeets expenditure is Rs 20 more.
When Ashoks expenditure is Rs 100, then
ie price of sugar per kg = Rs
9.
20 100
= 25% more.
80
10. Suppose, he originally had Rs 100.
Amount lost = 20% of Rs 100 = Rs 20.
Remainder = Rs (100 - 20) = Rs 80.
Expenditure = 25% of the remainder
= 25% of Rs 80
Ajeets expenditure is
or, x =
7.
= Rs
100
1
% =
% = 9
%
11
11
25
80 = Rs 20.
= Rs
100
Remainder = Rs (80 - 20) = Rs 60.

If remainder is Rs 60, he originally had Rs
100.
If remainder is Re 1, he originally had Rs
100
.
60
If remainder is Rs 480, he originally had
100
480 = Rs 800.
Rs
60
Hence, the man had Rs 800.
197
Percentage
Alternative Method:
Suppose he originally had Rs x.
Amount lost = 20% of Rs x =
20
x
x = Rs
100
5
x
4x
Remainder = Rs x = Rs
5
5
Expenditure = 25% of the remainder
= 25% of Rs
4x
5
25 4x
x
= Rs
100 5
5
4x x
3x
= Rs
Remainder = =
5
5
5
100 450
30
= 1500 students
13. Let the number of candidates = 100
Number of candidates who, passed in English
= 60
number of candidates who failed in English
= 100 60 = 40
Again number of candidates, who passed in
Maths = 52
Number of candidates, who failed in Maths
= 100 52 = 48
Again number of candidates, who failed in
both = 32
Number of candidat es, who f ailed in
English only = 40 32 = 8
Number of candidates, who failed in Maths
only = 48 32 = 16
Hence, the number of candidates, who failed
in both subjects = 8 + 16 + 32 = 56
Number of candidates, who passed in both
subjects
= 100 - 56 = 44
If 44 candidates passed in both subjects, total
candidates = 100
If 1 candidate passed in both subjects, total
number of students =
K
KUNDAN
3x
= Rs 480
5
480 5
= Rs 800
3
Hence, the man had Rs 800.
11. Let the real length and width be 100 metres
and 100 metres respectively.
real area of the floor = 100 100
= 10000 sq m
Now, measurement of length = (100 + 5 =) 105 m
and the measurement of width = (100 3 =)
97 m
measurement of area
= (105 97 =) 10185 sq m
Error in area = (10185 10000 =) 185 sq m
In area of 10000 sq m error in area
= 185 sq m
or, x =
185 100
10000
= 1.85%
12. Suppose, number of students who appeared
in the examination = 100
Number of students failed in English = 49
Number of students failed in Hindi = 36
Number of students who failed in both the
subjects = 15
Number of students who failed in English
Only
= 49 15 = 34
Number of students who failed in Hindi only
= 36 15 = 21
Total number of failed students
= 34 + 21 + 15 = 70
Total number of students who passed in
both the subjects = (100 70) = 30
When 30 students are passed, then total
number of students = 100
When 450 students are passed, the total
In area of 100 sq m error in area =
100
44
If 176 candidates passed in both subjects,
candidates =
100
176 = 400.
44
14. Suppose total marks is x and the minimum
marks to pass the examination is y.
marks obtained by the first candidate
total candidates =
30
3x
x =
100
10
Since, he failed by 16 marks
3x
= y 60
10
or, 3x 10y = 600
....(i)
Now, marks obtained by the second candidate
= 30% of x =
45
9x
=
100
20
Since second candidate obtained 15 marks
more than the minimum marks to pass.
= 45% of x = x
9x
= y + 15
20
or, 9x 20y = 300
....(ii)
Now, mult iplying equat ion (i) by 2 and
subtracting it from equation (ii), we have
3x = 1500
x = 500
Total marks = 500
198
Now, putting the value of x in equation (i), we
have,
1500 10y = 600
10y = 2100
16. Let the total number of people in the voters

list be x.
10% people did not participate in voting.
Number of people participated in the voting.
2100
= 210
10
Minimum marks to pass = 210
In 500 total marks one should obtain 210
minimum marks to pass the examination.
In 100 tot al marks one should obt ain
x
9x
=
10
10
Now, according to the question, 60 votes were
declared invalid.
210
100 42 minimum marks to pass the
500
examination.
Hence the minimum per cent marks to pass
the examination is 42% .
Alternative Method:
Let the total marks be 100.
Marks obtained by first candidate = 30 and
the marks obtained by the second candidate
= 45
Difference in their obtained marks
= 45 30 = 15
But the real difference of his obtained marks
is 60 + 15 = 75
When difference is 15, then the total marks
is 100.
When difference is 75, the total marks is
Now, according to the question

Total number of votes obtained by A
y =
= x 10% of x = x
Total number of valid votes polled =
9x
60
10
47
x
100
Now, number of votes obtained by B
= 47% of x =
K
KUNDAN
100
75 500.
15
Marks obtained by first candidate = 30% of

500
= 150
Minimum marks = 150 + 60 = 210
210
100 = 42%
500
15. Let total number of voters be 100.
the number of people who participated in
the election = 100 10 = 90
Votes obtained by A = 47
Votes obtained by B = 90 47 = 43
Difference between the obtained votes of A
and B = 47 43 = 4
When A obtains 4 more votes than B, then
the total number of votes = 100
When A obtains 308 more votes than B,
then the total number of votes
Required per cent =
100 308
= 7700
4
Votes obtained by A = 47% of 7700
47
= 7700
= 3619
100
Votes obtained by B = 43% of 7700
=
= 7700
43
= 3311
100
9x
47
43
60
x =
x 60
10
100
100
Again according to the question,
=
47 x 43
x 60 = 308
100 100
4x
= 308 60 = 248
100
or,
248 100
= 6200
4
total number of votes polled = 90% of x
= 90% of 6200
x =
90
6200 = 5580
100
17. Let Krishna get 100 marks
Marks obtained by Hari
=
= 100 + 33
1
1
% of 100 = 100 + 33
3
3
100
400
=
marks
3
3
Marks obtained by Shyam
= 100 +
400
2
400
16 % of
3
3
3
400 400
50
3
3
3 100
400 200
1000
=
marks
3
9
9
Marks obtained by Ram
=
1000
1000
+ 50% of
9
9
1000 1000 50
500
=
marks
9
9
100
3
199
Percentage
When marks obtained by Ram is
500
, then
3
(ii) The new revenue is to be
110
11
or
of the
100
10
marks obtained by Krishna = 100

When marks obtained by Ram is 1500, then
former revenue.
Therefore the number of cars imported must
100 3 1500
500
= 900
per cent marks obtained by Krishna
11
11 3
or
be
of the present number.
10 5
6
marks obtained by Krishna =
900
100 = 36%
2500
18. Suppose marks obtained by D = 100
Marks obtained by C = 100 (20% of 100)
20 100
= 80
= 100
100
Marks obtained by B = 80 + (25% of 80)
11
1
Therefore the import must increase by
6
5
1
or by 83
per cent.
6
3
Alternative Method:
Let x be t he number of car s import ed
originally, and let Rs y be the duty on each
car. The present revenue derived from the
import is Rs xy.
The new duty on each car
or
K
KUNDAN
25
= 100
= 80 + 80
100
Marks obtained by A = 100 (10% of 100)

10 100
= 90
= 100
100
When marks obtained by A is 90, then
marks obtained by D = 100
When marks obtained by A is 60, then
100
360 = 400
marks obtained by D =
90
400
100
per cent marks obtained by D =
500
= 80%
19. Let the maximum marks be x.
An examinee gets 17 marks and fails by 10
marks.
pass marks = 17 + 10 = 27
36% of maximum marks = Pass marks
or,
36
x = 27
100
27 100
= 75
36
Here maximum marks = 75
of the
present number.
The import must increase by 66
2
per cent.
3
110
xy ;
100
t he number of car s t o be import ed
(ii) The new revenue = Rs
1
1
183
183
110
3
550
3 x
3
xy y
x
100
5
300
100
100
The import must increase by 83
of
1
per cent.
3
21. According to the question,
3
5
of the
former duty.
Therefore, in order that the revenue may
remain unaltered the number of cars imported
5
must be
of the present number. Therefore
3
2
the import must increase by 1 or by 66
3
3
per cent.
2
2
166
166
xy
5
500
3
3
=
x
x
x
3
3
300
100
100
y
5
the present number
or, x =
20. (i) The new duty is 60 per cent or
60
3
y.
of Rs y = Rs
100
5
(i) The new r evenue is t he same as bef ore,
namely, Rs xy;
the number of cars to be imported
=
Distance between corresponding eyelets =
3
m
8
1
cm
2
Now when the lace goes from one eyelet on
one side to another eyelet of the next pair to
f or m X, t he dist ance is equal t o the
hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle with
Distance between two pairs =
sides equal to
3
1
cm and
cm.
8
2
200
Hence, length of the lace forming one
2
2
9
1
3
1
X = 2 = 2
64 4
8
2
25
5 10
= 2 =
and there are 5 such Xs.
64
8 8
= 2
10
50
=
cm
8
8
Now lace used for joining two corresponding
Lace used by these = 5
3
cm
8
Total length of the lace used
eyelets at the bottom =
50 3
53
=
cm
8
8
8
23. Solve as Q.No. 20. (Now see the solution

given below.)
Let the annual distance covered by the motorist
be 100 km and the price of petrol be Rs 100
per km.
Annual bill of petrol = Rs (100 100)
Now, according to the question, distance is
reduced by x% and t he pr ice of petrol is
increased by y% .
New annual bill of petrol
= Rs (100 x)(100 + y)
Percentage increase in annual petrol bill
=
(100 x )(100 y ) (100 100)

100
100 100
100 x 100 y 100 100
100
=
100 100 100 100
K
KUNDAN
53
27
=
cm
8
8
Hence, percentage of lace left over
Lace left out = 10
27
27
270
10
= 8 100
= 33.75%
10
8
8
2 2 . Suppose total number of voters = 100

Number of voters who polled the vote
= 100 20 = 80
Votes obtained by A = 40% of the votes polled
40
80 = 32
100
Votes obtained by B
= 23% of the total number of votes
= 23% of 100 = 23
Votes obtained by C = 80 (32 + 23) = 25
Clearly, after A, C obt ains the maximum
number of vot es. Hence C is the nearest
competitor of A.
Difference of votes obtaind by A and C
= 32 25 = 7
When A obtains 7 votes more than C, then
total votes = 100
When A obtains 7000 votes more than C,
= 40% of 80 =
100
7000 = 100000 votes
7
Hence total number of votes = 100000
Number of voters who took part in the election
= 100000 20% of 100000
= 80000
Votes obtained by A = 40% of the votes polled
= 40% of 80000 = 32000
Votes obtained by B
= 23% of total number of votes
= 23% of 100000 = 23000
Votes obtained by C = 80000 (32000 + 23000)
= 25000
then total votes =
x
y
1
1 100
= 1
100
100
x
y
xy
1 100
= 1
100 100 100 100
xy
%
= y x
100
24. Solve as Q.No. 23. Now, see the solution

given below.
Let the total tax on the commodity be Rs 100
per unit and total consumption be 100 units.
total revenue collection = Tax per unit
number of units consumed
= (100 100 =) Rs 10000
If the tax is decreased by 10%, new tax rate
will be Rs (100 10) = Rs 90 per unit
If consumption be incr eased by 8% , new
consumption will be (100 + 8 =) 108 units
New revenue collection = Rs 90 108
= Rs 9720
Decrease in revenue collection
= Rs (10000 9720) = Rs 280
Percentage decrease in revenue collection
280
100 = 2.8%
10000
25. See the solution given in Q.No. 7. It will
become easier to slove this question.
Suppose price of sugar is Rs 100 per kg.
Earlier monthly expenditure of the family
= (100 10) = Rs. 1000
Suppose, monthly consumption of sugar of
the family now is Rs x per kg.
Increased price of sugar = 100 + (32% of 100)
= Rs 132
Monthly expenditure of the family now
= Rs 132x
Increase in monthly expenditure
= Rs (132x 1000)
=
201
Percentage
Percentage increase in monthly expenditure
132x 1000
100
=
1000
132x 1000
100 = 10
1000
or, 132x = 1100
1100
25
1
=
= 8
kg
132
3
3
26. Let the number of brown toys be x and the
cost of a brown toy be Re 1
1
9x 9x
of
students answered only one
5
10 50
question
1
49x
% of x =
students answered only
2
200
three questions
Total number of students who answered only
two questions
24
x=
5
5
Cost of a black toy = 1
= Rs
2
2
5
= Rs 15
2
Total cost of brown toys = x 1 = Rs x
Total cost of both the toys = Rs (15 + x)
Considering the mistake by clerk, cost of black
Total cost of black toys = 6
9x 9x 9x 49x
10 40 50 200
180x 45x 36x 49x

200
180x 130x
50x
x
=
=
200
200
4
As the number of students who answered only
two questions is 200.
x
= 200
4
or x = 800
The total number of students is 800.
28. Let his income be Rs 100.
Expenses = 80% of 100 = Rs 80
savings = (100 80 =) Rs 20
Increase in expenditure
=
K
KUNDAN
5
2
And cost of brown toys = 6 1 = Rs 6
toys = Rs x
5x
6
Total combined cost (faulty) = Rs
2

(15 x )
or, 15
or,
145 5 x
6
100 2
29 29x 5x
6
20
20
2
87
5
9
6 x
x
4
2
20
63 1
x
4
20
or, x =15
27. Let the total number of students be x
Number of students who answered all the
x
questions =
20
Number of st udent s who answer ed no
x
question at all =
20
Remaining number of students who answered
one, two, three or four questions
x
x
18x 9x
= x
20 20
20
10
= 37
1
75
% of 80 =
% of 80
2
2
75
80 = Rs 30
200
Increased expenditure = 80 + 30 = Rs 110
=
Increased income = 100 16

= Rs 116
2
3
2
350
= Rs
3
3
or,
1
9x 9x
of
students answered only four
4
10
40
questions
Savings = 116
2
2
20
110 = Rs 6
= Rs
3
3
3
20
3
40
5
100 =
= 5 %
3 350
7
7
29. Let total sales of the salesman be Rs x.
Total commission up to sale of Rs 10000
% savings =
5
= 500.
100
Tot al commission for sales exceeding Rs
10000
(x 10000) 4 x 1000
=
100
25
= 10000
x 10000
x 500
31100
25
202
or, 25x (12500 + x 10000) = 25 31100
or, 24x 2500 = 25 31100
25 31200
= 32500.
24
30. Let the present female population be 100
Male population at present will be 120
(given)
Total population at present
= 100 + 120 = 220
After census the new total population
= 220 + 5% of 220
or, x =
105
= 231
100
After census, female population
= 100 + 10% of 100 = 110
After census, population of male
= 231 110 = 121
Increase in male population = 121 120 = 1
Percentage increase in male population
= 220
33. Let the third number be x.

Then, the first number = x 30% of x
30
7x
x =
100
10
Second number = x 37% of x
= x
37
63x
x =
100
100
Difference between the numbers
= x
7 x 63x
70x 63x
7x
=
=
10 100
100
100
7x
100 100
Required percentage =
= 10%
7x
10
34. Let the cost of r aw mat er ial, labour and
ov er heads be Rs 4x, Rs 3x and Rs 2x
respectively.
Increased price of raw material
K
KUNDAN
1
5
100 =
%
120
6
31. Suppose the number of boys and girls in the
school are 3x and 2x respectively.
Number of scholarship holder students
= 20% of 3x + 25% of 2x = 1.1x
Hence, the required percentage
=
3x 2x 1.1x 100
3x 2x
3.9x
100 = 78%
=
5x
32. Let the third number be x
20
x
20% of x = x
100 5
first number = x
x 5 x x 6x
5
5
5
Now, 50% of x = x
50
x
100 2
x 3x
second number = x
2
2
Let the first number be y% of the second
number then, y% of
3x 6x
2
5
100 10
110
22x
= 4x
= 4x
= Rs
100
5
100
Increased cost of labour
100 8
108
81x
= 3x
= 3x
= Rs
100
25
100
Reduced overheads
100 5
95
19x
= 2x
= 2x
= Rs
100
10
100
New total cost of manufacturing
22x 81x 19x
= Rs
25
10
5
220x 162x 95x

477x
= Rs
= Rs
50
50
Initial cost of manufacturing

= Rs (4x +3x +2x) = Rs 9x
477x
9x
increase in cost = Rs
50
27x
50
required per cent increase
= Rs
27 x 100
= 6%
50 9x
35. By the formula, if the annual increase be r%,
then the population n years ago
=
3x
y
6x
or,
2 100
5
6x 100 2
80%
3x 5
Hence, first number is 80 per cent of the
second number.
or, y
= P 1
100
P
n
100
203
Percentage
Here, P = 231525, r = 5% and n = 3 years
Required population =
231525
5
100
231525 20 20 20
= 200000
21 21 21
36. If the original population of a town is P, and
the annual inrease is r%, then the population
in n years will be obtained by the formula
given below:
38. Let t be the time in which the value of the

land and the building be the same.
Value of land when it appreciates at 10% per
annum in time t
t
Required population = P 1
100
10
= 729000 1
100
11
= 729000
10
Value of building when it depreciates at 10%

per annum in time t
10
= 1331000 1
100
= 1331000
10
The value of land and building will be the

same in t years, ie
t
11
9
729000
1331000
10
10
Here, required population = 375000,

P = 352947 and n = 3 years
K
KUNDAN
r
375000 = 352947 1
100
375000
r
or,
= 1
352947
100
1331000 1331
11 10

or,
10
9
729000
729
125000
r
or,
= 1
117649
100
50
or,
49
= 1
100
or,
50
r
= 1
49
100
or,
50
r
1 =
49
100
or,
or,
or, t = 3 years
Hence, the value of land and building will be
the same in 3 years.
39. We have,
P = Initial number of donors = 24000
A = Final number of donors = 27783
R = Rate of increase = 5% every six month
= 10% per annum
Let the total time be n years. Then,
2n
10
or, 27783 = 24000 1

200
1
r
49 100
21
or, 27783 = 24000

20
100
2
r=
= 2
49
49
2
%
49
37. Value of machine at the end of third year
required rate = 2
98 98 98
= 200000
100 100 100
= Rs 188238.408
A = P 1
100
1
r
=
49
100
= 200000 1
100
11
11
or,
9
9
11 11 11 11

9 9 9
9
or,
27783
21
=
24000
20
21
or,
20
21
=
20
2n
2n
2n
2n
or, 2n = 3
3
or, n =
2
Hence, required time period =
3
years.
2
204
40. We have, annual birth rate = 4% and annual

death rate = 2%
Annual growth = (4 2)% = 2%
Thus, we have
P = Initial population = 20000;
R = Rate of growth = 2% per annum;
n = 2 years
Now according to the question,
r
r
P 1 1 1 2 = 50400
100 100
12
10
or, 50400 = P 1
100 100
Population after 2 years = P 1

100
= 20000 1
100
= 20000 1
50
or, 50400 = P
28 9
25 10
50400 25 10
= 50000
28 9
44. 100 litres of solution contains 4 parts of
sugar.
or, P =
51 51
51
= 20000
= 20000
= 20808
50 50
50
Hence, population of the town after 2 years
= 20808.
41. We have,
Population two years ago = 62500
Rate of decrease of population = 4% per annum.
4
6
100
= 0.24 parts
Now, 1 litre water is evaporated,
Now, 5 litres of solution contains 0.24 parts
of sugar.
sugar in 6 litres of solution =
K
KUNDAN
4
Present population = 62500 1

100
1
= 62500 1
25
24
= 62500
25
24 24
= 62500
= 57600.
25 25
Hence, present population = 57600.
42. Total population = 294000000
Number of males = 150000000
Number of females = 294000000 150000000
= 144000000
Number of persons who can read and write
294000000 5.3
=
= 15582000
100
Number of literate males = 150000000
98
1000
= 14700000
Number of literate females
= 15582000 14700000 = 882000
Percentage of literate females
882000 100
49
% = 0.6125%
=
144000000
80
43. Let the population of the town 2 years ago be
P. Since the population increases in the first
year and decr eases in the second year ,
therefore,
Population after 2 years
=
r1
r
1 2 ;
= P 1
100 100
where r1 = 12% and r2 = 10%
0.24
100
5
= 4.8%
45. Suppose the daily wages and the number of
hours worked by the worker per week are Rs
x and y hours respectively. Then xy = 2000
100 litres of solution contains =
(100 10)x (100 10 )y

99
xy
= Rs
100
100
100
will be the new wages per week.
Hence, the new wages per week
99
2000 = Rs 1980
=
100
46. In the population of the town,
Women = 35%
Children = 25% and
Men = 40%
Now, according to the question, the number
of women is 28000 mor e than t hat of
children.
(35% 25% ) of total population = 28000
or, 10% of total population = 28000
10
of total population = 28000
or,
100
Also,
Total population =
28000 100
= 280000
10
Number of men
= 40% of the total population
40 280000
= 112000
100
Number of women
=
35 280000
100
= 98000
205
Percentage
Number of children
25 280000
= 70000
100
47. Birth rate = 3.6% and death rate = 1.6%
Resultant growth = 3.6% 1.6% = 2%
Population of the town after 3 years
=
= 3000000 1
100
51 51 51
= 3183624
= 3000000
50 50 50
48. Let the original price of an article be Rs x.
If the price is reduced by 10%, then new price
100 10
9
x = Rs
x
= Rs
10
100
Number of
examination
candidat es
f ailed
in
t he
30
= 171000
100
Number of successf ul candidat es who
passed in the exam in various divisions
= 570000 171000 = 399000
But the ratio of candidates who passed in
first, second and third division = 1 : 2 : 3
Number of candidates passed in first division
= 570000
1
399000 = 66500
1 2 3
Number of candidates passed in second
division
=
2
399000 = 133000
1 2 3
Number of candidates passed in third division
=
K
KUNDAN
To restore it to its former price, let the new
price be increased by y% .
9 100 y
x
= x
10 100
or, (100 + y) =
3
399000 = 199500
1 2 3
51. Let the total population of the city in 1961 be
x. Then, according to the question,
=
10
15
40
1
1
2567950 = x 1
100
100
100
1000
9
= x
1000
100
1
100
11 %
9
9
9
49. Let the income of the person be Rs x.
Income after 50% decrease
or, y =
100 50 x 50 x
= x
100
2
100
He has t o incr ease his income by Rs
x x
x , if he wants to get his previous

2 2
back ie to make neither profit nor loss.
% increase in income =
100 5
= 600000
100
= 6000 95 = 570000
2567950 1000
= 1450000
11 23 7
52. Let the weight of the original solution be x
kg.
15x
Weight of salt =
kg
100
x =
85x
kg
100
After evaporating 30 kg of water, percentage
of salt = 20
Weight of water =
2 100
= 100%
x
50. Total number of examinees = 600000

If 5% remains absent, number of candidates
present or appeared
11 23 7
10 20 5
15x
100 100 = 20
x 30
15 x
= 20
x 30
or, 15x = 20x 600
or, 5x = 600
or,
x =
600
= 120 kg
5

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180

Per cent and Vulgar Fraction

Since per cent is a form of fraction, hence per

Per cent and Decimal Fraction

Convert the every decimal into per cent.

0.125 100 12.5

2.25 100 225

Express the every given per cent as a

Find 20% of Rs 150.

Per cent and Ratio

Convert the following ratios into per

Finding per cent of a Quantity

Expressing One Quantity as a per cent of

Ex. 12: What per cent is number 8 of number

To compare the performance, we shall

Questions Based on Population Growth

If the original population of a town is P, and the

That is, the population P at the beginning

course of the years.

the second year is P 1

Population after 2 years = Population at

The population in n year = P 1

( i ii ) If the annual increase be r % , then the

( iv) If the annual increase be r per thousand,

Ex. 18: The population of a town 3 years ago

Population n years ago =

The value of a machine or of any other article

Ex. 20: The v alue of a r esi dent ial fl at

Value after 3 years = V 1

Rate of Increase or Decrease Changes

I. If P be the population of a city or a town at

Price of the car after 3 years

Hence, the price of the car after 3 years

Some More Solved Examples

Ex. 25: If 23% of a number i s 46, fi nd t he

We have to find what per cent is 36 of

Now, according to the question,

Ex. 32: The price of sugar goes up by 20%. By

Ex. 31: A reduction of 12

per cent or, 1

of the original price of a mango

Rs 1300 can fetch

per cent reduction =

Now, according to the question,

(ii) Since the new tax is

if the new consumption becomes

the original consumption.

Soln: (i) The new tax is 85%, or

tax. The new consumption is

of the original consumption.

Sohans income is Rs 10 more than that

Ex. 37: Rakesh s income i s 25% more t han

Let the total number of students be x

Hence, Rohans income is 20% less than

Nickel in the alloy

Ex. 41: A metre is taken to equal 39.3701 inch.

inch, find the relative error.

1000 = 360 grams

quantity of copper in the alloy

1000 = 400 grams

and, quantity of nickel in the alloy

1000 = 240 grams