Automatic cooling Systems

V.Nandini, B.E. EEE 4th year, SRM Easwari enginnering college

Kalyani Radha . K, B.E. EEE 4th year, SRM Easwari enginnering college
nandinivenkatraman@yahoo.com
kalyaniradha92@gmail.com
OURSELVESAUTOMATION..is
something that is done to help us reduce our
work by ourselves.What if power generation
is made simpler?what if the maintainence of
machines are made less complicated?To
reduce the wear and tear of the machine,to
improve its efficiency,to enhance its
capabilities,its not enough just to make the
machine work right but there must be a
proper switching off system and cooling
system to console it after a vigourous run.A
cooling system comes into play when there
are losses.Losses as we all know occur
because of its best buddies such as
FRICTION,EDDY CURRENTS , etc..

Abstract- This cooling system contains heat

sensors attached at close quarters to the
machine. When frictional losses or eddy
current losses are produced during the run
time of the machine, these sensors activate a
transducer which converts the heat energy
due to friction into electrical energy..
This electrical energy is then transferred to an
external circuit which runs a nozzle
containing cold oil..Oil required for this
purpose is cooled before-hand. The greater
the amount of electrical energy, the greater
time the nozzle will work.The nozzle will
sprinkle oil at a particular angle to the
concerned machine to ease the losses due to
friction and eddy current.When the heat due
to these losses reaches a very minimum
amount tending to zero, the sensor stops
detecting the heat and hence, the resulting
electrical energy coming out off the
transducer is negligible. Since the nozzle is
powered by this electrical energy, it stops
working when the value of the electrical
energy reduces to a negligible value. Thus, the
machine is able to return to its normal
working condition till further problems. This
cooling system will be able to increase the
efficiency of the machine. We propose that it
is the closest way to eliminate frictional and
eddy current losses completely.

It is common knowledge that not every

piece of machinery working in the industries
today have a proper cooling system. Infact,
there is not much we can do to reduce
frictional and eddy current losses
completelyBut, there is a method to bring
the losses to minimum possible level and
make sure that it doesnt reduce the
efficiency of the machine by a large
amount..In present day, most machines have
negligible frictional losses and eddy current
losses.. but, in very large scale industries
these losses propose a significant problem
while assessing the efficiency of the
machine..Moreover, it is difficult to repair
the tear and wear of the machine if it is
damaged. Instead of using man power to
tackle this problem, and observe the
machine round the clock, we propose an
internal cooling system..

Keywords- heat losses, increase in efficiency,

caloriemeter, heat flux sensor, linear motor,
piston, nozzle, lubricating liquid

I. INTRODUCTION
Man
is
a
source.He
can
create,maintain,improve or even destroy
.Anything that has been made easy in life for
us than what exactly nature has offered has
been conferred on us by US

II. FRICTION
Friction is the force that opposes sliding
motion.it is the resistance to the movement
of one body in relation to another with

which it is in contact. For eg:if try to slide a

wooden block across a table then friction
acts in the direction opposite to the
movement of the block.There are two types
of friction static and kinetic friction.kinetic
means
moving,
static
means
not
moving,what this means is that it is easier to
keep something sliding than to start it from a
dead stop and it is harder than you might
think to stop something once it has started
sliding.

Superlubricity, a recently-discovered effect,

has been observed in graphite: it is the
substantial decrease of friction between two
sliding objects, approaching zero levels. A
very small amount of frictional energy
would still be dissipated.

This friction produces heat which reduces

the efficiency of the machine. Generally it is
negligible. But, in large scale industries it
plays a vital role in affecting the
performance of the machine.

Another way to reduce friction between two

parts is to superimpose micro-scale vibration
to one of the parts. This can be sinusoidal
vibration as used in ultrasound-assisted
cutting or vibration noise, known as dither.

Lubricants to overcome friction need not

always be thin, turbulent fluids or powdery
solids such as graphite and talc; acoustic
lubrication actually uses sound as a
lubricant.

III. EDDY CURRENTS

A. REDUCING FRICTION
1.

DEVICES

Eddy currents (also called Foucault

currents)
are electric currents induced
within conductors by a changing magnetic
field in
the
conductor.
These
circulating eddiesof
current
have inductance and thus induce magnetic
fields. These fields can cause repulsive,
attractive, propulsion, drag and heating
effects. The stronger the applied magnetic
field, or the greater the electrical
conductivity of the conductor, or the faster
the field changes, then the greater the
currents that are developed and the greater
the fields produced.

Devices
such
as
wheels, ball
bearings, roller bearings, and air cushion or
other types of fluid bearings can change
sliding friction into a much smaller type of
rolling friction.
Many thermoplastic materials
such
as nylon, HDPE and PTFE are commonly
used in low friction bearings. They are
especially useful because the coefficient of
friction falls with increasing imposed
load. For improved wear resistance, very
high molecular weight grades are usually
specified for heavy duty or critical bearings.
2.

The term eddy current comes from

analogous currents seen in water when
dragging an oar breadthwise: localised areas
of turbulence known as eddies give rise to
persistent vortices. Somewhat analogously,
eddy currents can take time to build up and
can persist for very short times in
conductors due to their inductance.

LUBRICANTS

A common way to reduce friction is by

using a lubricant, such as oil, water, or
grease, which is placed between the two
surfaces, often dramatically lessening the
coefficient of friction. The science of
friction and lubrication is called tribology.
Lubricant technology is when lubricants are
mixed with the application of science,
especially to industrial or commercial
objectives.

Eddy currents in conductors of nonzero resistivity generate heat as well as

electromagnetic forces. The heat can be used
for induction heating. The electromagnetic
forces can be used for levitation, creating
movement,
or
to
give
a
strong braking effect. Eddy currents can also

have undesirable effects, for instance power

loss intransformers. In this application, they
are
minimised
with
thin
plates,
by lamination of conductors or other details
of conductor shape. It causes the decrease in
the efficiency of the machine.

2) LINEAR MOTOR-For
converting electrical energy
to mechanical energy
C. PISTON- To instigate the
nozzle
D. NOZZLE-To spray oil or any
lubricant on the moving machinery.

IV. CORE LOSSES

Core losses are a combination of eddy
current and frictional losses which are
usually lost in the form of heat. These are
usually neglected due to their negligible
value, but in large scale industries, they pose
a big threat to the efficiency of the
machines.

VII. BLOCK DIAGRAM

CALORIEMETE
R TO SENSE
THE HEAT

MACHINE
PRODUCING
HEAT THROUGH
FRICTION

LINEAR MOTOR
converts electrical to
mechanical energy

V. BASIC PRINCIPLE
The underlying principle in this proposal
is to convert one form of energy into another
and reduce energy dissipation as much as
possible.

A PISTON

VIII. THE
BLOCKS

The basic structure consists of the following:

HEAT FLUX
SENSOR to convert
heat energy to
electrical energy
and POWER
AMODULATOR
NOZZLE to
sprinkle water and
oil on the machine

VARIOUS

1. SENSOR:(PREFERRABLY
CALORIMETER)
A calorimeter is an object used for
calorimetry, or the process of measuring the
heat of physical changes as well as heat
capacity. Differential scanning calorimeters,
isothermal microcalorimeters, titration
calorimeters and accelerated rate
calorimeters are among the most common
types. A simple calorimeter just consists of a
thermometer attached to a metal container
full of water suspended above a combustion
chamber.
To find the enthalpy change per mole of a
substance A in a reaction between two
substances A and B, the substances are
added to a calorimeter and the initial and
finaltemperatures (before the reaction started
and after it has finished) are noted.
Multiplying the temperature change by the
mass and specific heat capacities of the
substances gives a value for
the energy given off or absorbed during the

A. Heat generated during is detected by

a SENSOR
B. This heat ,now is fed to a
TRANSDUCER that converts heat
to electrical energy
C. This electrical energy now drives a
piston thereby forcing oil via a
nozzle that is connected at the end
of the circuit at an appropriate angle
to the rollers of the machine
VI. COMPONENTS
OF
THE
COOLING
SYSTEM
A. HEAT SENSOR-CALORIMETER
B. TRANSDUCER1) HEAT FLUX SENSOR-For
converting heat energy to
mechanical energy

reaction. Dividing the energy change by

how many moles of A were present gives its
enthalpy change of reaction. This method is
used primarily in academic teaching as it
describes the theory of calorimetry. It does
not account for the heat loss through the
container or the heat capacity of the
thermometer and container itself. In
addition, the object placed inside the
calorimeter shows that the objects
transferred their heat to the calorimeter and
into the liquid, and the heat absorbed by the
calorimeter and the liquid is equal to the
heat given off by the metals.

and Schmidt-Boelter gauges. In SI units, the

heat rate is measured in Watts, and the heat
flux is computed in Watts per meter squared.
a well designed sensor may have a lower
temperature dependence and better linearity
than expected. There are two ways of
achieving this:
As a first possibility, the thermal
dependence of conductivity of the filling
material and of the thermocouple material
can be used to counterbalance the
temperature dependence of the voltage that
is generated by the thermopile.
Another possibility to minimise the
temperature dependence of a heat flux
sensor, is to use a resistance network with an
incorporated thermistor. The temperature
dependence of the thermistor will balance
the temperature dependence of the
thermopile.
Another factor that determines heat flux
sensor behaviour, is the construction of the
sensor. In particular some designs have a
strongly nonuniform sensitivity. Others even
exhibit a sensitivity to lateral fluxes. The
sensor schematically given in the above
figure would for example also be sensitive
to heat flows from left to right. This type of
behaviour will not cause problems as long as
fluxes are uniform and in one direction only.
To promote uniformity of sensitivity, a socalled sandwich construction as shown in
the figure to the left can be used. The
purpose of the plates, which have a high
conductivity, is to promote the transport of
heat across the whole sensitive surface.

A caloriemeter

2. TRANSDUCERS

i.

HEAT FLUX SENSOR:

A heat flux sensor is a transducer

that generates an electrical signal
proportional to the total heat rate applied to
the surface of the sensor. The measured heat
rate is divided by the surface area of the
sensor to determine the heat flux. The heat
flux can have different origins; in principle
convective, radiative as well as conductive
heat can be measured. Heat flux sensors are
known under different names, such as heat
flux transducers, heat flux gauges, heat flux
plates. Some instruments that actually are
single-purpose heat flux sensors like
pyranometers
for
solar
radiation
measurement. Other heat flux sensors
include Gardon gauges (also known as a
circular-foil gauge), thin-film thermopiles,

It is difficult to quantify non-uniformity and

sensitivity to lateral fluxes. Some sensors
are equipped with an extra electrical lead,
splitting the sensor into two parts. If during
application, there is non-uniform behaviour
of the sensor or the flux, this will result in
different outputs of the two parts.

A power modulator is added to amplify

the electrical energy at the output of the
heat flux sensor

C. PISTON
A piston is the moving component that is
contained by a cylinder and is made gastight by piston rings.It is used for the
purpose of compressing or ejecting the fluid
in a cylinder.The piston also acts as a valve
by covering and uncovering ports in the
cylinder wall.
A Heat flux sensor

ii.

LINEAR MOTOR:

A linear motor is an electric motor that has

had its stator and rotor "unrolled" so that
instead of producing a torque (rotation) it
produces a linear force along its length. The
most common mode of operation is as a
Lorentz-type actuator, in which the applied
force is linearly proportional to the current
and the magnetic field
In this design, the force is produced by a
moving linear magnetic field acting on
conductors in the field. Any conductor, be it
a loop, a coil or simply a piece of plate
metal, that is placed in this field will have
eddy currentsinduced in it thus creating an
opposing magnetic field, in accordance with
Lenz's law. The two opposing fields will
repel each other, thus creating motion as the
magnetic field sweeps through the
metal.This motion is used to push the piston
which in turn opens the nozzle.

D. NOZZLE
A nozzle is a device designed to control the
direction or characteristics of a fluid flow
(especially to increase velocity) as it exits
(or enters) an enclosed chamber or pipe via
an orifice. A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of
varying cross sectional area, and it can be
used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid
(liquid or gas). Nozzles are frequently used
to control the rate of flow, speed, direction,
mass, shape, and/or the pressure of the
stream that emerges from them.
Hence these are the components of the
system.

bring the amount of losses to tend to zero

thus increasing the efficiency of the
machine. The heat energy induced due to
friction and eddy currents is sensed by a
calorimeter. This is then converted into
electrical energy by means of a heat flux
sensor. A linear motor then converts this
into mechanical energy used to run a piston
which controls a nozzle sprinkling oil on the
machine. As the frictional heat reduces the
energy produced decreases and stops the
injection of oil.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A Nozzle

B. Since wear and tear is less, the

efficiency is increased

We would like to thank our parents and

friends for their support and encouragement.
We would also like to thank our professor
Mr K.V. Thilagar for guiding us with his
crtique. Finally we would like to thank god
for giving us the insights into this paper and
the willingness to finish it successfully.

C. Continuous monitoring is not

essential

REFERENCES

IX. ADVANTAGES
A. It reduces the machine wear and tear

i.
ii.

X. DISADVANTAGES
A. .The system may be expensive.
B. It may require maintenance , buit
rarely.
C. the energy from the heat flux sensor
is sometimes, negligible. But, the
addition of a power modulator to
amplify this energy solves the
problem.

iii.

XI. APPLICATIONS
A. It can be fitted into large scale
industrial communities with ease.
B. Can be used in motor vehicles to
reduce the effect of friction and to
avoid accidents..
XII. CONCLUSION
Our paper proposes a cooling system which
will bring the frictional and eddy current
losses to a minimum possible level. It can

Wikipedia.org

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/logi
n.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5351996&
url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.
ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp
%3Farnumber%3D5351996
http://www.iiswc.org/iiswc2013/
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