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By : SYAFIZA ABD
HASHIB
Credit to : Pn Siti
Wahidah
CHAPTER / CONTENT
Definition & Process Operation
Solvent selectivity & Phase Diagram
LLE for Partially Miscible Solvent
LLE for Immiscible Solvent
Liquid liquid extraction equipment
Solvent
Diluent
Carrier liquid
(denoted by component B)
Extract
Raffinate -
2.
solution
with
2.
3.
5.
6.
Solvent selectivity
Solvent selectivity
Insolubility of Solvent.
The solvent should have low solubility in the feed solution,
otherwise the separation is not clean. For example, if there is
significant solubility of solvent in the raffinate stream, an
additional separation step is required to recover the solvent.
Solvent selectivity
Recoverability.
It is always necessary to recover the solvent for re-use, and this
must ordinarily be done by other means, e.g distillation. If distillation is
to be used, the solvent should form no azeotrope with the extracted
solute and mixtures should show high relative volatility. The solvent
should also be thermally stable under the distillation temperature.
Density.
A large difference in density between extract and raffinate phases
permits high capacities in equipment. This is especially important for
extraction devices utilizing gravity for phase separation.
Solvent selectivity
Chemical Reactivity.
The solvent should be stable chemically and inert toward the
other components of the system and toward the common
materials of construction.
Other Criteria.
Toxicity and flammability of the solvent
occupational health and safety consideration.
are important
Design of
LLE tower
Solvent and the solution are in contact with each other only once and
thus the raffinate and extract are in equilibrium only once.
Extracting Solvent, S
Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Intermediate, M
ys (A)
Feed Solution, F
xM (A)
Raffinate phase, R
x* (A)
xF (A)
F
E
M
yS
x*
Extract phase, E
y* (A)
S
R
xF
xM
y*
Note: Intermediate shown just for purpose of demonstration. Dont have to draw it when
answering the question
Eq. (1)
Eq. (2)
2.
3.
4.
Draw a new tie line that pass through point M. This new tie line
must take shape of the nearest given tie lines.
5.
From the new tie line, you can locate point E and R and hence
you can determine the composition of raffinate, R and extract, E
that are in equilibrium.
FS RE
Eq. (3)
Eq. (4)
% EG
% water
% furfural
% EG
% water
% furfural
0.0
5.0
95.0
0.0
92.0
8.0
8.5
4.5
87.0
2.0
89.6
8.4
14.5
4.5
81.0
5.5
86.0
8.5
21.0
6.0
73.0
7.0
84.4
8.6
29.0
7.0
64.0
8.0
83.3
8.7
42.0
8.5
49.5
14.0
77.2
8.8
50.0
14.0
36.0
31.0
60.0
9.0
51.0
33.0
16.0
51.0
33.0
16.0
S = 100 kg
xF=0.4
yS=0
FS M
100 100 M
M 200 kg
x M 0.2
Locate point F & S, draw line FS. Locate point xM on FS line. Draw new tie
line that pass through point xM. From that tie line, locate point E and R hence
you can determine the composition of R (x*) and E (y*) which is in equilibrium.
From the graph, y* = 0.26, x* = 0.075 (Solution for point 1)
F
M
R
F
E
M
R
FS RE
100 100 R E
R 200 E
Eq. (i)
Normally numbering of the stages begin at the top down to the bottom.
Thus the top most stage is named as stage 1, stage directly below stage 1 is
stage 2 and so on.
Final extract, E
Feed solution, F
xF (A)
1
yE (A)
2
3
n
N-1
N
Extracting solvent, S
yS (A)
Final raffinate, R
XR (A)
Eq. (1)
Eq. (2)
lines
Acetone
Solute
Plait Point
E1
Feed
Operating Point
P
M
RN
S
TCE
Water
Carrier
value
Acetone
Solute
Plait Point
E1
E2
E3
E4
Feed
M
Operating Point
P
R1
E5
E6
RN
Carrier
TCE
Solvent C
Water
Occurs when operating line touches the equilibrium curve at which the
separation requires infinite number of ideal stages.
Point M is dependent upon the solvent flow rate / amount. The larger the rate /
amount, the closer is point M to point S on the FS line.
is
xF = 0.30
RSF = 0.045
Emin
F
Mmin
RSF
S
yS = 0.015
Smin=1127.66 kg/h
S = 1409.58 kg/h
FS M
5300 1409.58 M
M 6409.58 kg
x M 0.24
E3
M
E4
E5
RSF
S kg solvent C in Extract
y kg A/kg solvent C
Solvent
N kg A in feed
B kg diluent B in Raffinate
x kg A/kg diluent B
y'
B
MN
x'
S
S
Eq. (3)
0.030
0.046
0.063
0.070
0.078
0.086
0.106
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.30
B = Water
C = Isopropyl ether
Feed solution
24.6 kg A
80 kg diluent B in Raffinate
x kg A/kg diluent B
Solvent
0 kg A in feed
The equilibrium data and equation above is plotted in figure next page.
From the intersection of lines, x = 0.062, y = 0.195
Amount of acetic acid extracted = 19.5 kg
y'
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
x'
0.1
0.12
0.14
x2 kg A/kg pure B
1
2
3
n
N-1
N
xn kg A/kg pure B
y' S x' 2 B
B
x' 2
S
S
Form of y = mx + c
0.000
0.025
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.220
0.240
0.260
0.300
y (kg acid/kg
isopropyl ether)
0.000
0.005
0.013
0.030
0.046
0.063
0.070
0.078
0.086
0.106
x2
y2
TOP (2)
BOTTOM (1)
20,000 kg/h isopropyl ether (C) in
y1
xBF = 0.80
S = 20,000 kg/h
Raffinate phase
x '1
A
A
B
A
A B 0.02
0.0204
B A B A B A B
B
0.98
y '1
0
0
20000
1600
0.250
6400
y '2
1469.44
0.0735
20000
B
S min
S min
B
m min
Example 5
Determine the minimum flow rate of isopropyl ether for the problem in
Example 4.
S min
B
0.8 8000
= 18 658.89 kg/h.
m min
0.343