Diapositiva 1

INSTALACIONES-2
DEPARTAMENTO DE CONSTRUCCIONES ARQUITECTNICAS

CURSO 08-09

OBTENCIN Y CLCULO DE ACS

MEDIANTE ENERGA SOLAR

4 C
Profesor: Julin Domene Garca

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Diapositiva 2

OBTENCIN DE ACS POR MEDIO DE LA ENERGA SOLAR

El circuito bsico se compone de un elemento de captacin, generalmente

constituido por colectores planos, y un intercambiador de calor a travs del
cual se cierra el circuito primario, circulando el fluido bien por termosifn o
por medio de un circulador (bomba elctrica)

El sistema se desarrolla en base a cuatro funciones:

-Captacin de energa solar.
-Almacenamiento.
-Trasiego de energa.
-Sistema energtico auxiliar.

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Diapositiva 3

CAPTADOR DE ENERGA SOLAR

Tiene por objeto captar la energa incidente, principalmente

en forma de radiacin solar, transformndola en energa
calorfica y aumentando de esta forma la temperatura del
fluido termotransportador (generalmente una mezcla de
agua y glicol), que circula a travs del colector, llamado as
al elemento que realiza esta funcin.

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Diapositiva 4

OBTENCIN DE ACS POR MEDIO DE LA ENERGA SOLAR

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Diapositiva 5

CAPTADOR DE ENERGA SOLAR

1.-Cristal multiprismtico
2.-Carcasa de aluminio pintada en negro
3.- Placa absorbente recubrimiento selectivo
4.- Aislamiento 30 mm de lana de roca

Los elementos principales de un colector plano son los siguientes:

5.- Aislamiento de poliuretano de 20 mm

6.- Aislamiento lateral de tiras de lana de vidrio de 20 mm

o La
transparente,
formada por una o dos lminas de vidrio, o de
7.- cubierta
Parrilla de tubos
de cobre
3
plstico.
o La placa absorbente o superficie negra.

o Los elementos por los que circula el elemento caloportador (tubera o

5
serpentines).
o El aislamiento que protege a la parte lateral y posterior del colector.
o La caja que contiene los elementos anteriores y los protege de la
intemperie.
o El propio fluido caloportador.

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Diapositiva 6

CAPTADOR DE ENERGA SOLAR - SECCIN

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Diapositiva 7

CAPTADOR DE ENERGA SOLAR - DIMENSIONES

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Diapositiva 8

ALMACENAMIENTO

Normalmente las horas en que se produce la demanda de

agua caliente sanitaria por parte del usuario no coinciden
con las horas de insolacin.
Tampoco todo el tiempo en que podemos estar captando la
energa solar se est consumiendo agua caliente.
Es preciso pues, disponer de algn elemento que almacene
energa solar, de tal forma que acumulando la que se
produce en las horas en que no hay consumo de agua
caliente, pueda suministrar la que se demanda en las horas
punta.

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Diapositiva 9

ALMACENAMIENTO

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Diapositiva 10

ALMACENAMIENTO
Tuberas aisladas
Sonda calefactora

Cuadro elctrico

Vaso de expansin

Sistema de energa
auxiliar

Intercambiador de
calor

Bomba

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Diapositiva 11

TEMA 9

11

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Diapositiva 12

INTERCAMBIADOR

12

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Diapositiva 13

VASO DE EXPANSIN

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Diapositiva 14

BOMBA, SONDAS DE LOS EQUIPOS DE APOYO Y VARIOS

ACCESORIOS

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Diapositiva 15

CONTROLADOR TRMICO ELECTRNICO

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Diapositiva 16

RED DE TUBERAS

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Diapositiva 17

DETALLE CONEXIN TUBERAS Y PURGADOR

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Diapositiva 18

DETALLE COLECTORES SUELO RADIANTE

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Diapositiva 19

DETALLE TERMOSTATO ELECTRNICO

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Diapositiva 20

MANMETRO

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Diapositiva 21

BOMBA Y BY PASS

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Diapositiva 22

RESISTENCIAS DE APOYO Y SONDAS

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Diapositiva 23

TEMA 9

ESQUEMA GENERAL INSTALACIN ACS

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Diapositiva 24

ESQUEMA GENERAL INSTALACIN ACS

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Diapositiva 25

FUNDAMENTOS
La energa total recibida del sol por unidad de superficie normal,
se denomina constante solar, siendo su valor de unos 1.352 W/m,
en el exterior de la atmsfera terrestre, pero una pequea parte es
absorbida al entrar en la atmsfera por el aire y sus gases
componentes incluido el vapor de agua, estimndose que el flujo
de la radiacin a nivel de la superficie terrestre, en una latitud
propicia (no muy alejada del ecuador) y en una hora adecuada
(prxima al medioda) es de 1 KW/m equivalente a 860 Kcal./h m.

La orientacin de los colectores preferentemente es con la cara

frontal al Sur, donde con desviaciones entre 15 Este 25
Oeste, no se altera sensiblemente la captacin solar anual,
adoptndose en la Pennsula Ibrica, los ngulos de inclinacin
de la tabla siguiente:

POCA DE UTILIZACIN
ACS todo el ao
Calefaccin los meses de invierno
ACS meses de verano

NGULO DE INCLINACIN
Latitud del lugar
Latitud del lugar (+ 10, - 15C)
Latitud del lugar (-10, -15C)

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Diapositiva 26

DETERMINACIN DE LA SUPERFICIE NECESARIA

El primer punto a considerar ser fijar la fecha del ao en la que se
utilizar la superficie de captacin. En general con esto se
intentara determinar la superficie de colectores ms rentable a las
necesidades de la instalacin.

Para hacer estas evaluaciones con exactitud deberamos tener

en cuenta adems de las consideraciones tcnicas, las
puramente econmicas.

Estos clculos son difciles, ya que las variables econmicas

son imprevisibles, por tanto se debe optar en todo clculo, por
hacer tres hiptesis:

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Diapositiva 27

1.- Determinacin de las superficies necesarias cuando la

radiacin solar sea mnima (ms desfavorable) con la menor
utilizacin en este caso de energa de apoyo.

2.- Determinacin de esta misma superficie cuando la radiacin

solar sea mxima (mes ms favorable). Con esta solucin el
aprovechamiento de la superficie de captacin es total, pero, en
cambio, a excepcin de este mes el resto necesitara de apoyo.

3.- Realizar los clculos para que durante el mes de Abril se

cubran las necesidades totales. De esta forma garantizamos la
captacin total (tericamente), durante seis meses, coincidiendo
stos con la temporada de verano.

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Diapositiva 28

DETERMINACIN DE LA SUPERFICIE NECESARIA

En cualquier caso estas consideraciones se ven alteradas, pues se

hacen independientemente de las disponibilidades de superficie y
sin contar la proyeccin de sombra para instalar los colectores,
que en una gran mayora de casos, esto es, lo que condiciona el
nmero de paneles.

La demanda de agua caliente necesaria es otra consideracin de

vital importancia, a la hora de determinar las superficies de
paneles precisos para la instalacin, siendo este dato el que
marca la magnitud de la propia instalacin.

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Diapositiva 29

DETERMINACIN DE LA SUPERFICIE NECESARIA

La superficie de colectores necesaria se obtiene por
la siguiente frmula:

CTm Ta
Ih K n

Siendo:
S = Superficie de paneles necesarios (m)
C = Consumo de agua caliente (l/da).
Tm = Temperatura media del panel (C).
Ta = Temperatura ambiental (C).
Ih = Radiacin horizontal incidente (Kcal. /Da m2).
K = Factor de correccin.
n = Rendimiento del colector solar.
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Diapositiva 30

EJEMPLO DE CLCULO
Determinar el nmero de paneles necesarios de 1,5 m de
superficie, para utilizar en una instalacin de ACS en Madrid, con
una temperatura media del panel de 50 C, suponiendo que ste
tiene un rendimiento de 0,55 y que la instalacin demanda unos
2.000 litros diarios.
Consideramos los meses de utilizacin de Abril a Septiembre
La inclinacin de los paneles podra ser: 40 + 10 = 50.

La radiacin incidente (tablas) sera:

Abril

Mayo

Junio

Julio

4.672

5.063

5.623

6.183

Agosto
5.493

Septiembre
3.852

Tomaremos la del mes ms desfavorable, en nuestro caso Abril ya que

tiene la menor temperatura exterior media (12,7 C).
Ih = 4.672 Kcal/da m (temperatura exterior media 12,7 = 13 C)

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Diapositiva 31

EJEMPLO DE CLCULO
Factor de correccin debido a la inclinacin del colector (K = 1,05).
Radiacin corregida: 4.672 x 1,05 = 4.906 Kcal/da m.

N de horas de sol diarias: 232/30 = 8 horas/da.

Promedio de radiacin horaria sobre el colector inclinado:

I h K 4906

613
N
8

Kcal/m

Superficie de paneles necesaria:

200050 13
27,4m 2
4672 1,05 0,55

N de paneles precisos:

N = 27,4 / 1,5 = 18 paneles.

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Diapositiva 32

MTODO DE CLCULO - 2
Otro procedimiento de clculo, lo proporcionan los fabricantes de
paneles solares, como por ejemplo Roca, el cual divide Espaa en
las siguientes zonas:

Valores promedio de la radiacin total anual

Zona 1

Zona 2

Zona 3

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Diapositiva 33

MTODO DE CLCULO - 2
El nmero de colectores necesarios para obtener un ahorro sobre el
coste anual total para el calentamiento del agua sanitaria es:

Zona 1

Zona 2

Zona 3

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Diapositiva 34

EJEMPLO DE CLCULO - 2
Cuantos colectores harn falta para ahorrar el 50 % del coste anual
para la produccin de ACS, en una vivienda en Granada, con consumo
diario de 200 litros a 45 C.

Valores promedio de la radiacin total anual

Zona 1

Zona 2

Zona 3

Granada- Zona 3

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Diapositiva 35

EJEMPLO DE CLCULO - 2

Zona 1

Zona 2

Zona 3

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Diapositiva 36

MTODO DE CLCULO - 3
En funcin del tipo de instalacin elegida, se establece un criterio de
dimensionado diferente.
Bsicamente, podemos distinguir entre los mtodos de clculo
tradicionales, como los vistos anteriormente, y los mtodos basados
en elementos finitos.

ParaLos
eldatos
dimensionado
de instalaciones de ACS, la normativa
de partida, sern:
actual recomienda el empleo del mtodo F-Chart,
Los geogrficos: Latitud. Altitud. Temperatura mensual media en
desarrollado
la dcada
horas de sol. en
Humedad
relativa. de los setenta , en base a
formulaciones empricas.
Los climatolgicos: Temperatura media mensual ambiente y del
agua de red.

Los de consumo: Consumo mximo diario. Porcentaje de ocupacin

mensual
Los de la instalacin: Curva del colector. Caudal unitario en circuito
primario. Caudal unitario en circuito secundario. Calor especfico del
fluido del circuito primario. Calor especfico del fluido del circuito
secundario. Eficiencia del intercambiador

Todos estos datos, se encontrarn en el DB-HE4 del CTE

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Diapositiva 37

APLICACIN PRCTICA - 1

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Diapositiva 38

APLICACIN PRCTICA - 2

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Diapositiva 39

APLICACIN PRCTICA - 2

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Diapositiva 40

APLICACIN PRCTICA - 2

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