VERBS + INFINITIVE.

---

5A.

Use the infinitive after some verbs (want, try..) - Example: I want to drink
orange juice.
After adjectives - Example: It's very easy to talk about myself all the time.
To say why you do something - Example: Say that you're going to the bar to
get another drink.
VERBS IN THIS FORM: decide, forget, help, hope, learn, need, offer, plan,
pretend, promise, remember, start, try, want, would like.

VERBS ING FORM ---- 5B

Use the -ing form after some verbs (enjoy, feel like..) - Example: I enjoy
drinking all the time.
When we use a verb as a noun - Example: Making dinner with Pilar I like.
When we use a verb after a preposition - Example: I can't go to the park
without reading a book.
VERBS IN THIS FORM: dislike, enjoy, feel like, finish, keep on, hate, like,
love, mind, practice, spend time, start, stop.

HAVE TO, DON'T HAVE TO, MUST, MUST NOT, CAN, CAN'T. -- 5C
Use have to + base form to talk about rules and obligations, or to say
something is necessary. Example: You have to drive on the left in Japan - She
has to get up at 7 ever day.
Use don't have to + base form to say there is no obligation, or something is not
necesary. Example: He doesn't have to work on saturdays.
Use must + base form to talk about rules and obligations.
turn off your cell phone before coming into class.

Example: You must

Use can't /must not + base form to say something is prohibited or to state a
rule. Example: You can't park here. You must not park here.

EXPRESSING MOVEMENT- PREPOSITIONS - 5D

Across(the street) , along (the street) , down( the steps), into (the store), over
(the bridge) , under (the railroad), around (the lake) , through (the tunnel), up
(the steps), past (the factory). toward (the lake), down (the steps) , out of (the
store).

FIRST CONDITIONAL - IF + PRESENT, WILL + BASE FORM

- 6A

Examples: If you meet Nicoletta, you'll fall in love with her. If we start talking,
we'll become friends. If I find you, I'll Kill you. If you run away, I'll find you. If
you stop waiting for a bus and start walking the bus will come.

SECOND CONDITIONAL - IF + PAST, WOULD + BASE FORM - 6B

Examples: If a bear attacked me, I'd run away. If I didn't have children, I
wouldn't live in the country. Would you take the manager's job if they
offered it to you??

MAY/ MIGHT (POSSIBILITY) - 6C

Examples: We might have a picnic tomorrow, but it depends on the weather. I
might not go to the party. I haven't decided yet. I may go to the party, but I'm
not sure. I may not have time to do everything today. .

SHOULD / SHOULDN'T - 6D
Use should/shouldn't + base form to give somebody advice or say what you
think is the right thing to do. Example: I think you should change your job, The
government should do more for old people. What should I do? What should he
does?

PRESENT PERFECT + FOR AND SINCE - 7A

Use the present perfect + for or since to talk about actions and states that
started in the past and are still true now. Example: I have lived in tokyo since
1990.
Use since with the beginninf of a period of time: Example: I've been afraid of
water since I was a child.

Use for +a period of time. Example: I have had this car for three months.
How long have you known your best friend? - I have known his for 5 years.

PRESENT PERFECT VS PAST SIMPLE - 7B

Use the present perfect to talk about a period of time from the past until now.
Example: I have been married for 10 years (si se usa been, entonces verbo en
pasado) .
Use the simple past to talk about a finished period of time in the past.
Example: He was married for two years.

USED TO - 7C
Use used to or didn't use to + base form for things that happened repeatedly
or ever a long period of time in the past but are usually not true now, for
example, for things that happened when you were a child. EXAMPLE: I used
to have long hair. I used to play in the streed. I didn't use to have a cell phone.
Did he use to wear glasses? Yes, he used to wear glasses. No, He didn't use to
wear glasses.

PASSIVE VOICE - 7D
In the passive sentence, the focus is more on the person. You can also
use the passive when it's not known or not important who does or did
the action. My car was stolen last week.
Present:
meat?

Risotto is made with rice. It isn't made with pasta. Is it made with

These offices are cleaned every morning. They aren't cleaned on saturdays.
Are They Cleaned on Sundays?
Past: Guernica was painted by Picasso. It wasn't painted by dali. When was it
painted?
The pyramids were built by the egyptians. Why were they built?

SOMETHING, ANYTHING, NOTHING - 8A.

Use somebody when you dont say exactly who, what or where. E: Somebody
borke the window.
Use anything, anybody, or anywhere in questions or with a negativ verb.
Example: I didn't do anything last night.
Use nobody, nothing or nowhere in short answers or in a sentence with a
positive verb. Example: Who's in the bathroom? Nobody. Nobody's in the
bathroom.

QUANTIFIERS, TOO, NOT ENOUGH - 8B

Use too, too much, too many to say "more than is good" : I'm stressed. I have
too much work.
Use too + adjective too many. Use too much for uncountable (coffee, time)
Use too many for countable (cookies or people).
Use enough before a noun to mean "all that is necessary" Example: Do you
eat enough vegetables? I don't drink enough water.
Use a little7 very little a few to talk about small quantities. Do you take sugar?
- Yes, just a little.

WORD ORDER OF PHRASAL VERBS - 8C.

A phrasal verb = verb+ particle (preposition or adverb) get up, turn on, look
for. Some phrasal verbs don't have an object: Example: Come in and sit
down.
Some phrasal verbs have an object and are separable. Example: Put one your
coat. Turn off the tv.
VERBS: turn, get, wake, put, throw, write.

SO/ NEITHER + AUXILIARIES. (SIMILARITIES) - 8D

Use So do i / neither do i . to say that you have something in common with
somebody. Example: I'm happy. So am I.
Use neither + auxiliarey+ I I'm
not hungry. Neither am I. So Do I, Neither Did I, So can i, neither was I, So
have I, Neither Would I.

PAST PERFECT - 9A
Use the past perfect when you are already talking about the past, and want to
talk about an earlier past action. Example: When i woke up the yard was all
white. It had snowed during the night.
I HAD SEEN (PARTICIPIO) THE PLAY BEFORE . SHE HAD NOT SEEN THE PLAY
BEFORE.
HAD YOU SEEN IT BEFORE? YES I HAD.

REPORTED SPEECH - 9B
My name is Dean.

He said that his name was Dean.

Do you want a drink? . He asked her if want a drink.

I want to see you again. He told her that he wanted to see her again.
I can help you. He said that he could help me.
arise

arose

arisen

surgir

awake

awoke

awoken

despertar(se)

bear

bore

borne

soportar

beat

beat

beaten

golpear

become

became

become

convertirse en

begin

began

begun

empezar

bend

bent

bent

doblar(se)

bet

bet

bet

apostar

bid

bid

bid

pujar

bind

bound

bound

encuadernar

bite

bit

bitten

morder

bleed

bled

bled

sangrar

blow

blew

blown

soplar

break

broke

broken

romper

breed

bred

bred

criar

bring

brought

brought

traer

build

built

built

construir

burn

burnt

burnt

quemar(se)

burst

burst

burst

estallar

buy

bought

bought

comprar

cast

cast

cast

tirar

catch

caught

caught

coger

choose

chose

chosen

elegir

cling

clung

clung

aferrarse

come

came

come

venir

cost

cost

cost

costar

creep

crept

crept

arrastrar

cut

cut

cut

cortar

deal

dealt

dealt

tratar

dig

dug

dug

cavar

do

did

done

hacer

draw

drew

drawn

dibujar

dream

dreamt

dreamt

soar

drink

drank

drunk

beber

drive

drove

driven

conducir

eat

ate

eaten

comer

fall

fell

fallen

caer(se)

feed

fed

fed

alimentar

feel

felt

felt

sentirse

fight

fought

fought

pelearse

find

found

found

encontrar

flee

fled

fled

huir

fly

flew

flown

volar

forbid

forbade

forbidden

prohibir

forget

forgot

forgotten

olvidar(se)

forgive

forgave

forgiven

perdonar

freeze

froze

frozen

helar(se)

get

got

got

conseguir

give

gave

given

dar

go

went

gone

irse

grind

ground

ground

moler

grow

grew

grown

crecer

hang

hung

hung

colgar

have

had

had

haber, tener

hear

heard

heard

escuchar

hide

hid

hidden

esconder(se)

hit

hit

hit

golpear

hold

held

held

agarrar(se)

hurt

hurt

hurt

hacer dao

keep

kept

kept

guardar

kneel

knelt

knelt

arrodillarse

know

knew

known

saber, conocer

lay

laid

laid

poner

lead

led

led

llevar

lean

leant

leant

apoyarse

leap

leapt

leapt

brincar

learn

learnt

learnt

aprender

leave

left

left

dejar

lend

lent

lent

prestar

let

let

let

permitir

lie

lay

lain

echarse

light

lit

lit

encender(se)

lose

lost

lost

perder

make

made

made

hacer

mean

meant

meant

significar

meet

met

met

encontrar(se)

overcome

overcame

overcome

vencer

pay

paid

paid

pagar

put

put

put

poner

read

read

read

leer

ride

rode

ridden

montar

ring

rang

rung

sonar

rise

rose

risen

levantarse

run

ran

run

correr

saw

sawed

sawn

serrar

say

said

said

decir

see

saw

seen

ver

seek

sought

sought

buscar

sell

sold

sold

vender(se)

send

sent

sent

enviar

set

set

set

poner

sew

sewed

sewn

coser

shake

shook

shaken

agitar

shear

sheared

shorn

esquilar

shine

shone

shone

brillar

shoot

shot

shot

disparar

show

showed

shown

mostrar

shrink

shrank

shrunk

encoger(se)

shut

shut

shut

cerrar(se)

sing

sang

sung

canta

sink

sank

sunk

hundir(se)

sit

sat

sat

sentar(se)

sleep

slept

slept

dormir

slide

slid

slid

resbalar

smell

smelt

smelt

oler

sow

sowed

sown

sembrar

speak

spoke

spoken

hablar

speed

sped

sped

acelerar

spell

spelt

spelt

deletrear

spend

spent

spent

pasar, gastar

spill

spilt

spilt

derramar

spit

spat

spat

escupir

split

split

split

hender

spoil

spoilt

spoilt

estropear(se)

spread

spread

spread

extender(se)

stand

stood

stood

estar de pie

steal

stole

stolen

robar

stick

stuck

stuck

pegar(se)

sting

stung

stung

picar

stink

stank

stunk

apestar

strike

struck

struck

golpear

strive

strove

striven

esforzarse

swear

swore

sworn

jurar

sweep

swept

swept

barrer

swim

swam

swum

nadar

swing

swung

swung

balancear(se)

take

took

taken

tomar(se)

teach

taught

taught

ensear

tear

tore

torn

romper(se)

tell

told

told

contar, decir

think

thought

thought

pensar

throw

threw

thrown

lanzar

tread

trod

trodden

pisar

undergo

underwent

undergone

sufrir

understand

understood

understood

entender

upset

upset

upset

afligir

wake

woke

woken

despertar(se)

wear

wore

worn

llevar (puesto)

weave

wove

woven

tejer

weep

wept

wept

llorar

win

won

won

ganar

wind

wound

wound

enrollar

withdraw

withdrew

withdrawn

retirar(se)

wring

wrung

wrung

torcer

write

wrote

written

escribir