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INSTITUTE
OF
ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
Ghaziabad
CENTRAL
PUBLIC
WORKS
DEPARTMENT
New Delhi
PROJECT REPORT
ON
Construction site of POLICE STATION
AT
CENTRAL
PUBLIC
WORKS
DEPARTMENT
(CPWD)
(TRAINING PERIOD: 15 JUNE 31JULY)
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GUIDED BY:-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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INDEX
DESCRIPTION
S.NO
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
PROJECT OVERVIEW
3.
SITE LOCATION
4.
FORMWORK
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5.
PLANNING
6.
7.
PROJECT MONITORING
8.
QUALITY
9.
CONCLUSION
MISSION
1.
2.
Engineered Construction
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3.
Effective Maintenance
4.
5.
Capacity Building
6.
7.
Manpower Planning
8.
Transparency in Management
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2.Engineered Construction
1. Standardization of different building elements including their
pre-fabrication, mechanization in construction, use of
innovative materials and technologies adopting clean development
mechanism resulting in conservation of energy and natural resources.
3.Effective Maintenance
1. To preserve and maintain buildings and services in good operating
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condition.
2. To improve the specifications depending upon the development that is
taking place in the built environment.
5.Capacity Building
1. Updating technical knowledge of engineers, architects by effective
training and participation in seminars, workshops etc.
2. Effective training to develop managerial skills and handling public
grievances so that engineers, architects and horticulturists become
development managers for tomorrow.
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7.Manpower Planning
1. To provide the manpower of CPWD with professional environment,
excellent working opportunities and state of art technology.
2. To provide performance and ability based approach to career
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and need based timely and quality information to all its stakeholders, and to
use the available resources more effectively.
The CDO unit of CPWD has been entrusted this job. Many steps
towards e-Gov initiatives have already been taken e.g. PIMS for HR
management, including training module and monitoring of PG and VIP
references; web based project monitoring system for monitoring physical
and financial progress of the projects, access to client to view the progress
of the projects and also to furnish the remarks;
CPWDSEWA in Delhi & NCR and
being extended for PAN India for maintenance related complaints
management; enlistment for class one contractors; and CPWD website for
publishing all circulars and OMs and other information.
2.
PROJECT OVERVIEW
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03/EE/CD-III/2011-12
M/S ROSHAN REAL ESTATES
PVT LTD.
PLOT SIZE:
ESTIMATED COST:
Rs
6, 01,
47,287/-
Elec. Work-
Rs
24, 75,332/Rs
6,
26, 22,609/-
TENDERED COST:
Civil Work-
Rs
6, 57,
88,182/-
Elec. Work-
Rs
28, 69,490/Rs
6,
86, 57,672/-
DATE OF START:
STIPULATED DATE OF
COMPLETION:
ACTUAL DATE OF
04-08-2011
02-08-2012
Work is Under Progress
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COMPLETION:
TIME ALLOWED :
365 Days
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3.SITE LOCATION:Police Station & Staff Quarters at Khajuri Khas near Sonia Vihar,
New Delhi
2. Store
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3. Health unit
5. Canteen
4. FORMWORK
Formwork is a mould or die used to support and shape the
concrete until it attains sufficient to carry its own weight. The formwork holds
the concrete until it hardens to required shape and size.
SIGNIFICANCE OF FORMWORK
1) Formwork constitutes 30% of the cost and 60% of the time in concrete
construction.
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SAFETY IN USING FORMWORK:1) Components are light in weight for manual handling.
2) Loose or hanging components are minimal.
3) Appropriate use of tools.
4) Minimum operations are involved in each reuse.
TYPES OF FORMWORK
1) Flex system
2) Quick deck system
3) Aluform system
4) Flex table formwork
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6.PLANNING
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Site clearance
Demarcation of site
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SITE CLEARANCEA number of conditions determine the kind of building that may be erected
on a plot of ground. These conditions may determine where on the lot it may
be located. There are also covenants that are legally binding regulations.
These may, for example, set the minimum size of a house, prohibit utility
buildings, or ban rooftop television antennas.
Zoning laws regulate the setback and other factors that play into the
equation of house location on a lot. Septic tanks also require special
consideration.
A Certificate of Occupancy is an important piece of paper. It
is the final piece of paper, the sign-off, that says the construction
of the building is complete and it is ready to be occupied. Any town that has
adopted the BOCA or UBC building codes requires a CO. In most instances,
the bank making the mortgage loan requires a certificate of occupation as
well.
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There are eight types of Portland cement. They are designated by Roman
numerals and with an A suffix on three of them
Normal concrete is made of fine aggregates (sand) and regular aggregates
(crushed stone or gravel), plus water. Concrete will set up hard enough in
normal weather in about 3 hours. However, it takes 28 days for it to reach its
fullest strength. Concrete may have admixtures. The Romans added lard,
blood, milk, and other materials to make the concrete more workable. There
are at least 6 known admixtures.
Normal concrete contains a
small amount of air by adding anair-entrainment admixture, the amount of
air in the concrete can be increased by 10 percent or more by volume. By
using an accelerator, it is possible to have concrete reach its 28-day full
strength in only 7 days. Calcium chloride is the most common accelerator.
Pozzolonas are natural volcanic ash or artificial materials that react with lime
in the wet concrete to form cementing compounds. Fly ash is a by-product of
coal-burning power generating stations.
Romans obtained fly ash from Mount Vesuvius eruptions. Fully loaded
concrete mixer trucks may weigh as much as 80,000 lbs, or 40 tons. If the
mixer cant get close enough to unload the concrete where needed, it is
necessary to use chutes, mixer-mounted conveyors, motorized buggies, or
wheelbarrows.
Another term for rebar is deformed steel bar. This is the steel
reinforcement used in concrete to increase its tensile strength. Three types
of bar support material are available: wire, precast concrete, and moulded
plastic. Rebar is supported by chairs made of plastic or welded wire. Weldedwire fabric (WWF) looks like fencing and is manufactured with plain or
deformed cold-drawn wire.
Slump is a measure of how consistent, fluid, and workable a batch of freshly
mixed concrete is. Any change in the slump may mean that the amount of
water, the temperature, hydration, or setting has changed. Slump is a
measure of the amount of water in the mix.
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Foundations
Though the foundation supports a building, the earth is the ultimate support.
The foundation is a system comprising foundation wall, footing, and soil. The
prime purpose of an efficient structural foundation system is to transmit the
building loads directly to the soil without exceeding the bearing capacity of
the soil. A properly
Designed and constructed foundation system transfers the loads uniformly,
minimizes settlement, and anchors the structure against racking forces and
uplift. Because soil type and bearing capacity are the crucial factors in the
foundation system, the foundation must be designed and built as a system.
Too many residential foundations are designed and built without any concern
for the soil.
Types of Foundations
The many types of foundations can be separated into two broad groups:
shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations consist of
four types: deep basements (8-foot walls), crawl spaces, slabs-on-grade, and
frost-protected shallow foundations. They include spread footings, mat or raft
footings, long footings, and strap footings.
Deep foundations extend considerably deeper into the earth.
They include drilled caissons or piers, groups of piles driven and cast-in-place
concrete piles, and floating foundations.
A number of different construction systems can be used. Casting- place
concrete is the most widely used material for residential foundations,
followed by concrete block. Other methods include precast foundation walls,
cast-in-place concrete sandwich panels, and masonry or concrete piers, all
weather wood foundations (AWWF), which are now called permanent wood
foundations (PWF), or preserved.
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FOOTINGS
Footings (which may be square, rectangular, or circular) are strips of
concrete or filled concrete blocks placed under the foundation wall. Gravel or
crushed stone footings are used with PWFs. The purpose of the footings is to
transfer the loads from walls, piers, or columns to the soil. The spread footing
is the most common type used to support walls, piers, or columns. The
National Concrete Masonry Association (NCMA) has developed a system of
solid.
Monopile foundation
A monopile foundation utilizes a single, generally large-diameter, foundation structural element to
support all the loads (weight, wind, etc.) of a large above-surface structure.
Dried Piles
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Also called caissons, drilled shafts, drilled piers, Cast-in-drilled-hole piles (CIDH piles)or Cast-inSitu piles. Rotary boring techniques offer larger diameter piles than any other piling method and permit
pile construction through particularly dense or hard strata. Construction methods depend on the geology
of the site. In particular, whether boring is to be undertaken in 'dry' ground conditions or through waterlogged but stable strata - i.e. 'wet boring'.
'Wet' boring also employs a temporary casing through unstable ground and is used when the pile bore
cannot be sealed against water ingress. Boring is then undertaken using a digging bucket to drill through
the underlying soils to design depth. The reinforcing cage is lowered into the bore and concrete is placed
by tremie pipe, following which, extraction of the temporary casing takes place.
Augercast pile
An augercast pile, often known as a CFA pile, is formed by drilling into the ground with a hollow stemmed
continuous flight auger to the required depth or degree of resistance. No casing is required.
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Augercast piles cause minimal disturbance, and are often used for noise and environmentally sensitive
sites. Augercast piles are not generally suited for use in contaminated soils, due to expensive waste
disposal costs. In cases such as these however a displacement pile may provide the cost efficiency of an
augercast pile and minimal environmental impact. In ground containing obstructions or cobbles and
boulders, augercast piles are less suitable as refusal above the design pile tip elevation may be
encountered. In certain cases drill motors that produce more torque and horsepower may be able to
mitigate these events.
Specialty Piles:
1. Micro piles
2. Tripod piles
3. Sheet piles
4. Soldier piles
5. Suction Piles
6. Ad freeze Piles
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the foundation wall, and the extra width projects (or cantilevers) equally
beyond each side of the wall.
Contrary to widespread belief, the purpose of footings is not for spreading
out and distributing the loads to the soil. The extra width is used to support
the wall forms while the concrete is poured, or as a base for concrete
masonry blocks or brick.
1) Screeding
2) Tamping and jitterbugging
3) Finishing (including Floating, Troweling, Brooming,
Grooving, and Edging)
4) Curing (including curing time and curing methods)
1)Screeding
To screed is to strike-off or level slab concrete after pouring. Generally, all
the dry materials used in making quality concrete are heavier than water.
Thus, shortly after placement, these materials will have a tendency to settle
to the bottom and force any excess water to the surface. This reaction is
commonly called bleeding. This bleeding usually occurs with nonairentrained concrete. It is of utmost importance
that the first operations of placing, screeding, and darbying
be performed before any bleeding takes place.
The concrete should not be allowed to remain in wheelbarrows, buggies, or
buckets any longer than is necessary. It should be dumped and spread as
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soon as possible and struck-off to the proper grade, then immediately struckoff, followed at once by darbying. These last two operations should be
performed before any free water is bled to the surface. The concrete should
not be spread over a large area
before screedingnor should a large area be screeded and allowed to remain
before darbying. If any operation is performed on the surface while the bleed
water is present, serious scaling, dusting, or crazing can result. This point
cannot be overemphasized and is the basic rule for successful finishing of
concrete surfaces.
The surface is struck off or rodded by moving a straightedge
back and forth with a sawlike motion across the top of the forms or screeds.
A small amount of concrete should always be kept ahead of the straightedge
to fill in all the low spots and maintain a plane surface. For most slab work,
screeding is usually a two-person job because of the size of the slab.
2)Tamping or Jitterbugging
The hand tamper or jitterbug is used to force the large particles of coarse
aggregate slightly below the surface to enable the cement mason to pass a
darby over the surface without dislodging any large aggregate. After the
concrete has been struck-off or rodded (and, in some cases, tamped), it is
smoothed with a darby to level any raised spots and fill depressions. Longhandled floats of either wood ormetal (called bull floats) are sometimes used
instead of darbies to smooth and level the surface.
The hand tamper should be used sparingly and, in most cases,
not at all. If used, it should be used only on concrete having a low slump (1
inch or less) to compact the concrete into a dense mass. Jitterbugs are
sometimes used on industrial floor construction because the concrete for this
type of work usually has a very low slump, with the mix being quite stiff and
perhaps difficult to work.
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3)Finishing
When the bleed water and water sheen have left the surface of the concrete,
finishing may begin. Finishing may take one or more of several forms,
depending on the type of surface desired.
Finishing operations must not be overdone, or water under the
surface will be brought to the top. When this happens, a thin layer of cement
is also brought up and later, after curing, the thin layer becomes a scale that
will powder off with usage. Finishing can be done by hand or by rotating
power-driven trowels or floats. The size of the job determines the choice,
based on economy.
The type of tool used for finishing affects the smoothness of the concrete. A
wood float puts a slightly rough surface on the concrete.
A steel (or other metal) trowel or float produces a smooth finish.
Extra rough surfaces are given to the concrete by running a stiffbristled
broom across the top.
4)Floating
Most sidewalks and driveways are given a slightly roughened surface by
finishing with a float. Floats may be small, hand-held tools , with the work
done while kneeling on a board, or
they may be on long handles for working from the edge.
shows a worker using a long-handled float, and shows
the construction details for making a float.
When working from a kneeling board, the concrete must be stiff enough to
support the board and the workers weight without deforming.
This will be within two to five hours from the time the surface
water has left the concrete, depending on the type of roof.
A roof includes the roof cover (the upper layer, which protects
against rain, snow, and wind) or roofing, the sheathing to which it is
fastened, and the framing (rafters) that support the other components.
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1) Wood
These are usually in the form of shingles (uniform
machine-cut) or shakes that are hand-cut. They are seen in
Many areas of the country.
2) Metal or aluminium
Simulates other kinds of roofing.
3) Slate
this may be the natural product or rigid manufactured slabs, often cement
asbestos, though these are on the decline since the controversy over
asbestos.
5) Roll roofing
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6) Asphalt shingles
These are usually in the form
Of strips with two, three, or four tabs per unit. These shingles
Is asphalt with the surface exposed to the weather heavily?
Coated with mineral granules. Because of their fire resistance,
Cost, and durability, asphalt shingles are the most popular roofing material
for homes. Asphalt shingles are available in a wide range of colours,
including black and white.
_ Glass fibre shinglesThese are made partly of a glass fibre mat (which is
waterproof) and partly of asphalt. Like asphalt shingles, glass fibre shingles
come with self-sealing tabs and carry a Class-A fire-resistance warranty. For
the do-it-yourself, they may be of special interest because they are
lightweight, about 220 pounds per square (100 ft2 of roofing).
Roofs
The slope of the roof is frequently a factor in the choice of roofing materials
and method used to put them in place. The lower the pitch of the roof, the
greater the chance of wind getting under the shingles and tearing them out.
Interlocking cedar shingles resist this wind prying better than standard
asphalt shingles. For roofs with less than a 4-inch slope per foot, do not use
standard asphalt. Down to 2 inches, use self-sealing asphalt. Roll roofing can
be used with pitches down to 2 inches when lapped 2 inches. For very lowpitched
Slopes, the manufacturers of asphalt shingles recommend that the roof be
planned for some other type of covering.
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Aluminium strip roofing virtually eliminates the problem of wind prying, but
these strips are noisy. Most homeowners object to the noise during a
rainstorm. Even on porches, the noise is often annoying to those inside the
house.
Spaced roofing boards are sometimes used with cedar shingles.
This is usually done as an economy measure and because the cedar shingles
add considerably to the strength of the roof. The spaced roofing boards
reduce the insulating qualities.
Roll Roofing
Roll roofing is an economical cover especially suited
For roofs with low pitches. It is also sometimes used for valley flashing
instead of metal. It has a base of heavy asphalt-impregnated felt with
additional coatings of asphalt that are dusted to prevent adhesion in the roll.
The weather surface may be plain or covered with fine mineral granules.
Many different colours are available. One edge of the sheet is left plain (no
granules) where the lap cement
Is applied. For best results, the sheathing must be tight, preferably 1 6
tongue-and-groove, or plywood. If the sheathing is smooth.
These asphalt shingles have a three-dimensional look.
Asphalt shingles are the most popular.
CEMENT
SECOND SHEET
FIRST SHEET
Method of cementing and lapping the first and second
Strips of roll roofing.
Roofing (with no cupped boards or other protuberance), the slate-surfaced
roll roofing will withstand a surprising amount of abrasion from foot traffic,
although it is not generally recommended for that purpose.
Windstorms are the most relentless enemy of roll roofing. If the wind gets
under a loose edge, almost certainly a section will be blown off.
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SHEATHING PAPER
BASE SHEET
PERFORATED FELT
ASPHALT AGGREGATE
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Prior to the application of the built-up roof, the deck should beInspected for
soundness. Wood board decks should be constructed of 3/4-inch seasoned
lumber or plywood. Any knotholes larger than one inch should be covered
with sheet metal. If plywood is used as a roof deck it should be placed with
the length at right angles to the rafters and be at least 1/2 inch in thickness.
The first step in the application of a built-up roof is the placing of sheathing
paper and base sheet. The sheathing paper should be lapped in 2 inches and
secured with just enough nails to hold it in place. The base sheet is then
placed with 2-inch side laps and 6-inch end laps. The base sheet should be
secured with 1/2-inch diameter head galvanized roofing nails placed 12
inches on center on the exposed lap. Nails should also be placed down the
center of the base sheet. The nails should be placed in two parallel rows, 12
inches apart.
The base sheet is then coated with a uniform layer of hot asphalt.
While the asphalt is still hot, a layer of roofing felt is placed and mopped with
the hot asphalt. Each succeeding layer of roofing felt is placed and mopped
in a similar manner with asphalt. Each sheet should be lapped 19 inches,
leaving 17 inches exposed.
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AGGREGATE
GRAVEL STOP
ASPHALT
ROOF CEMENT
NAILS3" O.C.
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8.
QUALITY:-
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3. Quality Assurance
4. Techno-Legal matters
5. Technology Application & Standards Unit.
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