TURNING

A lathe is a machine tool which rotates the workpiece on its axis to perform
various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling,
or deformation, facing, turning, with tools that are applied to the
workpiece to create an object which has symmetry about an axis of
rotation.
A lathe may or may not have legs which sit on the floor and elevate the lathe bed to a
working height. A lathe may be small and sit on a workbench or table, and not require a
stand. Almost all lathes have a bed, which is (almost always) a horizontal beam
(although CNC lathes commonly have an inclined or vertical beam for a bed to ensure
that swarf, or chips, falls free of the bed). At one end of the bed (almost always the left, as
the operator faces the lathe) is a headstock. The headstock contains high-precision spinning
bearings. Rotating within the bearings is a horizontal axle, with an axis parallel to the bed,
called the spindle. Spindles are often hollow, and have exterior threads and/or an
interior Morse taper on the "inboard" (i.e., facing to the right / towards the bed) by which
work-holding accessories may be mounted to the spindle. Spindles may also have exterior
threads and/or an interior taper at their "outboard" (i.e., facing away from the bed) end,
and/or may have a hand-wheel or other accessory mechanism on their outboard end.
Spindles are powered, and impart motion to the workpiece.
The spindle is driven either by foot power from a treadle and flywheel or by a belt or gear
drive to a power source. In most modern lathes this power source is an integral electric
motor, often either in the headstock, to the left of the headstock, or beneath the headstock,
concealed in the stand.
In addition to the spindle and its bearings, the headstock often contains parts to convert the
motor speed into various spindle speeds. Various types of speed-changing mechanism
achieve this, from a cone pulley or step pulley, to a cone pulley with back gear (which is
essentially a low range, similar in net effect to the two-speed rear of a truck), to an entire
gear train similar to that of a manual-shift auto transmission. Some motors have electronic
rheostat-type speed controls, which obviates cone pulleys or gears.
The counterpoint to the headstock is the tailstock, sometimes referred to as the loose head,
as it can be positioned at any convenient point on the bed by sliding it to the required area.
The tail-stock contains a barrel which does not rotate, but can slide in and out parallel to the
axis of the bed, and directly in line with the headstock spindle. The barrel is hollow, and
usually contains a taper to facilitate the gripping of various type of tooling. Its most common
uses are to hold a hardened steel center, which is used to support long thin shafts while
turning, or to hold drill bits for drilling axial holes in the work piece. Many other uses are
possible.[2]
Metalworking lathes have a carriage (comprising a saddle and apron) topped with a crossslide, which is a flat piece that sits crosswise on the bed, and can be cranked at right angles
to the bed. Sitting atop the cross slide is usually another slide called a compound rest, which
provides 2 additional axes of motion, rotary and linear. Atop that sits a tool post, which holds

a cutting tool which removes material from the workpiece. There may or may not be a lead
screw, which moves the cross-slide along the bed.

THESE
1.

ARE THE GENERAL TYPES OF LATHE MACHINES-

ENGINE

LATHES
These are probably the most popular among the lathe machines. In fact, no machine
shop is seen without this type of lathe. The good thing about engine lathes is that it
can be used in various materials, aside from metal. Moreover, the set-up of these
machines is so simple that they are easier to use. Its main components include the
bed, headstock, and tailstock. These engine lathes can be adjusted to variable
speeds for the accommodation of a wide scope of work. In addition, these lathes
come in various sizes.

2. TURRET LATHES
These types of lathes are used for machining single workpieces sequentially. This
means that several operations are needed to be performed on a single work piece.
With the turret lathes, sequential operations can be done on the work piece,
eliminating errors in work alignment. With this set-up, machining is done more
efficiently. Correspondingly, time is saved because there is no need to remove and
transfer the work piece to another machine anymore.

3. SPECIAL PURPOSE LATHES

As the name implies, these lathes are used for special purposes such as heavy-duty
production of identical parts. In addition, these lathes also perform specific functions
that cannot be performed by the standard lathes. Some examples of special purpose
lathes include the bench-type jewelers lathes, automatic lathes, crankshaft lathes,
duplicating lathes, multispindle lathes, brake drum lathes, and production lathes
among others.

4. MINI-LATHE

AND MICRO-LATHE

Mini-lathes and micro-lathes are miniature versions of a general-purpose center lathe

(engine lathe). They typically have swings in the range of 3 to 7 in (76 to 178 mm)
diameter (in other words, 1.5 to 3.5 in (38 to 89 mm) radius). They are small and
affordable lathes for the home workshop or MRO shop. The same advantages and
disadvantages apply to these machines as explained earlier regarding 3-in-1
machines. As found elsewhere in English-language orthography, there is variation in
the styling of the prefixes in these machines' names. They are alternately styled
as mini lathe, minilathe, and mini-lathe and as micro lathe,
microlathe, and micro-lathe.

5. CNC LATHE
These are rapidly replacing the older production lathes (multispindle, etc.) due to
their ease of setting, operation, repeatability and accuracy. They are designed to use
modern carbide tooling and fully use modern processes. The part may be designed
and the tool paths programmed by the CAD/CAM process or manually by the
programmer, and the resulting file uploaded to the machine, and once set and trialed
the machine will continue to turn out parts under the occasional supervision of an
operator. The machine is controlled electronically via a computer menu style
interface, the program may be modified and displayed at the machine, along with a

simulated view of the process. The setter/operator needs a high level of skill to
perform the process, however the knowledge base is broader compared to the older
production machines where intimate knowledge of each machine was considered
essential. These machines are often set and operated by the same person, where the
operator will supervise a small number of machines (cell).

HMT NH-22
MADE IN INDIA

ENGINE LATHE MACHINE

Features of a Lathe Machine

Rigid rectangular section wide bed.

Short spindle and shafts for maximum drive rigidity.
Straight bed and gap version with removable bridge piece.
All drive gears in headstock are case hardened and ground.
Dry sump lubrication for minimum thermal deformation.
Induction hardened integral guide ways on bed.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Height of centers
220 mm
Swing over Bed
500 mm
Swing over cross slide
270 mm
Swing in gap
mm

720

Distance between centers

1000/1500/2000/3000 mm
Spindle Nose/Bone
6*/53 mm
Spindle Speed Range(rpm)
60-1430 reverse (7)

A2-

40-2040 forward(16),

Spindle Power
11 kW
Feed range (longitudinal)
0.04-2.24 mm/rev
Feed range (cross)
mm/rev

60from

60 from 0.02-1.12

Lead screw pitch

6 mm
Metric threads
from 0.5-28 mm
Module threads
0.25-14 mm
Diametric pitch (optional)
from 112-2 mm

48

40 from

43

Tailstock sleeve travel

200 mm
Main motor power
kW

OTHER MACHINE IN THE TURNING SECTIONHMT NH-26

MADE IN INDIA

ENGINE LATHE MACHINE

HEIGHT OF CENTRES-260 MM
SWING OVER BED 575 MM
SPINDLE POWER 11KW

7.5