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1 WDM Overview......................................................................................Page4
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Reference:
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Legend:
Freeway: Fiber
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WDM allows for a more efficient use of existing fiber by providing multiple
optical paths along a single (pair of) fiber (s).
WDM allows for a greater range of protocol transmission better suited than
legacy network for data centric applications. (E.g.. GE, ESCON, Fiber Channel,
D1 video)
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OTU: Access the client service and convent the wavelength complied with ITU
standards.
OMU: Multiplex several services with different wavelength into one main path
signal.
ODU: Demultiplex one main path signal into several individual signals.
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Unidirectional WDM system adopts two optical fibers. One only implements the
transmission of signals in one direction while the other implements the
transmission of the signals in the opposite direction.
This tansmission mode is widely used in the worldwide.
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Bi-directional wave WDM system utilizes only one optical fiber. The single fiber
transmits optical signals in both directions simultaneously, and the signals in the
different directions should be assigned on different wavelengths.
Note:
This mode is usually used in the CWDM system to reduce the cost.
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Thought:
Can some channels use OTU and some channels use colored interface?
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WDM doesnt change the structure or any byte in the frame for the client
signal.
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CWDM greatly reduces the system cost while providing certain amount of
wavelengths and transmission distance within 100 km.
Types
Channel Spacing
CWDM
DWDM
100GHz/50GHz/25GHz
C-band: 1529nm~1561nm
L-band: 1570nm~1603nm
20nm
Band
1311~1611nm
Capacity
Laser
Cost
16 x 2.5Gb/s = 40G
Un-cooled Laser
70%
Application
100km
5000km
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False
Can not
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Band
Wavelength
Original
1260~1360
100
Extended
1360~1460
100
Short
1460~1525
65
Conventional
1525~1565
40
Long
1565~1625
60
Ultra long
1625~1675
50
Bandwidth (nm)
Combining the above losses, the attenuation constant of single mode fiber at
1310nm and 1550nm wavelength areas is 0.3~0.4dB/km (1310nm) and
0.17~0.25dB/km (1550nm), respectively. As defined in ITU-T Recommendation
G.652, the attenuation constant at 1310nm and 1550nm should be less than
0.5dB/km and 0.4dB/km, respectively.
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G.652 fiber is currently a single mode fiber for widely use, called 1310nm
property optimal single mode fiber and also called dispersion unshifted fiber.
G.653 fiber is called dispersion shifted fiber or 1550nm property optimal fiber.
By designing the refractive index cross section, the zero dispersion point of this
kind of fiber is shifted to the 1550nm window to match the minimum
attenuation window. This makes it possible to implement ultrahigh speed and
ultra long distance optical transmission.
G.655 fiber, a nonzero dispersion shifted single mode optical fiber, is similar to
G.653 fiber and preserves certain dispersion near 1550nm to avoid four-wave
mixing phenomenon in DWDM transmission. It is suitable for DWDM system
applications.
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DCF is one special kind of optical fiber, with the negative dispersion at 1550nm
window.
The dispersion coefficient is -90~-120ps/nm.km
DCF can counter act positive dispersion while bring new insertion loss and
increasing of PMD.
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Advantage:
Disadvantage:
Gain un-flatness
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When add wavelengths from 1 to 40, the gain will be not changed.
When drop wavelengths from 40 to 1, the gain will be not changed also
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Principle:
Fiber has wide SRS gain spectrum and a wide gain peak around a frequency
13THz lower than that of the pumping light. If a weak signal and a strong
pumping light wave are transmitted through the fiber at the same time, and the
wavelength of the weak signal is set within the Raman gain bandwidth of the
strong pumping light, the weak signal can be amplified. Such SRS-based OA is
call Raman optical amplifier. Raman optical amplifiers gain is the switch gain,
that is, the difference between the output power when the amplifier is on and
that when the amplifier is off.
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Advantage:
Disadvantage:
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BA: Booster amplifier, mainly used in the transmit end. For the hardware
description, you will see OBU card.
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For all the optical lights are bidirectional, the mechanisms of multiplexer and
demultiplexer are the same. Here in after we just discuss about the multiplexer,
if you reverse the direction, it could also be considered as a demultiplexer.
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Film Filter offers good stability and isolation between channels at moderate cost,
but with a high insertion loss.
So the number of dropping wavelength is limited.
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The waveguides are connected to cavities at the input and output. When the
light enters the input cavity, it is diffracted and enters the waveguide array.
There the optical length difference of each waveguide introduces phase delays
in the output cavity, where an array of fibers is coupled. The process results in
different wavelengths having maximal interference at different locations, which
correspond to the output ports.
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OSC is often used in the backbone wavelength system,and ESC is normally used
in metropolitan system.
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OA fails, all signal lost, requires the supervisory signal continue to transmit
alarms and other indications.
The receive sensitivity of the OSC unit is very good, up to -48dBm.
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E1 E2 : Orderwire.
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The optical transponder unit (OTU) multiplexes the supervisory information into
the service channel for transmission.
The ESC reduces the investment of the OSC. It also deletes the insertion loss of
the FIU. This lowers the cost and the power budget of optical channels.
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EDFA, Raman
TFF, AWG
OSC, ESC
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The WDM system in the above figure has the following reference points:
RM1 RMn: The reference points on the fiber at OM/OA optical input
connector in channels 1n;
MPI-S: A reference point on the optical fiber just behind the OM/OA
optical output connector;
S': A reference point on the optical fiber behind the optical output
connector of the optical line amplifier;
R': A reference point on the optical fiber in front of the optical input
connector of the optical line amplifier;
MPI-R: A reference point on the optical fiber in front of the OA/OD input
optical connector;
SD1SDn: The reference points at the OA/OD optical output connector;
R1Rn: The reference points at receiver optical transmitter input
connector.
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