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XVI.
ROMANAUREI FROM PUDUKOTA, SOUTH INDIA.
The hoardofwhichdetailsare given belowwas discovered
of his Highness the Rajah
earlyin 1898, in the territory
of Pudukota. To the energyof Mr. Crossley,his Highness's private secretary,we owe it that the hoard was
securedverynearlyif not altogetherintact,althoughthe
native who discovered it made strenuous attemptsto
defeat the ends of numismaticsand the law. By the
kind permissionof his Highness, who has generously
presentedto the BritishMuseum such varieties as were
requiredforthe National Collection,I am enabledto give
a complete descriptionof the coins. They are unfortunately without exception in bad condition,having
evidently been in circulationa long time before they
were buried. In addition, more than 90 per cent, of
themhave been deliberatelydefacedwitha fileor chisel.
In the list whichfollowsI give the referencesto Cohen's
work,the numberof coins of each type,and the number
of defacedspecimens.

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NUMISMATIC
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ROMAN
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818

CHRONICLE.
NUMISMATIC

The available information

relating to previousfindsof
Roman coins in South India has been collected by Mr,
Edgar Thurston.1 The earliest known notice of such
findsdates from1787. Roman gold and silvercoins have
been foundin the various districtsstretchingacross the
peninsula fromCalicut to the CoromandelCoast and the
Madura district, especially in the Coimbatore district.
There is no record of finds from Pudukota itself. On
the eastern side of the peninsula,small Roman copper
coins of the end of the fourthcenturyare also numerous,
but are usually much worn.
I will not add to the various speculations already
quoted by Mr. Thurston as to the Roman trade with
India. It is hardly necessaryto say that the presence
of Roman coins does not necessarilyimplythat of Roman
traders; but in any case, if we judge by the coins,
intercourseof some sort must have flourishedveryconsiderably from the time of Augustus down to that of
the Antonines,and even down to the middleof the third
century; afterwhich there was a lull, until the revival
towards the close of the next century.2 The trade was
not confinedto SouthernIndia ; but it would seem that
in the northof the peninsula the Roman gold was recoined (hence the large gold currencyof the Kusanas3),
whereasin the south both gold and silver,and even, as
we have seen, copperservedas currency. As regardsthe
that one of the commonest
silvercoins,it is noteworthy
1 Madras Government
Museum
, Coins: CatalogueNo. 2.
Secondedition. Madras.1894.
2 See the
fromCosmas,who travelledin thereign
quotation
iii. p. 129.
ofJustinian.Mommsen-Blacas,
3 Rapson,Indian Coins, 123 (in Bhler's Grundriss
, ii,
3 b).

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SOUTHINDIA. 319
ROMANADRETFROMPUDUKOTA,
coins from India (Cohen, No. 43, correspondingto the
gold typeNo. 4, in theabove list) is almostalways plated.4
This fact leads Mommsento suggest that this typewas
especially struck for the trade with South India, where
perhapsthe nativeswere less able than the Europeans to
tell bad fromgood denarii.5 Anothertype which occurs
in large numbersis that representedby No. 16 in the
presentfind. The numbersfromtwofindsof silvercoins
made at Yellalur, Coimbatoredistrict,in 1842 and 1891
are as follows: respectively,
1842. 1891.
188
.184
, &c.) .
Type4 ( C. L. Caesares
828

.878
Type16 (Pontij. Maxim.).
31
10
Othertypes .....
Apart from this fact, there is a considerable correspondence between the various finds in regard to the
; but the great preponderanceof these
typesrepresented
two types seems to point to large shipmentsof money
having been made to India, in or shortlyafter the years
in whichtheywereissued.
The most curiousfeature of thisfind is the treatment
to which nearly all the coins have been subjected.
Various explanationssuggest themselves. One, that the
incisionsweremade in orderto testthe genuinenessof the
coins,is easily disproved; for,withoutexception,it is the
head that is defaced. Had the object been merelyto test
the metal,a stab in any otherpart of the coin would have
served the purpose, and out of the heads on 461 coins
some at least would have escaped. The object must
4 Mommsen-Blacas,
iii,p. 337.
5 Cohennotesthatthereexista greatmanyimitations
ofthis
and struckat a datelongsubsequent
type,madeby barbarians,
to thereignofAugustus.

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320

NUMISMATIC
CHRONICLE.

have been to destroy the authorityby which the coin

was guaranteed. The defacementwas not effectedin
Rome ; forit would not have been done in such a haphazard way as is indicated by Nos. 19, 26, 56, 57 ; and
further,similarly defaced coins would probably hay
been foundin other hoards, if the coins meantforIndia
were thus defaced beforebeing exported. But of such
defacedcoins thereis no record. It follows,then,that the
incisions were made in India, in orderto put the coins
out of circulation. Apparentlythis was not donebecause
the coins were meantto be dedicatedat some shrine,6for,
among the hoardsso frequentlyfoundin topes,the coins
are not treatedin this way. It only remains,therefore,
to suppose that these coins were defaced by the political
authority,as being too muchwornforfurthercirculation,
and were awaiting the melting pot, when the secret of
theirconcealmentwas lost.
G. F. Hill.
6 Thishas been
to explaintheincisionson Gaulish
suggested
coins.

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