Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
90 minutes
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A
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(B)
D
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B
90 minutes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a yeast, would be most closely related to which of the following
species?
D.
2.
Homo sapiens
L1/S4
Yeasts, which are fungi, are closer in phylogeny to animals than to molds or plants.
3.
Which of the following functional groups is not represented in the molecule below?
D.
4.
Sulfhydryl
L1/S19
Dont miss these problems.
Which molecule is the heaviest, on average, and how many of its molecules exist in a typical
human cell?
E.
DNA; 46
L1/S16
DNA is the heaviest molecule at 1 1011 g mol-1 (or Da), and there are 46 molecules (46
chromosomes) in a typical diploid cell.
90 minutes
6.
["# ]
[%"]
is 24.24, what
1.12 10-11
L2/S22
Use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
0
= ' +
12.33 = ' + 24.24
12.33 1.39 = 10.95 = '
' = 100;<= = 100>?.@A
' = 1.13100>>
7.
A researcher discovers a new acid, X. At pH 6.4, there is one thousand more times XH than
X-. What is the pKa of X?
B.
9.4
L2/S22
Use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
= ' +
6.4 = ' +
1
1000
8.
C.
9.
90 minutes
L3/S8
Pyrophosphate is 2 inorganic phosphates. The molecule in question is adenylate, or
adenosine 5monophosphate, AMP. Addition of 2 inorganic phosphates to AMP forms
ATP, the main form of energy in living cells. Note that it is not the deoxy form, or else we
would call it dATP, so the 2OH is present.
10.
In the year 2013, a deceased alien life form was found in a crater. Scientists analyzed its
genetic code, and found that it was similar to Earth-based life. They discovered that the
percent of thymine was 37%, and its genetic code was 3.2 109 base pairs long, similar to
humans. Given that the GC content in humans is about 41%, how would the thermal
stability of the aliens genome compare with that of a humans?
C.
90 minutes
Which of the following diagrams correctly indicates the pattern of hydrogen bonding in an
AT base pair?
B.
L3/S13
Just draw these bases out a bunch of times. One way to remember it might be to pair up the
numbers. Ex. N1NH3 and NH6O4. Try to see these from multiple perspectives,
because, like here, they may not be in the same arrangement as in the slides.
-mercaptoethanol is commonly used to break disulfide bonds. Which of the following
molecules would react with -mercaptoethanol?
12.
B.
13.
Cystine
L4/S20
Only cystine and methionine have sulfurs, so eliminate A and D. Recall that the pairing of
2 cysteine molecules yields cystine, which has a disulfide bond.
14.
ADMIRALACKBAR
L4/S29
If you know your one-letter codes, you should realize that B is not an amino acid you are
responsible for, so treat it as an invalid entry.
Which of the following amino acids can be synthesized de novo in the human body?
B.
L4/S30
If the body can synthesize it, its not an essential amino acid. Y is not an essential amino
acid. Some people like to use PVT TIM HaLL to remember the essential ones, but thats a
little confusing since those arent actually the one-letter abbreviations. I like WTF MILK
H(I)V better.
15.
What is the pI of the following amino acid, given that it has buffer points at 2.18, 8.95, and
10.53?
D.
16.
9.74
L4/S10
Buffer points just means those are its pKas. pI occurs when the net charge is 0, and that will
happen when the C terminus (2.18) is deprotonated, the N terminus (8.95) is protonated, and
the side chain (10.53) is neutral. So, between 8.95 and 10.53, Lys (this amino acid) will have a
neutral charge. Average 8.95 and 10.53 to obtain 9.74. If you had trouble determining which
was the N terminus and which was the R group, most N termini are around 9 and most C
termini are near 2. 8.95 is closer to 9 than 10.53 is.
90 minutes
1.32
L5/S7
Peptide bonds are 1.32 long, notably shorter than the CN bond adjacent.
90 minutes
C.
pKa1
1.82
2.19
2.36 (1)
2.18
2.21
pKa2
6.00 (3)
4.25 (2)
9.60
8.95
9.15
pKa3
9.17 (4)
9.67
10.53 (5)
7.59
L5/S16-17
First, work out the relevant pKas. The ones to consider are highlighted in red, and are
ranked numerically. Start at the fully protonated form, at pH = 1:
pH = 1: +3 charge
pH = 2.36: +2.5 charge
pH = 3: +2 charge
pH = 4.25: +1.5 charge
pH = 5: +1 charge
pH = 6.00: +0.5 charge
pH = 7: 0 charge
pH = 9.17: -0.5 charge
pH = 10: -1 charge
E.??F@.>G
90 minutes
19.
4.10 1015
L5/S19
Dodeca = 12, so a peptide with 12 amino acids. To find the number of sequences of a
dodecapeptide (12), do 2012.
A homodimerized protein weighs 213 kDa. About how many amino acids are in the
undimerized protein?
B.
968
L5/S18
H>L??? M'
20.
The protein PMP22 is a structural protein of the myelin surrounding certain neurons.
Mutations in PMP22 can lead to CharcotMarieTooth (CMT) disease, which occurs in
several types. Type 1E CMT disease is caused by amino acid substitutions, and hearing loss is
a common symptom of type 1E CMT disease.
PMP22 consists partly of four transmembrane helices embedded within the myelin
membrane. A researcher theorizes that type 1E CMT disease may be caused by a substitution
of alanine by proline. Is this a likely assessment?
B.
90 minutes
For the following arrangement of sheets, indicate the direction in which each strand runs:
21.
E.
None of these.
Without an initial condition given, this problem is a little more tricky. But you should realize
that none of the answers would have worked.
90 minutes
N
C
A
B
E
D
90 minutes
23.
A.
YRVIWYTWV
L6/S23
Know those three mnemonics. Use IVY For The Win.
This is a little on the simpler side of what could be asked.
24.
HO
O
H
O
H
H 2N
H
O
O
O
OH
C.
25.
H 3N
NH 3
O
H
O
OH
H 2N
H
O
OH
G = 0
L7/S12
Keq for the reaction is 1. You could use 2 solutions to this problem: Either use =
ln , plugging in 1 for K to obtain 0; or realize that hydrogen bonding does not drive
protein folding forward, and that therefore it would not effect a change in G.
E.
90 minutes
27.
Amyloid is a transmembrane protein, the misfolding of which has been implicated in the
formation of plaques in Alzheimer patient brain tissue. Which of the following statements
regarding Alzheimers Disease involving amyloid would be observed?
B.
28.
90 minutes
Cation exchange
L7/S13
H, R, and K makes this peptide positively charged, so a cation exchanger is required.
You can eliminate gas because that is not a topic weve covered in this class. Eliminate
size-exclusion because no statement is made about the sizes of the other proteins in the
sample.
You might be tempted to default to affinity, but for one, youre not given any
information as to whether a specific antibody or coenzyme exists for the protein, and
for another, the question asks you to select a chromatography type based on this
sequence. The best answer is cation exchange, because the sequence doesnt tell you
anything with regards to affinity for specific molecules, but only its charge.
30.
Hemoglobin: 68 kDa
Myoglobin: 16.7 kDa
Bovine serum albumin: 66.4 kDa
Fibrinogen: 340 kDa
II only
L7/S15
The smaller a protein, the longer the elution time, because they get stuck in the
pores. Eluting last means that it would take the longest to fall off the column,
making myoglobin, the smallest of the batch, the last to elute.
90 minutes
Where .
Based on the graph, which of the following would the researcher be able to conclude?
C.
32.
90 minutes
Hemoglobin A, adult hemoglobin, is a tetramer comprised of (141 AA) and (146 AA)
chains. Hemoglobin A most commonly uses Heme B. What is the estimated molecular weight
of fully oxidated hemoglobin? (Heme B = Lk LH k k )
34.
D.
35.
65,732 Da
2 -strands: 146 110 2
2 -strands: 141 110 2
Heme B = (34 12) + 32 + (14 4) + (16 4) + 56 = 616
4 Heme B per Hb = 616 4
4 O2 per Heme B = 32 4
(141 110 2) + (146 110 2) + [(616 + 32) 4] = 65,732
36.
90 minutes
2
3
B.
1 & 2; 5
L8/S33-35
The Y-shaped region bind the antigens (foreign organism) at both tips (1, 2), and the base
of the Y (5) binds the white blood cell.
90 minutes
The following graph shows the oxygen dissociation curves for hemoglobin and myoglobin:
Where pO2 (mmHg) is plotted on the xaxis, and mole fraction of oxygen (t H ) is plotted
on the yaxis.
In the presence of BPG, how would the curves for hemoglobin and myoglobin change?
C.
The curve for hemoglobin will shift right; the curve for myoglobin will not shift.
L8/S22
BPG lowers the affinity of Hb by binding in between -subunits. Mb has no other subunits,
so it does not bind BPG. A rightward shift on the graph indicates a lower affinity for O2
(more pO2 is needed to have the same partial pressure).
90 minutes
A researcher wants to identify the sequence of an unknown peptide. One of the steps she
takes in doing so is to digest part of it with chymotrypsin. SDS-PAGE analysis of the original
protein shows one band, and analysis after digestion shows 4 bands. Which of the following
could be the sequence of the peptide?
A.
40.
B only
L9/S20-22
Enzymes have the highest specificity for the transition state. A good competitive
inhibitor would resemble the transition state, which is molecule B.
90 minutes
In one particular trial, a researcher begins recording his measurements for ? after starting
an enzyme-catalyzed reaction using 10 M of enzyme and 1 M of substrate. The initial
velocity for this trial is determined to be about 3.6 M per minute, as per the graph below,
and he determines v'w to be 4.0 M per minute. From this trial, and the following graph
of his complete results, he calculates the rate-limiting step to have a rate constant of about:
41.
D.
0.396 0>
L12/S14
The Michaelis-Menten equation is ? =
yz={ |{ [}]
<~ F[}]
been given a particular set of initial conditions which will make it easier to calculate this
value.
? = 3.6 0>
= 10
= 1
>
v'w is given to be 4.0 0> , so v will be found at 2.0 0> . Draw the lines
over, and youll find that [] at this point is roughly 0.1 . Therefore:
3.6
' 10 1
=
0.1 + 1
= . 0
90 minutes
The Lineweaver-Burk plot for the enzyme (labeled E1) studied in question 41 is shown
below, with that of 2 other enzymes (which also catalyze the same reaction) also
superimposed onto the graph (E2, E3).
Which of the following assessments is valid regarding the activity of these enzymes with
regards to E1?
C.
E2 has the same affinity and a higher v'w ; E3 has a lower affinity and the same v'w .
L12/S19
If they catalyze the same reaction, they can be compared.
E1 and E2 are seen to intersect the x-axis at the same point, so they have the same v . E1
and E3 are seen to intersect the y-axis at the same point, so they have the same v'w . This
much was given to you.
E1 intersects the y-axis higher than E2 does. This means that
>
~=
>
<~
meaning v is actually smaller as well. Dont let that negative throw you off.
An easy way to remember this: Slower-acting enzymes have steeper lines. This is why
inhibition steepens the line. Any change that steepens this line (higher y-intercept, or more
rightward x-intercept) will result in a slower reaction, which can result from, respectively, a
lower v'w , or a higher v . (Remembering of course that a higher v means a lower
affinity!)
90 minutes
44.
These two molecules are capable of inhibiting HIV proteases. What type of inhibition do
both of these carry out?
C.
Competitive non-covalent
L12/S30
Even if you didnt remember this outright, it is partially answerable by elimination.
Both of these structures are fairly similar. Chances are, its competitive inhibition.
Otherwise, covalent vs. non-covalent is more straight recall.
Coupling with the hydrolysis of the phosphate of ATP is one way enzymes overcome
energy barriers to unfavorable processes. Which law of thermodynamics does this
exemplify?
45.
A.
First law
L13/S12
Energy may change form, and may be transported, but energy cannot be created or
destroyed.
Energy from ATPs hydrolysis contributing to overcoming an endergonic reactions
activation energy is a great example of the first law of thermodynamics.
46.
90 minutes
Which term best describes the relationship between glucose and galactose?
B.
47.
Epimers
L14/S7
Glucose and galactose, along with mannose and fructose, are the four carbohydrates whose
names are boxed; take this to mean you should know their structures rote.
Constitutional isomers are molecules that share the same molecular formula. Surely,
glucose and galactose do so, but the question asks you to pick the best term. A more specific
term for these exists.
They are not enantiomers, because they do not differ in configuration at every carbon.
Conformational isomers differ in their conformation. Examples are: Ring flips, Fischer
projections, rotations about a single bond.
Glucose and galactose differ in orientation at just 1 carbon, C4. The best term for these two
molecules is epimers.
You discover two new sugars, Tyrannose and Tricerose, named after the organisms from
which they were found. Their structures are shown below:
Anomeric carbon
1
2
Similarly to how 5
membered cyclic ethers
Anomeric carbon
are called pyrans, 7 membered cyclic ethers are oxepanes and 4 membered ones are oxetanes.
When mixed together, tyrannose and tricerose bond together to make a disaccharide thusly:
-D-tyrannooxepanosyl-(12)--D-tricerooxetanose
L14/S13
The left sugar gets osyl, the right sugar gets ose. Tyrannose is , because the anomeric OH
and the CH2OH are trans. Tricerose is , because the anomeric OH and the CH2OH are cis.
The bond is from 1 to 2. Both molecules are D, because their Fischer projections have the
next-to-last OH groups on the right.
90 minutes
C.
49.
Dextran
L14/S18
This molecule has a (12) linkage. Such linkages are a characteristic of dextrans. If you see
a molecule that isnt (16) or (14) theres a good chance its a dextran.
Which of the following fatty acids would have the lowest melting point?
D.
50.
Bonus1
7
3
B.
F
Omega-3 fatty acids have a double bond starting at the third carbon, when counting from
the opposite side.