IP 323/2006 An Investigation into

the Effect of Tube Surface

Roughness on JFTOT Results

Garry Rickard
QINETIQ/S&DU/T&P/E&M/TR0601441
September 2006

This report is freely available for download at http://www.energyinst.org.uk under

Technical/Publications.

' copyright Energy Institute. This report may be reproduced free of charge
provided that it is reproduced accurately and in full and that the source and
copyright status of the material is made evident to users.'

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Administration page
Customer Information
Customer reference number
Project title

JFTOT tube surface roughness

Customer Organisation

Energy Institute

Customer contact

John Phipps

Contract number

S&DU/FLC0018

Milestone number
Date due

Principal author
Garry K Rickard

01252 397076

Fuels and Lubricants Centre

gkrickard@qinetiq.com

Cody Technology Park

Release Authority
Name

Ken Cowey

Post

Technical Manager

Date of issue

September 2006

Record of changes
Issue

Date

Detail of Changes

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Abstract / Executive Summary

The surface roughness of JFTOT tubes were found to be outside the limits required by the
test method IP 323. Furthermore a test method for measuring surface roughness is not
included in IP 323.
This report, funded by the Energy Institute Test Methods Technical Development
Programme and requested by ST-B 8 Stability distillates EI panel, identifies a standard test
method for measuring surface roughness, indicates that tube roughness has no significant
affect on JFTOT result and shows that the metallurgy of tubes from two different
manufacturers are the same.

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List of contents
1

Introduction

Surface Roughness
2.1
Surface Roughness Method
2.2
Surface Roughness Test Measurement
2.2.1
PAC/Alcor tubes
2.2.2
SHT tubes
2.2.3
Surface Roughness measurement length

6
6
6
6
7
8

JFTOT Break Point Results

3.1
SHT tubes
3.2
PAC/Alcor tubes

11
11
12

Ellipsometer Results
4.1
SHT tubes
4.2
PAC/Alcor Tubes
4.3
Comparison of Results at 295C

12
12
13
13

Metallurgy testing

15

Conclusions

17

Recommendations

18

Appendix A
A.1
Surface Roughness Results
A.2
JFTOT results
A.3
Ellipsometry Results

19
19
21
23

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Introduction
The surface roughness of JFTOT tubes is defined as 50 nm maximum in IP 323. Surface
roughness measurements carried out by QinetiQ and reported to the EI and the ASTM
showed a number of tubes exceeded this limit. Further investigations showed that different
methods and different conditions within these methods were used which could affect the
surface roughness result.
To enable the JFTOT tube surface roughness requirements in IP 323 to be updated, the
Energy Institute Test Methods Technical Development Programme funded QinetiQ Fuels
and Lubricants Centre to carry out the following work:

Identify a standard method for measurement of the surface finish of JFTOT tubes.

Supply a quantity of jet fuel for the following test programmes.

Measurement of the surface finish of approximately 20 PAC/Alcor tubes split into two
groups, a high surface finish group, and a low surface finish group. JFTOT break
points to be determined on each group.

Measurement of the surface finish of approximately 25 Standard Heater Tube (SHT)

tubes, split into two groups, a high surface finish group, and a low surface finish group.
JFTOT break points to be determined on each group.

Measurement of surface deposits on JFTOT tubes by ellipsometry (work was carried

out at BP Global Fuels Technology Pangbourne).

Carry out metallurgical testing on two tubes from each manufacturer and identify any
differences.

In addition to this work, further JFTOT testing was carried out at a fixed temperature
(295C) to allow better comparison between tube deposits and surface roughness.
It should be noted that, currently, the only tubes allowed for certifying fuel to Defence
Standard 91-91 and ASTM D 1655 are those manufactured by PAC/Alcor.

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Surface Roughness

2.1

Surface Roughness Method

There are a number of methods that may be used to measure surface roughness, ranging
from visual comparisons with standards to sophisticated analytical equipment. A commonly
used tool for this type of measurement is the surface profilometer, this is the equipment used
to measure tube roughness when the limit in ASTM D3241 was originally set.
In recent reports to STB-8 it was noted that not only did some of the tubes have a higher
surface finish value than the 50 nm limit, but the result also depended on the roughness
parameter and test conditions used, in particular the bandwidth.
To ensure a consistent measurement was taken a standardised method was sought. The
following documents are most commonly used to define this type of measurement and the
measurements undertaken in this study were based on these:

BS EN ISO 4287 Surface texture, profile method: Terms, definitions and surface
texture parameters.

BS EN ISO 4288 Surface texture, profile method: Rules and procedures for the
assessment of surface texture.

BS EN ISO 3274 Surface Texture, profile method: Nominal characteristics of

contact (stylus) instruments.

Some of the important parameters described in these documents are:

Stylus tip = 2 m max

Roughness sampling length = 0.25 mm

Roughness evaluation length = 1.25 mm

Roughness cut-off wavelength ratio (bandwidth) = 100 (100:1)

The roughness parameter used was Ra, which is the universally recognised and most

used international parameter for roughness.

roughness profile around the mean line.

2.2

It is the arithmetic mean of the

Surface Roughness Test Measurement

Initial measurement of surface roughness was carried out in accordance with the documents
specified above with one exception. Instead of one measurement of 1.25 mm, four
measurements were made, each one after turning the tube through 90. The mean of four
measurements was then reported. A 30 nm traceable standard was run on every day
measurements were made. Only a summary of the results are shown in this section, all
results obtained can be found in Appendix A.

2.2.1

PAC/Alcor tubes
Twenty tubes were supplied by PAC/Alcor, ten were of high surface roughness and ten were
of low surface roughness. The tubes were measured and placed in groups of high and low
surface roughness (table 1).

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Tube ID
05K00001
05K00002
05K00003
05K00004
05K00005
05K00006
05K00007
05K00008
05K00009
05K00010
05K00011
05K00012
05K00013
05K00014
05K00015
05K00016
05K00017
05K00018
05K00019
05K00020

Mean surface finish, nm

35.6
40.8
35.9
36.8
39.1
40.5
34.1
31.6
35.9
39.9
61.8
55.6
69.6
56.1
63.3
67.5
57.5
65.3
59.2
67.0

Low Surface
Roughness

High Surface
Roughness

Table 1. Mean surface roughness of PAC/Alcor tubes

2.2.2

SHT tubes
The company SHT declined to be involved in this study, therefore tubes were obtained from
a number of sources from within STB-8. Initially, twenty two tubes were measured and
split into high and low roughness groups. A further six tubes were also measured and
assigned to each group (which explains the unequal number in each group). These results
are shown in Table 2 below.

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Tube ID

Mean surface finish, nm

02T01142
Tube 1
03T02451STD
02T01199STD
03T02457STD
03T02458STD
02T01194STD
03T02692STD
02T01198STD
Tube 3
03T02693STD
02T01141
03T02694STD
02T01191STD
03T02459STD
02T01193STD
03T02452STD
02T01197STD
02T01195STD
03T02453STD
02T01200STD
02T01177
02T01196STD
Tube 2
02T01178
02T01192STD
02T01176
02T01180

32.1
32.7
32.7
32.9
33.0
33.1
34.7
34.8
35.3
35.6
35.8
35.8
35.9
36.0
36.4
36.5
36.6
37.2
38.6
40.0
41.3
42.2
43.3
43.8
44.7
45.1
57.7
59.2

Low Surface
Roughness

High Surface
Roughness

Table 2. Mean surface roughness of SHT tubes

2.2.3

Surface Roughness measurement length

It was noted, during the above work, that the four measurements (each of 1.25 mm) varied
significantly. Further work was carried out to evaluate if larger measurement lengths would
reduce the result variability. A number of tubes were measured using two 50 mm lengths
(the tube was rotated through 180 for each measurement). The 50 mm length is the
rateable portion of the tube according to IP 323. These tubes were also measured using the
four 1.25 mm lengths, the results can be seen below.

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Surface Roughness 1.25 mm measurement length

Measurement
1

Measurement
2

Measurement
3

Measurement
4

Range

81

66

91

72

25

40

45

43

42

44

35

47

56

21

42

44

42

53

11

52

56

55

49

50

55

40

70

30

38

42

31

30

12

81

71

80

68

13

50

50

68

55

18

26

51

37

36

25

Table 3. Measurement of 1.25 mm lengths of ten JFTOT tubes

Table 3 shows fairly large differences between single 1.25 mm measurements.

Surface Roughness 50 mm
measurement length

Measurement 1

Measurement 2

Difference

83

87

-4

45

44

43

41

45

52

-8

59

63

-4

48

46

47

44

110

117

-7

47

54

-8

37

39

-1
Table 4. Measurement of 50 mm lengths of ten JFTOT tubes

Table 4 indicates a 50 nm sample length is reasonably repeatable.

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Surface Roughness,
nm (Av. of 4 x 1.25mm)

Surface Roughness,
nm (Av. of 2 x 50 mm)

Difference

77

85

-8

42

45

-2

46

42

45

48

-3

53

61

-8

54

47

35

45

-10

75

114

-39

55

50

38

38

Table 5. Comparison of mean of four 1.25 mm measurements and two 50 mm measurements

Table 5 shows only small differences between the mean values of four 1.25 mm
measurements and two 50 mm measurements (with one exception). Although no statistical
analysis was carried out, the mean of four 1.25 mm measurements appear to be consistent
with a 50 mm measurement. However, one 1.25 mm measurement as suggested in BS EN
ISO 4288 appears to be insufficient.

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JFTOT Break Point Results

A hydrotyreated Jet A1 fuel sample was obtained and used for the JFTOT break point
testing. Only a summary of the results are found in this section, detailed results are in
Appendix A.

3.1

SHT tubes
A number of JFTOT tests were carried out at various temperatures to enable break points to
be determined for high and low roughness tubes1. Table 6 shows that the break point for the
low roughness tubes is 280C to 285C and the break point for the high roughness tubes is
275C to 280C.

Low roughness
Low roughness
Low roughness
Low roughness
Low roughness
Low roughness
Low roughness

JFTOT
Temperature
265
270
275
280
285
290
295

No. of
passes
1
1
1
3
1
0
0

No. of
failures
0
0
0
0
1
2
3

High roughness

265

High roughness
High roughness
High roughness

270
275
280

0
1
2

0
0
2

High roughness
High roughness
High roughness

285
290
295

0
0
0

5
1
4

Low roughness break point

= 280C to 285C

High roughness break point

= 275C to 280C

Table 6. JFTOT results for SHT tubes

The results show a slight difference in break point between the high roughness and low
roughness tubes. However, this difference is probably not significant. It was noted that a
number of SHT tubes had unusual markings and were often a dull colour which made the
tubes difficult to rate.

For the purposes of this work, the break point is defined as the highest temperature at which the
JFTOT passes.
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3.2

PAC/Alcor tubes

A number of JFTOT tests were carried out at various temperatures to enable break points to
be determined for high and low roughness tubes. Table 7 shows that the break point for the
low roughness tubes is 280C and the break point for the high roughness tubes is also
280C.

Low roughness
Low roughness
Low roughness
Low roughness
High roughness
High roughness
High roughness
High roughness

JFTOT
Temperature
280
285
290
295
280
285
290
295

No. of
passes
2
0
0
0

No. of
failures
0
2
2
4

2
0
0
0

0
3
2
3

Low Roughness Break

point = 280C

High Roughness
Break point = 280C

Table 7. JFTOT results for PAC/Alcor tubes

Ellipsometer Results
Ellipsometry testing was carried out at BP Global Fuels Technology Pangbourne. There is
no specification limit for deposit thickness by ellipsometer, for the purposes of this report a
maximum thickness of 85 nm was taken as the pass/fail limit. Only a summary of the
results are presented in this section, detailed results can be found in Appendix A.

4.1

SHT tubes
A summary of the results for SHT tubes are shown in Table 8 below. This shows break
points of between 280C and 295C and above (some passes were seen at the highest
temperature run, 295C) for both the low roughness group and the high roughness group.

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Low roughness
Low roughness
Low roughness
Low roughness
Low roughness
Low roughness
Low roughness

JFTOT
Temperature, C
265
270
275
280
285
290
295

No. of passes
1
1
1
3
1
1
2

No. of failures
0
0
0
0
1
1
1

High roughness
High roughness
High roughness
High roughness
High roughness
High roughness
High roughness

265
270
275
280
285
290
295

0
0
1
4
4
0
4

0
0
0
0
1
1
0

Low Roughness Break

Point = 280C to >295C

High Roughness Break

Point = 280C to >295C

Table 8. Summary of SHT tubes ellipsometry results

4.2

PAC/Alcor Tubes
A summary of the results for PAC/Alcor tubes are shown in Table 9 below. This shows
break points of between 290C and 295 (or above) for the low roughness group and 285C
for the high roughness group.

Low roughness
Low roughness
Low roughness
Low roughness

JFTOT Temperature
280
285
290
295

No. of passes
2
2
2
1

No. of failures
0
0
0
3

High roughness
High roughness
High roughness
High roughness

280
285
290
295

2
3
0
0

0
0
2
3

Low roughness break

point = 290C to 295C
High roughness break
point = 285C

Table 9. Summary of ellipsometry results for PAC Alcor Tubes

4.3

Comparison of Results at 295C

Further JFTOT testing was carried out at a single temperature (295C) to enable easier
comparison of high and low roughness tubes. Figure 1 includes both manufacturers tubes
and shows no relationship between maximum tube deposit and tube roughness. Figure 2
shows that SHT tubes show no relationship between deposit and roughness. Figure 3
appears to show higher roughness PAC/Alcor tubes give a marginally higher deposit. It
should be noted that although a relationship between roughness and deposit may exist for
PAC/Alcor tubes, the range of results was still smaller than the range of results seen for the
SHT tubes.
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Surface Roughness vs Deposit Max Thickness (JFTOT @ 295C)

65

60

Surface Roughness(nm)

55

50

45

40

35

30

25
20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Max Thickness (nm)

Figure 1. Surface roughness compared with deposit thickness all tubes

Surface Roughness vs Deposit Thickness (JFTOT @ 295C) - SHT Tubes

65

60

Surface Roughness (nm)

55

50

45

40

35

30

25
20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Deposit Thickness (nm)

Figure 2. Surface roughness compared with deposit thickness SHT tubes

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Surface Roughness vs Deposit Thickness (JFTOT @ 295C) Alcor

60

Surface Roughness (nm)

55

50

45

40

35

30

25
20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Deposit Thickness (nm)

Figure 3. Surface roughness compared with deposit thickness PAC/Alcor tubes

Metallurgical testing
Two PAC/Alcor tubes and two SHT tubes were analysed using an Eagle EDXRF. The
results are shown in Table 10. It should be noted that this technique is only semiquantitative and accuracy can be limited due to the curved surfaces of the tubes causing Xrays to be deflected and not detected. Although the technique is only semi-quantitative it
can be used for comparative testing. The analysis indicates all the tubes have virtually the
same metallurgy. An Aluminium 6061 standard (without curved surfaces) was analysed for
comparison and is also shown in Table 10.

Tube
Manufacturer

Tube ID

Al, % wt

Si, % wt

Mg, % wt

SHT

02T01172STD

97.57

0.85

0.54

SHT

02T01173STD

97.55

0.80

0.52

PAC/Alcor

05605784

97.56

0.89

0.60

PAC/Alcor

05605786

97.66

0.79

0.54

Expected range for Al 6061

0.4-0.8

0.8-1.2

Al 6061

96.73

0.98

0.64

Table 10. EDXRF analysis of JFTOT tubes

Four tubes were also tested using SEM/EDX. This technique, though not fully quantitative,
is more accurate. The tubes were cut into small pieces to enable analysis, these smaller
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sizes reduce the negative affects of the curved surfaces. Four measurements were taken on
each tube, refocusing the equipment on a different area of tube to minimise errors. The
mean of the four measurements are reported. Table 11 shows that all tubes comply with the
expected values for Aluminium 6061, they also comply with the Mg:Si ratio of 1.9:1
maximum as specified in IP 323.

Tube
Manufacturer

Tube ID

Al, % wt

Si, % wt

Mg, % wt

Mg:Si ratio

SHT

02T01172STD

97.73

0.48

0.83

1.7:1

SHT

02T01173STD

97.48

0.59

0.87

1.5:1

PAC/Alcor

05605784

97.66

0.54

0.92

1.7:1

PAC/Alcor

05605786

97.11

0.64

0.90

1.4:1

Expected range for Al 6061

0.4-0.8

0.8-1.2

Al 6061

97.30

0.60

1.02

Table 11, SEM/EDX analysis of JFTOT tubes

A fully quantitative analysis requires a method that uses acid digestion and followed by
analysis by ICP, however, the results in table 11 indicate the tubes are the correct metallurgy
and was considered adequate for this investigation.

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Conclusions

A standard test method has been described and used. BS EN ISO 4287 defines the
surface texture terms and parameters; BS EN ISO 4288 and BS EN ISO 3274
describe the method and instrument characteristics.

Due to roughness variability of the tubes, the 1.25 mm measurement length as

described in BS EN ISO 4288 was found to be insufficient. The mean of four 1.25
mm measurements was found to be more repeatable.

JFTOT break point testing indicates tube roughness has no affect on JFTOT result.
SHT tubes were more difficult to rate due to unusual markings and the dull
coloration of some tubes.

Ellipsometry testing indicated tube roughness may have some affect on deposit
thickness for PAC/Alcor tubes. However, this may be insignificant and the results
were within the range measured for the SHT tubes.

The metallurgy of PAC/Alcor and SHT tubes appears to be virtually the same.

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7. Recommendations
IP 323, Table 1, mechanical surface finish requirement to be changed to: 30 nm minimum,
70 nm maximum, in accordance with BS EN ISO 4288 and BS EN ISO 3274, using the
mean of four 1.25 mm measurements.

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Appendix A
A.1

Surface Roughness Results

Tube ID
SHT
Tube 1
Tube 2
Tube 3
03T02451STD
03T02452STD
03T02453STD
03T02457STD
03T02458STD
03T02459STD
03T02692STD
03T02693STD
03T02694STD
02T01141
02T01142
02T01176
02T01177
02T01178
02T01180
02T01191STD
02T01192STD
02T01193STD
02T01194STD
02T01195STD
02T01196STD
02T01197STD
02T01198STD
02T01199STD
02T01200STD

Individual surface roughness measurements, nm

28.7
48.9
28.2
28.4
34.6
45.8
29.9
28.9
40.0
35.1
32.5
32.2
32.4
30.7
52.1
34.0
42.1
65.6
31.7
51.3
21.3
36.4
31.9
42.6
37.9
38.0
34.8
47.7

29.9
44.1
45.1
31.6
33.6
38.6
30.2
31.2
38.9
35.0
34.2
47.0
38.9
44.8
59.0
45.0
48.1
77.1
32.1
39.7
51.1
34.0
36.5
41.3
33.1
32.6
29.2
38.1

28.2
45.0
30.3
30.7
36.3
38.3
42.5
31.9
37.2
34.3
45.2
35.6
30.6
26.9
64.7
47.0
43.9
43.4
46.3
54.2
33.6
33.3
31.7
40.1
38.5
33.0
38.5
43.2

Mean
44.0
37.3
38.6
40.0
41.8
37.1
29.2
40.4
29.6
34.8
31.1
28.8
41.2
26.2
55.0
43.0
44.7
50.9
33.8
35.0
39.8
34.9
54.3
49.0
39.4
37.7
29.0
36.1

32.7
43.8
35.6
32.7
36.6
40.0
33.0
33.1
36.4
34.8
35.8
35.9
35.8
32.1
57.7
42.2
44.7
59.2
36.0
45.1
36.5
34.7
38.6
43.3
37.2
35.3
32.9
41.3

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Tube ID
PAC/Alcor
05K00001
05K00002
05K00003
05K00004
05K00005
05K00006
05K00007
05K00008
05K00009
05K00010
05K00011
05K00012
05K00013
05K00014
05K00015
05K00016
05K00017
05K00018
05K00019
05K00020

Individual surface roughness measurements, nm

38.1
39.8
30.0
39.1
34.2
45.6
36.2
33.8
36.0
35.0
67.8
64.9
71.2
64.3
51.4
70.9
59.4
62.1
58.1
45.5
38.1

33.2
40.7
41.2
33.2
41.3
36.1
38.3
30.3
35.4
49.5
53.4
73.8
65.1
41.8
63.2
68.2
55.5
63.5
53.4
86.9
33.2

30.9
33.8
31.3
41.7
38.0
40.5
29.2
30.3
34.1
43.7
72.6
55.7
69.7
54.9
76.4
66.0
59.0
56.2
68.7
58.5
30.9

Mean
40.4
49.1
41.2
33.1
42.8
39.7
32.7
32.1
38.3
31.4
53.6
57.9
72.6
63.3
62.2
65.0
56.3
79.6
56.5
77.3
40.4

35.6
40.8
35.9
36.8
39.1
40.5
34.1
31.6
35.9
39.9
61.8
55.6
69.6
56.1
63.3
67.5
57.5
65.3
59.2
67.0
35.6

A 30 nm standard was purchased from Rubert & Co Ltd, Cheshire, England. The standard
was accompanied with a certificate of traceability serial number P34, dated 04/11/2005.
The certificate gives Ra values varying from 28 nm to 37.6 nm
The results of the
measurements carried out on the 30nm Ra Standard (20/12/05): 33 nm, 34 nm. The results
of measurements carried out on the 30nm Ra Standard (16/11/05): 31nm, 33nm, 35nm.

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A.2
Tube ID

JFTOT results
Original
Tube Rating

JFTOT
Temp (C)

DP

Mean surface
roughness,
nm

Abnormal
description

Notes

blue

Spot

SHT
Tube 1

<1

265

32.7

Tube 2

<1A

285

43.8

Tube 3

<3

285

35.6

03T02451STD

<1

270

32.7

03T02452STD

>4

290

36.6

03T02453STD

<1A

280

40.0

03T02457STD

>4

295

33.0

03T02458STD

>4

290

33.1

Barber pole, deposits appear to be

related to BP lines
Barber pole

03T02459STD

>4

285

36.4

Barber pole

03T02692STD

<4

285

34.8

Barber pole

03T02693STD

<1

275

35.8

03T02694STD

<1

280

35.9

02T01141

<1A

295

35.8

blue

Spot

02T01142

<1A

295

32.1

blue

Spot

02T01176

<1A

295

57.7

blue

barber pole

02T01177

275

42.2

02T01178

<1A

295

44.7

blue

Some SHT tubes, including this

one, appeared dull over the length
of the test piece making rating more
difficult
Spot

Barber pole
blue

Spot

Barber pole

02T01180

<2A

295

59.2

blue

Spot

02T01191STD

<3A

295

36.0

blue

Spot

02T01192STD

<1A

280

45.1

blue

02T01193STD

<4

285

36.5

02T01194STD

<1

280

34.7

02T01195STD

<1

280

38.6

02T01196STD

<1

280

43.3

02T01197STD

<1A

285

37.2

02T01198STD

<1

280

35.3

Spot
unusual deposit along length of
tube

sl. blue

02T01199STD

<1A

290

32.9

sl. Blue

Spot

02T01200STD

<2A

285

41.3

blue

Spot

Page 21

Unclassified

Unclassified

Tube ID

Original
Tube Rating

JFTOT
Temp (C)

DP

Mean surface
roughness,
nm

Abnormal
description

Notes

05K00001

<1A

290

35.6

sl. Blue

Spot

05K00002

3A

295

40.8

05K00003

<1

280

35.9

05K00004

<1A

290

36.8

sl. Blue

Spot

05K00005

3A

295

39.1

white & blue

Spot

05K00006

<1A

295

40.5

sl. blue

05K00007

<1A

285

34.1

sl. Blue

Spot

05K00008

<1

280

31.6

05K00009

<1A

285

35.9

sl. Blue

Spot

05K00010

<1A

295

39.9

sl. Blue

05K00011

<1A

285

61.8

sl. Blue

05K00012

<4A

295

55.6

sl. Blue

05K00013

1A

285

69.6

sl. Blue

05K00014

2A

295

56.1

blue & white

05K00015

2A

290

63.3

blue

05K00016

<1

280

67.5

05K00017

4A

295

57.5

05K00018

<1

280

65.3

05K00019

<1A

285

59.2

sl. Blue

Spot

05K00020

<3A

290

67.0

blue

Spot

PAC/Alcor

Spot
Spot
Spot

sl. blue

Page 22

Unclassified

Unclassified

A.3
Tube ID

Ellipsometry Results
Average Maximum
Thickness (nm)

Average Total Volume

(ccm)

Nos. of Ellipsometer
Measurements

SHT
Tube 1

8.75

2.50E-07

Tube 2

50.14

3.27E-06

Tube 3

73.55

1.11E-05

03T02451STD

10.29

2.57E-06

03T02452STD

102.92

9.16E-06

03T02453STD

50.27

3.02E-06

03T02457STD

186.2

1.47E-05

03T02458STD

144.88

1.20E-05

03T02459STD

129.93

4.66E-05

03T02692STD

99.64

5.65E-06

03T02693STD

7.21

1.37E-06

03T02694STD

52.77

2.03E-06

02T01141

52.6

2.37E-06

02T01142

46.05

3.23E-06

02T01176

35.11

1.70E-06

02T01177

10.78

2.19E-06

02T01178

33.13

2.03E-06

02T01180

52.25

6.30E-06

02T01191STD

67.04

4.47E-06

02T01192STD

45.95

8.03E-07

02T01193STD

34.44

1.07E-06

02T01194STD

10.83

1.58E-06

02T01195STD

11.83

2.53E-06

02T01196STD

14.65

2.66E-06

02T01197STD

37.66

2.73E-06

02T01198STD

23.98

9.57E-07

02T01199STD

43.09

4.46E-06

02T01200STD

61.65

2.79E-06

Page 23

Unclassified

Unclassified

Tube ID

Average Maximum
Thickness (nm)

Average Total Volume

(ccm)

Nos. of Ellipsometer
Measurements

PAC/Alcor
05K00001

47.39

6.95E-06

05K00002

101.27

1.54E-05

05K00003

20

4.79E-06

05K00004

43.65

6.93E-06

05K00005

94.34

1.38E-05

05K00006

91.17

1.28E-05

05K00007

43.16

7.07E-06

05K00008

34.03

6.82E-06

05K00009

44.67

6.14E-06

05K00010

71.94

1.10E-05

05K00011

53.22

6.77E-06

05K00012

102.76

1.40E-05

05K00013

51.32

6.64E-06

05K00014

104.27

1.31E-05

05K00015

89.4

1.09E-05

05K00016

18.52

4.44E-06

05K00017

115.99

1.44E-05

05K00018

22.56

4.92E-06

05K00019

61.19

6.76E-06

05K00020

93.73

1.04E-05

Page 24

Unclassified

Unclassified

Initial distribution list

External
John Phipps Energy Institute

QinetiQ
Information Resources

Page 25

Unclassified

Report documentation page

QinetiQ/S&DU/T&P/E&M/TR0601441

Originators Report Number

Garry Rickard
Originators Name and Location

Fuels & Lubricants Centre

Customer Contract Number and Period Covered

T501 dated 25/10/2006

Customer Sponsors Post/Name and Location

John Phipps

Report Protective Marking and any

other markings

Date of issue

Pagination

No.
references

Enter protective markings in use

September 2006

Cover + 27

None

of

Report Title
An investigation into how tube surface roughness affects JFTOT results

Translation / Conference details (if translation give foreign title / if part of conference then give
conference particulars)

Title Protective Marking

Unclassified

Authors

Garry Rickard

Downgrading Statement
Secondary Release Limitations
Announcement Limitations
Keywords / Descriptors

JFTOT, tube, Surface Roughness, Break Point

Abstract
Enter abstract
The surface roughness of JFTOT tubes were found to be outside the limits required by IP
323. Furthermore a test method for measuring surface roughness was not included in IP
323.
This work, funded by the Energy Institute Test Methods Technical Development
Programme, describes a standard test method for measuring surface roughness; indicates
that tube roughness has no significant affect on JFTOT result; shows the metallurgy of two
manufacturers tubes are the same.

Abstract Protective Marking:

Unclassified

This form meets DRIC-SPEC 1000 issue 7

Page 26

Unclassified

Blank page

Page 27

Unclassified