Topic9

Ver+calTransporta+on

INTRODUCTION
OFTHEMANYDECISIONSTHATMOSTBEmadebythe
designerofamul+storybuilding,probablynoneis
moreimportantthantheselec+onofthever+cal
transporta+onequipmentthatis,thepassenger,
service,andfreightelevatorsandtheescalators.
representamajorbuildingexpense,beinginthecase
ofa25storyocebuildingasmuchas10'%ofthe
construc+oncost.
qualityofelevatorserviceisalsoanimportantfactorin
atenant'schoiceofspaceincompetingbuildings.

 Thefunc+onofthischapteristofamiliarise
thearchitectandengineerwiththenature
andapplica+onofver+caltransporta+on
equipmentinordertoenablethemtomake
preliminarydesigndecisionsandinteract
eec+velywithconsultants.

Forthegeneralpurposetrac+onelevator,theidealperformanceprovides
minimumwai+ng+meforacaratanyoorlevel:
comfortableaccelera+on:
rapidtransporta+on:
smooth,rapidbraking:
accurateautoma+clevelingatlandings:
rapidloadingandunloadingatallstops.
providequick.quietpoweropera+onofdoors:
goodoorandtraveldirec+onindica+on,bothinthecarsandatlandings:
easilyoperatedcarandlandingcallbuTons(orotherdevices):
smooth,quiet,andsafeopera+onofallmechanicalequipmentforallcondi+onsof
loading:
comfortableligh+ng:
reliableemergencyandsecurityequipment:
agenerallypleasantcaratmosphere.

Inaddi+ontopassengerorientedservice
considera+ons,elevatorshavearchitectural
impacts:
CarsandshaWwaydoorsmustbetreatedina
mannerconsonantwiththearchitecturalunityof
thebuilding.
shaWwaysaremajorspaceelementswhose
integra+onintothebuildingisaprimefactorin
composi+on.asisthedesignoftheelevator
lobby.

ELEVATOREQUIPMENT
PRINCIPALCOMPONENTS

Thecar,
cables,
elevatormachine,
controlequipment,
counterweights,
hoistway.
rails.
penthouse,
andpit
aretheprincipalpartsofatrac+onelevatorinstalla+on.

 Thecaristheonlyitemwithwhichtheaveragepassengerisfamiliar.
someofabuilding'spres+gedependsuponproperdesignofthecar.
thecarisacageofsomereresistantmaterialsupportedonastructural
frame.tothetopmemberofwhichtheliWingcablesarefastened.
Bymeansofguideshoesonthesidemembers,thecarisguidedinits
ver+caltravelintheshaW.
Thecarisprovidedwith

safetydoors,
opera+ngcontrolequipment.
oorlevelindicators,
illumina+on.
emergencyexits,
andven+la+on.

Itisdesignedforlonglife,quietopera+on.andlowmaintenance.

 Approximately75'%oftheenergyexpendedinliWingacar
isreturnedtothesystembyregenera+onwhenthecaris
lowered.
Regenera+onistheprocessinwhichthetrac+onmotor
becomesageneratorwhenthecarisloweredandfeeds
powerbackintotheelectricalsystem.
Thelostenergyappearsasheat,primarilyinthemachine
room.
Tocompensateforthehoistropeweight,whichbecomes
animportantfactorinhighriseelevators,cablesare
aTachedtotheboTomofthecarandthecounterweight,
thusequalizingloadsregardlessofthecabposi+on.

 TheelevatormachineturnsthesheaveandliWsorlowersthecar.
Itconsistsof

aheavystructuralframeonwhicharemountedthesheaveanddriving
motor,
thegears(ifany),thebrakes,themagne+csafetybrake,andcertain
otherauxiliaries.

Inmanyexis+nginstalla+onstheelevatordriving(trac+on)motor
receivesitsenergyfromaseparatemotorgenerator(mg)set,
whichisinopera+onduringtheperiodthatthepar+cularelevator
isavailableforhandlingtrac.Thismgsetisproperlyconsidereda
partoftheelevatormachine,
Inmoderninstalla+ons,solidstatepowerandcontrolequipment
replacesthemgset,

 Agovernor,whichlimitsthecartosafespeeds,is
mountedonorneartheelevatormachine.
Thecontrolequipmentisusuallydividedinto
threegroups:
Drive(mo.on)controlisconcernedwiththevelocity,
accelera+on,posi+ondetermina+on,andlevelingof
thecar.
Opera.ngcontrolcoverscardooropera+onand
func+oningofcarsignals,includingoorcallbuTons
andallindica+ngdevices.
Supervisorycontrolisconcernedwithgroupop
era+onofmul+plecarinstalla+ons.

 TheshaW,orhoistway,isthever+calpassagewayforthecarand
counterweights.
Onitssidewallsarethecarguiderailsandcertainmechanicaland
electricalauxiliariesofthecontrolapparatus.
AttheboTomoftheshaWarethecarandcounterweightbuers.
Atthetopisthestructuralplacormonwhichtheelevatormachine
rests.
Theelevatormachineroom(whichmayoccupyoneortwolevels)is
usuallydirectlyabovethehoistway.
Itcontainsthetrac+onmachineandthemgsetorsolidstate
controlthatsuppliesenergytotheelevatormachineandcontrol
equipment.
Machineryandcontrolequipmentaredesignedforquiet,vibra
+onfreeopera+on

ARRANGEMENTOFELEVATORMACHINES,SHEAVES,ANDROPES

Thesimplestmethodofarrangingver+caltravel
ofacaristopassaropeoverasheaveand
counterbalancetheweightofthecarbya
counterweight.
Thenbyrota+ngthesheave,thecarmovesupor
downandrequiresveryliTleenergytodoit.
Thisisessen+allytheschemethatisusedona
majorityofhighspeedpassengerelevators,as
illustratedinFig.31.3a.

 Intypesa,b,andcinFig.31.3theelevator
machinesarelocatedinamachineroom
penthouseatthetopofthehoistway.
If,forarchitecturalorotherreasons,itisdesired
toeliminatethispenthouse,abasement
machineroomcanbeusedwiththeroping
showninFig.31.3d.
Thisarrangementusesgearedtrac+on
equipmentwithspeedsofupto400fpm.Allthe
illustratedropingsareapplicabletothefullrange
ofcarcapaci+es.

REQUIREMENTSFORTHEDISABLED

Thebasicphysicallimita+onsaddressedarethose
ofambula+on,sight,andhearing.
Thus,toeaseaccessforpassengersin
wheelchairs(orwithwalkingaids),requires
excellentcarleveling,36in.minimumcleardoor
opening(42in.recommended),
delayeddoorclosing,detec+onbeamsthatreopen
thedoorwithoutcontactonsensingapassenger.
insidecardimensionsthatpermitturninga
wheelchair,
buTonsandemergencycontrolswithineasyreach,
andappropriatecarfurnishings.

ELEVATORCARCONTROL

31.12DRIVECONTROL
Themovementofanelevatorcarandallofitspartsiscontrolledbythree
dierentsystemsthatcombineandinteracttoprovideauniedcontrol
system.
Thesupervisorysystemcontrolsabankofelevatorsasagroupand
dictateswhichcaranswerswhichcall.
Theopera+onalcontrolsystemdetermineswhenandwherephysical
mo+onofacaranditsdoorsshouldoccur.Itdealswiththeopera+onof
thecardoorsandtheintegra+onofcarbuTons,lanterns.andpassenger
operateddevicesintotheoverallcontrolandindica+ngsystem.
Opera+ngcontrolpassesitsinforma+onaboutcaranddoorcontroltothe
mo+oncontrolsystem(alsoknownasdrivecontrol).Mo+oncontroldeter
minesthecar'saccelera+on,velocity.braking,leveling,andregenera+ve
braking,plusallaspectsofdoormo+on.

Thespeedcontrolcanbeaccomplishedinanumber
ofways,allofwhichareinuseinelevator
installa+ons.Theyare:
Thyristorcontrolofanasynchronous(squirrel
cage)actrac+onmotor
Thyristorcontrolofadctrac+onmotor
Motorgenerator(mg)setcontrolofadctrac
+onmotor(WardLeonardsystemorUMVunit
mul+voltagedrive)
Variablevoltage,variablefrequency(VVVF)con
trolofanasynchronousactrac+onmotor

31.17SYSTEMCONTROLREQUIREMENTS

Anopera+ngsystemisonethatprovidestheautoma+cresponse
ofagroupofcarstocallsforservice.
Aneec+vesystemmusttakecognizanceofallhallcallsandcar
calls,cartraveldirec+ons.andcarposi+on,inrela+ontoeachother
andinrela+ontothecallrequirements.plusthetrendsoftrac.
Thelastisrequiredinorderthatthesysteman+cipatedemand
ratherthanreacttoit.
Becausetracandcallsareneversta+c,thecontrolsystemthat
cansa+sfyallthesedemandsinalargeelevatorsystemis
necessarilyanextremelysophis+catedone.
Onsmallsystems,theopera+ngcontrolismuchsimpler

31.18SINGLEAUTOMATICPUSHBUTTONCONTROL

Thissystemisthesimplestofthepassengeroperatedautoma+ccontrolschemes.
Ithandlesonlyonecallata+me,providinganuninterruptedtripforeachcall.
AsinglecorridorbuTonateachlevelcanregisteracallonlywhenthecarisnotin
mo+on.Thissystemisusedonlyinprivateresidencesandforlightusefreight
elevators.
31.19COLLECTIVECONTROL
Carsstopateachoorthatregistersacallirrespec+veofdirec+on,hencethe
termcollec+ve.
Thisleadstoslowandannoyingservice.
Asaresult,thissystemisnolongerusedinnewinstalla+onsintheUnitedStates,
althoughitiscommoninothercountries.

31.20SELECTIVECOLLECTIVEOPERATION
is"selec+ve"inthatitisarrangedtocollectallwai+ng"up"callsonthetripupand
allhall"down"callsonthetripdown.
Thecontrolsystemstoresallcallsun+ltheyareanswered,andautoma+cally
reversesthedirec+onoftravelatthehighestandlowestcalls.
whenallcallshavebeencleared,thecarwillremainattheoorofitslaststop
awai+ngthenextcall.AnyhallbuToncallwillsetthecarintoopera+on.
Selec+vecollec+vecontrolisstandardinloca+onswhereservicerequirementsare
moderate,suchasinapartmenthouses,smalloces,andprofessionalbuildings.
Becausetheseloca+onsoWenrequiremorethanonecar,agroupcontrolscheme
foruptothreecars
automa+callyassignseachhallcalltothecarbestsituatedtoanswerit,
preventsmorethanonecarfromansweringacall,
allowsonecartobedetachedforfreightduty,
andautoma+callyparkscarsatthegroundoorwhentheyarenotrequired.

31.21COMPUTERIZEDSYSTEMCONTROL
Severalalgorithmswithdierentemphasisfordierentfunc+ons,
havingthefollowingcharacteris+cs:
thean+cipatedserviceneeds.
Bereprogrammabletomeetchangesinbuildingneedsatnominal
costandwithminimumshutdown+me.
Providefor
prioritycalls(basedonlandingwaiting+mes),
sta+s+calanalysisoftracinordertoan+cipatepaTerns,
adap+ve(zoned)carparkingtomeetspecicneeds,
adjustabledoor+mingbasedonthetypeofcall(lobby,landing,car),
backupdispatchmeans(incaseofdispatchsystemfailure),
andautoma+ccallcutoutforconstant(stuck)signals.

Providemeansforlobbyandmanagementoceviewing(monitor)

 Provideaddi+onalfunc+onssuchas
emergencypowerelevatorselec+onandcontrol),
priorityservice,
selec+vehall/carcallcutout,
swing(separate)caropera+on,
andhoistwayaccesscontrolsformaintenance.

Provide,wherespecicallyrequiredbythebuilding'smanagement.
ariotcontrolfeature(accesslimita+onatentrancelevels),
crossoverooropera+oninazonedsystem.
conven+onservice(intenseshort+meusageatselectedlevels),
andcontrolledaccessatgivenoorsandforspecicoccupants.

Befullycoordinatedwiththereprotec+onsysteminaccordance
withthelocalreregula+ons(seeSec+on31.43).

 Provideaddi+onalfunc+onssuchas
Actinconsonancewiththeelevatorsecurityequipmentsothat
opera+onofsecurity/alarmdevicesini+atesautoma+celevator
mo+oncontrolprocedures.Thistoomustbecoordinatedwiththe
localsecurityauthori+es,andtheautoma+cproceduresmustbe
subjecttomanualoverride(seeSec+on31.44).
Properopera+onofthesystemshouldalsoresultin:
Alloorsgeongequalservice,includingthebasement.ifrequired
Properhandlingofmul+oortenantsinocebuildingstopermit
ecientinteroortrac
Appropriateac+oninemergencies.suchasgeneralorlocalcircuit
powerfailureoranytypeofabnormalcartosignalopera+on

31.23LOBBYELEVATORPANEL
Thetradi+onallobbyelevatorcontrolandinforma+on
panelforeachelevatorbankthatwasusuallywallmounted
adjacenttotherelatedelevatorshasbecomeoneormore
computermonitorscreensposi+onedatalobbydesk(Fig.
31.12)and/orinthebuildingmaintenanceoce.
Inaddi+on,aninforma+ononlyscreenisfrequentlywall
mountedadjacenttotherelatedelevatorsforthewai+ng
passengers.
Theinforma+ondisplayedonthescreenincludescar
loca+ons,movementdirec+on,wai+ngcorridorcalls,and
anyspecialstatusdata.

Thecontrolfunc+onsavailableatthecomputerterminalpermitinterven+on
toestablishspecialtypesofopera+onincluding:
Carmovementwithoutopera+ngtheusualaudibleandvisualsignals
(inconspicuousriser)
Oneormorecarsremovedfromsupervisorycontrolandoperated
manually(aTendantorindependentservice)
Carselectedfornightorweekendservicewhiletheothercarsareshut
down
Car(s)assignedtoapar+cularooronaxedorprioritybasiscall
(conven+onfeatureorpriority)
controlofemergencyservice,includingthe"reman'sreturn"feature
requiredbyANSIandmanylocalrecodes(Sec+on31.43)andthe
controlsrelatedtoswitchingofpowerbetweencarsintheeventthat
opera+ononemergencygeneratorpowerisnecessary(Sec+on31.42).
Inaddi+on,meansoftwowaycommunica+onwitheachcarandother
selectedloca+onsareprovidedatthecontrolcenter.

ELEVATORSELECTION
31.25GENERALCONSIDERATIONS
Thecriteriausuallyusedindeterminingelevator
servicequalityare:
Intervalandaveragewai+ng+me
Handlingcapacity
Travel+me

31.26DEFINITIONS

Acleardeni+onofimportantterms,includingvariantusages.follows.

AveragelobbyDmeoraveragelobbywaiDngDme.
Average+mespentbyapassengerbetweenarrivinginthelobbyand
leavingthelobbyinacar.

Handlingcapacity(HC).

Figureofmeritforanelevatorsystem,indica+ngthemaximumnum
berofpassengersthatcanbehandledinagivenperiodusually5
minutes,thustheterm5minutehandlingcapacity.Whenexpressed
asapercentageofthebuilding'spopula+on,itiscalledpercent
handlingcapacity(PHC).

Interval(I)orlobbydispatchDme.

Average+mebetweendepartureofcarsfromthelobby.

 RegistraDonDme.

Wai+ng+meatanupperooraWerregisteringacall.

RoundtripDme(RT).
Average+merequiredforacartomakearoundtrip,star+ngfromthelower
terminalandreturningtoit.The+meincludesasta+s+callydetermined
numberofupperoorstopsinonedirec+onand,whencalcula+ngelevator
requirementsbasedonuppeaktrac,anexpressreturntrip.

TravelDmeoraveragetripDme(AVTRP).

Average+mespentbypassengersfromthemomenttheyarriveinthelobby
tothemomenttheyleavethecaratanupperoor.

Zone.
Groupofoorsinabuildingthatisconsideredasaunitwithrespectto
elevatorservice.Itmayconsistofaphysicalen+tyagroupofupperoors
aboveandbelowwhichareblindshaWsoritmaybeaproductoftheelevator
groupcontrolsystem.changingwithsystemneeds.

31.27INTERVALORLOBBYDISPATCHTIMEANDAVERAGE
LOBBYWAITINGTIME
Inanidealinstalla+onacarwouldbewai+ngatthelower
terminalontherider'sarrivalorwouldbeavailableaWera
shortwait.Becausecarsleavethelobbyseparatedin+me
bytheinterval(I)andpassengersarriveatthelobbyin
randomfashion,theaveragewai+ng+meinthelobby
shouldbehalf(50%)theinterval.Fieldmeasurements
show,however,thatitisactuallylongerthanthis.The
guremostoWenusedintheindustryis60%thatis:
averagelobbywai+ng+me=0.6xI

TABLE31.4RecommendedElevatorIntervalsandRelated(a)LobbyWaiDngTime
Facility Type
Interval I (sec)

Waiting Time

OFFICE BUILDINGS
Excellent service

15-24

9-14

Good service

25-29

15-17

Fair service

30-39

18-23

Poor service

40-49

24-29

50+

30+

Unacceptable service

RESIDENTIAL
Prestige apartments

50-70

30-42

Middle-income apartments

60-80

36-48

80-120

48-72

Dormitories

60-80

36-48

Hotels-first quality

30-50

18-30

Hotels-second quality

50-70

30-42

Low-income apartments

TABLE31.5CarPassengerCapacity(p)
Elevator
Capacity
(lb)

Maximum
Passenger
Capacity

2000

12

Normal
Passenger'
Load
per Trip
10

2500

17

13

3000

20

16

3500

23

19

4000

28

22

'Thenumberofpassengerscarriedonatripduringpeakcondi+onsisapproximately80%ofthecarcapacity.

TABLE31.6MinimumPercentHandlingCapaciDes(PHC)
Facility

Percent of Population
to Be Carried in 5 Minutes
OFFICE BUILDINGS

Center city

12-14

Investment

11.5-13

Single-purpose

14-16
RESIDENT AL

Prestige
Other

5-7
6-8a

Dormitories

10-11

Hotels-first quality

12-15

Hotels-second quality

10-12

TABLE31.7PopulaDonofTypicalBuildingsforEsDmaDngElevatorandEscalator
Requirements
Building Type
OFFICE BUILDINGS

Net Area
Square feet per person

Diversified (multiple tenancy)

Normal
Prestige
Single tenancy
Normal
Prestige
HOTELS

Persons per sleeping room

Normal use
Conventions
HOSPITALS

1.3
1.9
Visito s and s aff per bed(b)

General private
General public (large wards)
APARTMENT HOUSES
High-rental housing
Moderate-rental housing
Low-cost housing

110-130'
150-250
90-110
130-200

3
3-4
Persons per bed corn
15
2.0
2.5-3.0

TABLE31.8OceBuildingEciency
Building Height
0-10 floors
0-20 floors
0-30 floors

0-40 floors

Net Usable Area as Percentage of Gross

Area
Approximately 80%
Floors 1-10 approximately 75%
11-20 approximately 80%
Floors 1-10 approximately 70%
11-20 approximately 75%
21-30 approximately 80%
Floors 1-10 approximately 70%
11-20 approximately 75%
21-30 approximately 80%
31-40 approximately 85%

Source:ReprintedfromG.R.Strakosch,Ver.calTransporta.on,Elevatorsand
Escalators,2nded.Wiley,NewYork,1983.
Note:Applicabletobuildingswith15,000to20,000grosssquarefeetperoor.

TRAVELTIMEORAVERAGETRIPTIME
Theaveragetrip+meor+metodes+na+onisthesumofthelobby
wai+ng+meplustravel+metothemedianoorstop.
ROUNDTRIPTIME
Thegureforroundtrip+meduringuppeaktraccondi+ons,
usedforcalcula+ngelevatorrequirements,iscomposedofthesum
offourfactors:(1)+metoaccelerateanddecelerate;(2)+meto
openandclosedoorsatallstops;(3)+metoloadandunload;and
(4)running+me(Figs.31.16,31.18).
Physically,roundtrip+meisthe+mefromdooropeningatthe
lowerterminaltodooropeningatthesameterminalattheendofa
roundtrip.

TABLE31.9ElevatorEquipmentRecommendaDons
Building

Car Capacity(a)
Type

Minimum'
Car Speed

Rise

lb kg

ft
0-125

m
0-40

fpmm/s
350-4002.0

Office

25001250

126-225

41-70

500-6002..5

building

30001250

226-275

71-85

7003.15

35001600

276-375

86-115

8004.0

Above 375
Hotel

25001250
13000

>115

As above

10005.0
As above

1250
0-60
Hospital

350016001
140002000

Apartments

0-20
61-100

21-30

200-2501.0

101-125

31-40

250-3001.6

126

41-55

350 4002..0

176-250

56-75

500-6003.15

>250

>75

7004.0

0-75

0-25

1000.63

20001000

76-125

26-40

2001.0

125001250

126-200

41-60

250-3001.6

>60

350-4002..0

0-30

2001.0

>200

Stores

1500.63

3 5001600

0-100

40002000

101-150

31-45

250-3001.6

50002500

151-200

46-60

350-4002.0

>200

>60

5002.5

31.31SYSTEMRELATIONSHIPS
Thesymbolsthatusedinallelevatorcalcula+onsare:
p:
individualcarcapacity,equalto80%ofthemaximumduring

peakhours
h:
5minutecapacityofasinglecar
N:
numberofcarsinasystem
HC:
system5minutehandlingcapacity,expressedinnumberof
RT:
roundtrip+me,inseconds
AVTR:
averagetrip+me,inseconds
I:

interval,inseconds
D:
popula+ondensity,insquarefeetperperson
PHC:
percentofthepopula+ontobemovedin5minutes,
and

expressedasapercentage

CARSPEED
Theselec+onofthecarspeedtobeusedisamaTeroftrial
anderror,thenalselec+onbeingthatrequiredtogiveanRT
(roundtrip+me)thatinturngivesanacceptableinterval.
Althoughcarsizecanbeselectedatanyvalue,ithasbeen
shownthatforcertainfacilitytypes,specicsizecarsare
indicated.Theserecommenda+onsaregiveninTable31.9.

TABLE 31.9 Elevator Equipment Recommendations

Building
Type

Car Capacity(a)
lb

kg

ft

fpmm/s

0-125

0-40

350-4002.0

Office 25001250

126-225

41-70

500-6002..5

building 30001250

226-275

71-85

7003.15

35001600

276-375

86-115

8004.0

Hotel 25001250
13000
1250

Above 375
As above

0-60

Hospital 350016001
140002000

Stores

Minimum'
Car Speed

Rise

>115

10005.0
As above

15000.63

0-20

61-100

21-30

200-2501.0

101-125

31-40

250-3001.6

126

41-55

350 4002..0

176-250

56-75

500-6003.15

>250

>75

7004.0

0-75

0-25

1000.63

Apartments 20001000

76-125

26-40

2001.0

125001250

126-200

41-60

250-3001.6

>200

>60

350-4002..0

35001600

0-100

0-30

2001.0

40002000

101-150

31-45

250-3001.6

50002500

151-200

46-60

350-4002.0

>200

>60

"Car capacity is determined by building size, and car speed by rise.

5002.5

31.35OTHERELEVATORSELECTIONRECOMMENDATIONS
(a)OceBuildings
AllnecessarydesigncriteriacanbeselectedfromTables31.4to31.7.
Supervisorygroupcontrolisnormallymicroprocessorbased.
Approximately1servicecarper10passengercarsshouldbeprovidedor,
alterna+vely,onecarforevery300.000W'ofnetarea.
Servicecarsshouldbe5000lborlargerwithoutadroppedceilingand,ifalsoused
forpassengerservice,equippedwithwallpads.
Anoversizeddoor(e.g..4W.0in.or4W,6in.)ispar+cularlyusefulinhandling
furniture.
ServiceelevatorsshouldhaveashaWwaydoorateverylevelpluseasyaccesstothe
truckdockorotherfreightentranceaswellasthelobby.
Thesecarsoperateasservicecarsnormallybutcanserveaspassengercarsinpeak
periodstoreduceconges+onanddelay.

(b)ApartmentBuildings
Studiesindicatethatapartmentbuildingtracdependsnotonlyonthe
popula+onbutalsoontheloca+onandtypeoftenant.
Buildingswithmanychildrenexperienceaschoolhourpeak;
buildingsinmidtownwithpredominantlyadulttenancyexhibitevening
peaksduetothehomecomingworkinggroupandoutgoingdinnertrac.
Wheretwocarsarerequired,thesecondcarshouldfunc+onbothasa
servicecarandasapassengercar.
Thecarsmaybebankedorseparatedasdesired.Ifasinglecarisused,it
shouldbeserviceelevatorsize.
Selfservicecollec+vecontrolisthegeneralchoice,withprovisionfor
aTendantcontrolinpres+giousbuildings.

 Withsmallcarsandashortrise,aswingtypemanualcorridordooris
acceptable:inlargerinstalla+ons,boththecarandthecorridordoor
shouldbethepoweroperatedslidingtype.
Serviceelevatorsmustbelargeenoughtohandlebulkyfurnitureand
shouldthereforebeatleast4000lb,witha48in.doorandahighceiling.
Hoistwaysmustbeisolatedfromsleepingroomsbylobbiesorother
space.
Similarly,machineroomsmustbeisolatedbecausethestar+ngand
stoppingofmotorsandothermachineroomnoisesareadetrimentto
soundsleep.

(c)Hospitals
Asmen+onedinTable31.6.thegoverningfactorinthedetermina+onof
elevatorrequirementsmaybeeithernormalhospitaltracorvisitor
trac,dependingonthevisi+nghourschedule.
Duetothelargevolumeofvehiculartracsuchasstretchercarts,
wheelchairs,beds,linencarts,andlaundrytrucks,theelevatorcarsare
muchdeeperthanthenormalpassengertype.
Thistypeofcar,whenusedforpassengerservice,holdsmorethan20
personsandthereforegivesslowservice.Forthisreason,itisoccasionally
advisabletou+lizesomenormalpassengercarsinaddi+ontohospitalsize
cars,par+cularlyinlargehospitals.
Theuseoftrayandbulkcartsinfoodserviceimposesaconsiderableload
ontheelevatorsbefore,during,andaWermeals,andpassengerserviceis
seriouslydisrupted.

 Toreducethisconges+onanddelay,manyarchitectsandhospital
administratorsprefertheuseofdumbwaitercarsoranotherofthemany
typesofmaterialshandlingsystemsthatcanhandlea151/2x20in.food
tray.Thesesystemscanalsobeusedfortranspor+ngpharmaceu+calsand
otheritems.
Elevatorsshouldbegroupedcentrally,althoughseparatedbytypeofuse.
Carcontrolisnormallyselfservicecollec+ve.
Thepopula+onofthehospitalmaybees+matedfromTable31.7.
Experiencehasshownthatacarryingcapacityof45passengersina5
minuteperiodisadequate(es+ma+ngeachvehicleasequivalentto9
passengers).
Intervalsshouldnotexceed1minute.Allrecommenda+onsforserviceto
thehandicappedshouldbeadopted(seeSec+on31.11).

(d)RetailStores
Retailstorespresentauniqueprobleminver+cal
transporta+oninasmuchastheobjec+veispar+allyto
transportpersonstospeciclevelsandpar+allytoexposethe
passengerstodisplayedmerchandise.
Forthisreason,modernstoresrelyheavilyonescalators,with
oneortwoelevatorsintendedforusebystaand
handicappedpersons.
When,forsomereason,itisdesiredtoequipastorewith
elevators,usetherecommenda+onsshowninTable31.9,
calculatedforaloadof10%to20%,ofthestore'spopula+on.
Controlshouldbeautoma+c,selec+vecollec+ve.Carsare
arrangedinastraightlinetofacilitateloadingandwai+ng.

31.36SHAFTSANDLOBBIES
Theelevatorlobbyoneachooristhefocalpointfromwhichthe
corridorsradiateforaccesstoallrooms,stairways,servicerooms,andso
forth.
Thegroundoorelevatorlobby(alsocalledthelowerterminal)mustbe
convenientlylocatedwithrespecttothemainentrances.Theequipment
withinoradjacenttothisareashouldincludepublictelephones,abuilding
directory,elevatorindicators,andpossiblyacontroldesk
Alllobbiesshouldbeadequateinareaforthepeakloadgatheringof
passengerstoensurerapidandcomfortableservicetoall.Thenumberof
peoplecontribu+ngtotheperiodofpeakload(15to20minutepeak)
determinestherequiredlobbyareaontheoor.

 Notlessthan5W'(0.5m')ofoorspaceperpersonshouldbeprovidedat
peakperiodsforwai+ngpassengersatagivenelevatororbankof
elevators.
Thehallwaysleadingtosuchlobbiesshouldalsoprovideatleast5W2(0.5
m2)perperson,approachingthelobby.Underselfadjus+ngrelaxed
condi+ons,densityisabout7W2(0.65m2)perperson.However,inpeak
periodscrowdingoccurs,reducingthisamount3to4W2perperson(34
persons/m2).Anacceptablecompromiseis5W2(0.5m2)perperson.

Carsize

speed

DEPTH

WIDTH

kg

m/s

mm

1000

2.5

2200

2400

1250

2.5

2200

2600

1600

2.5

2500

2600

2000

2.5

2500

2600

1000

4.0

2200

2400

1250

4.0

2200

2600

1600

4.0

2500

2600

1250

6.0

2250

2500

fig.31.20 Rough hoistway dimensional data for use in schematic design) SI elevator sizes and dimensions.

EnergyConserva+on
Areduc+oninenergyconsump+oncanbeaccomplishedby
implemen+ngthefollowingrecommenda+ons:
FOREXISTINGELEVATORS
Increasetheintervalduringnonpeakhours
Replacemgsetswithasolidstatedcpowersupplyorac
trac+onmotorswithaVVVFpowersupply.Thisconserves
energynotonlyduetothehighereciencyofthepower
supply.butalsobecauseenergyconsump+onofidling
machinesiseliminated.
Recyclemachineroomwasteheat.
Shutdownsomeunitscompletelyduringohours.

FORABUILDINGINTHEPLANNINGSTAGE
Basethedesignonthemaximumrecommendedtrip+me.
Usethelowestspeedspossiblewithinatypethatisgearedor
gearless.
Usegearlessequipmentwheneverpossible.
AWerconstruc+on,implementtherecommenda+onsfor
exis+ngelevatorspreviouslydetailed.

31.43FIRESAFETY
Mostrecodesspecifytheproceduresthattheelevatorcontrolequipment
mustimplementonceareemergencyhasbeenini+ated:
I.Allcarsclosetheirdoorsandreturnnonstoptothelobbyoranother
designatedoor,wheretheyparkwiththedoorsopen.ThereaWer.they
areoperableinmanualmodeonly,byuseofthereghter'skeyinthecar
panel.
2.Allcarandhallcallsarecanceled,andcallregisteredlightsanddirec+onal
arrowsex+nguished.
3.Thereemergencylightormessagepanelineachcarisac+vatedtoinform
passengersofthenatureofthealertandthatcarsarereturningtoa
designatedterminal.
4.Doorsensorsandincaremergencystopswitchesaredeac+vated.
5.Travelingcarsstopatthenextlandingwithoutopeningtheirdoorsand
thenproceedtothedesignatedterminal.
Thecarscanthenbeusedbytrainedpersonneltotransportrepersonnel
andequipmentandforevacua+on.

Elevatorsecurityhastwoaspects:physicalsecurityofridersand
considera+onoftheelevatorasaportalinabuildingaccess
securitysystem.
(a)RiderSecurity
elevatorsareequippedwithalarmbuTonsthatalertresidents
andsecuritypersonnel,
Everyelevator,bycode,mustbeequippedwith
communica+onequipment.
WhenaclosedcircuitTVmonitorisadded,u+lizingawide
anglecameraineachcar(Fig.31.28),thesecurityproblem
willhavebeenaddressedtoaconsiderableextent
Handlingofthealarmisproblema+cbecauseanautoma+cally
lockeddoorcanbeforcedopenmanually.Furthermore,the
advisabilityoflockingaviolentpersoninanelevatorwith
poten+alvic+msisques+onable.

(b)AccessControl
ThisisoWenamaTerofrestric+ngaccessto(andfrom)aoor
orcar.ThiscanbeaccomplishedbypushbuToncombina+on
locksorcodedcards,theproperuseofwhichpermitsaccess.
However,ifasecondpersonhappenstoaccompanythe
authorizedperson,theeec+venessofthistypeofaccess
barrierisseriouslycompromised.
Insum,themosteec+vesecuritysystemisacombina+onof
automa+cmonitoringandaccessdevicescoupledwith
con+nuoussupervisionbypersonswhoknowtheappropriate
ac+ontotakeinanemergency.