CHAPTER 2 HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL RECORD

2.1

Climate

2.1.1

General
The climate of the Solo River Basin is tropical and is subject to the tropical
monsoon. The south-west to north-west winds prevail from November to April in
ordinary year and they bring rainy season to the river basin. While in the period
from July to October, the basin area is dried up by the south and south-east
monsoon.
The monthly average temperature is about 27.4 C and it slightly fluctuates from
the minimum daily average temperature of 17 C to the maximum daily average
of 38 C. The monthly average relative humidity is about 66.4 % through a year.
The maximum daily average wind velocity is 9.2 m/s, whereas the daily average
wind velocity in the basin is 1.0 m/s. Monthly average evaporation rate over the
basin is 4.33 mm/day.

2.1.2

Available data
There are 15 meteorological stations scattered in the Solo River Basin. The
observation works is operated and managed by several agencies such as PBS,
DPMA, East Java Irrigation Service (EJIS), Indonesian Navy and Indonesian Air
Force. The available meteorological station for each sub-basin is as the following.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Upper Solo River Basin

Lower Solo River Basin
Madiun River Basin
Grindulu River Basin
Lamong River Basin
Outside of Basin (Surabaya)

: 6 stations
: 3 stations
: 2 stations
: 1 stations
: 1 stations
: 1 stations

The oldest Panasan station has a period of operation since 1972. Most of the
stations have duration period of the record from 1981 up to 1999 with some
interrupted data record. The list of meteorological stations and its operating
agencies, elevation and record period is shown in Table 2.1.
Meteo-hydrological data used for this study was collected from PBS and Irrigation
Services, and also taken from previous Water Resources Development Project
reports. The meteo-hydrological data used to analyze the climate in the basin are
collected from 4 stations in the Solo River basin i.e., Surakarta (Pabelan), Madiun,
Bojonegoro and Surabaya.
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The monthly mean climate data for above four stations is presented in Table 2.2.
The availability of meteorological data record for each station and the location of
the stations are presented on Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2 respectively.
2.1.3

Temperature
The monthly average temperature is about 27.4 C and it slightly fluctuates from
the minimum monthly average temperature of 26.5 C and the maximum monthly
average of 28.4 C. The monthly average temperature is high in the rainy season
(March through May and September through December) and low in the dry season
(January through March and June through August). The daily temperature is
fluctuates from the minimum temperature of 13.2 C to the maximum of 38.7 C.
The monthly average temperature is summarized in the table and also graphically
MONT HLY AVERAGE T EMP ERAT URE IN T HE B. SOLO RIVER BASIN
28.5
28.0
27.5
27.0
26.5

Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep

Aug

Jul

Jun

May

Mar

Feb

25.5

Apr

26.0
Jan

O
T EMPERATURE
C)
(

29.0

presented below.
(unit : O C)

Temperature
St. Name

Basin

Mean

Surakarta

US

26.6

26.9

27.4

27.8

27.9

27.5

26.5

27.1

27.6

28.3

27.9

27.3

27.4

Madiun

MD

27.9

28.0

28.4

28.4

28.1

27.5

27.0

27.3

27.8

28.8

28.8

28.5

28.0

Bojonegoro

LS

25.7

25.4

25.9

27.1

26.8

26.0

25.3

25.9

26.8

27.7

27.9

26.5

26.4

27.1

27.1

27.6

28.0

28.0

27.5

27.1

27.2

28.1

28.9

28.8

27.7

27.8

26.8

26.9

27.3

27.8

27.7

27.1

26.5

26.9

27.6

28.4

28.3

27.5

27.4

Surabaya
Average

2.1.4

Relative Humidity
The monthly average relative humidity is about 66.4 % through a year. The
maximum monthly average relative humidity in Solo River basin is 71.2 %, while
the minimum is 60.2 %. The humidity is naturally relatively higher in the rainy
MONT HLY AVERAGE RELAT IVE HUMIDIT Y IN B.SOLO RIVER BASIN

65.0

Dec

Nov

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Oct

Aug

Jul

Jun

Apr

Mar

55.0

May

2-2

Sep

60.0

Feb

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70.0

Jan

HUMIDIT Y (%)

75.0

season (January through May and November through December) and lower in the
dry season (June through October). The monthly pattern of relative humidity
follows the pattern of rainfall, increasing during the rainy season and decreasing
during the dry season as graphically shown below.
Relative Humidity
St. Name

Basin

Mean

Surakarta

US

77.5

77.9

75.1

74.8

74.2

73.3

71.4

69.2

68.6

68.8

72.8

75.2

73.2

Madiun

MD

52.6

53.1

51.8

52.3

49.2

46.3

45.5

43.3

40.7

42.5

45.6

51.5

47.9

Bojonegoro

LS

72.1

70.7

69.7

72.9

71.9

71.0

68.5

64.2

65.4

63.6

66.2

71.5

69.0

82.5

82.9

82.1

80.1

77.9

76.3

73.5

69.6

66.0

66.0

71.7

79.0

75.6

71.2

71.2

69.7

70.0

68.3

66.7

64.7

61.6

60.2

60.2

64.1

69.3

66.4

Surabaya
Average

2.1.5

(unit : %)

Sunshine Duration
The sunshine duration data record at Surakarta is available from 1976 to 1978.
The daily sunshine duration at Surakarta is slightly varies from 10.4 to 11.3 hours

12.0
11.5
11.0
10.5

Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep

Aug

Jul

Jun

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

10.0
Jan

SUNSHINE DURATION
(HOURS/DAY)

MONT HLY AVERAGE SUNSHINE DURAT ION AT SURAKARTA

per day throughout the year.

Sunshine Duration
St. Name

(unit : hours/day)

Basin

Mean

Surakarta

US

10.7

10.4

10.7

11.0

10.8

10.6

11.0

11.1

11.2

11.3

10.6

10.7

10.8

Madiun

MD

Bojonegoro

LS

10.7

10.4

10.7

11.0

10.8

10.6

11.0

11.1

11.2

11.3

10.6

10.7

10.8

Surabaya
Average

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2.1.6

Wind Velocity
The average wind velocity in the basin is 1.4 m/s throughout the year. Maximum
average wind velocity in Solo basin is 1.8 m/s, while the minimum is 1.1 m/s.
MONT HLY AVERAGE WIND VELOCIT Y IN B. SOLO RIVER BASIN
VELOCIT Y (m/sec)

2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5

Wind Velocity
St. Name

(unit : m/s)
Basin

Mean

Surakarta

US

2.03

2.08

1.97

1.93

1.90

2.01

2.29

2.98

3.40

3.19

2.62

2.33

2.40

Madiun

MD

0.51

0.83

0.54

0.51

0.43

0.52

0.56

0.73

0.80

0.67

0.78

0.58

0.62

Bojonegoro

LS

1.07

0.97

1.08

0.89

1.08

1.00

1.23

1.42

1.26

1.18

1.06

0.99

1.10

1.20

1.29

1.19

1.11

1.13

1.18

1.36

1.71

1.82

1.68

1.49

1.30

1.37

Surabaya
Average

2.1.7

Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep

Aug

Jul

Jun

May

Apr

Mar

Jan

Feb

0.0

Evaporation
Monthly average evaporation rate over the basin is 4.3 mm/day. The evaporation
is naturally relatively higher in the dry season (July through November) and lower
in the wet season (December through June). The monthly average evaporation rate
is summarized in the table and graphically presented below.

5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0

Evaporation

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Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep

Aug

Jul

Jun

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

0.0
Jan

EVAPORATION (mm/day)

MONT HLY AVERAGE EVAPORAT ION IN B. SOLO RIVER BASIN

6.0

(unit : mm/day)

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St. Name

Basin

Mean

Surakarta

US

2.51

2.47

3.10

3.48

3.50

3.71

3.93

4.53

4.82

4.60

3.76

3.14

3.63

Madiun

MD

3.10

2.93

3.31

3.52

4.13

4.18

4.39

4.97

5.45

5.30

3.86

3.38

4.04

Bojonegoro

LS

3.39

3.39

4.03

4.17

4.04

4.10

4.48

5.40

5.72

5.71

4.64

4.11

4.43

4.59

4.18

4.57

4.43

4.84

4.52

5.19

6.11

6.62

7.00

5.81

4.65

5.21

3.40

3.24

3.75

3.90

4.13

4.13

4.50

5.25

5.65

5.66

4.51

3.82

4.33

Surabaya
Average

2.2

Rainfall

2.2.1

General
The continuous long-term rainfall data for a time period of 25 years in the study
area is needed for estimating both of low flow through simulation model and flood
flows with varies of return period. Further, it is highly expected that the runoff
data should be of high accuracy because the water balance analysis in the study
area is highly dependent on the reliability of available runoff data.
The annual mean rainfall distribution in the Upper Solo, Madiun, Lower Solo and
in the whole Bengawan Solo River basin is analyzed based on data recorded at
selected 27 rainfall stations of the period from 1975 to 1999. The annual mean
rainfall for the Upper Solo, Madiun, Lower Solo and in the whole Bengawan Solo
River basin are 2,165 mm, 1,971 mm, 1,679 mm and 1,928 mm respectively. The
monthly distribution of annual rainfall for each basin is graphically presented as
below. The annual mean rainfall distribution for each sub-basin in the CDMP
Study area is shown in the following table.

Average
( unit : mm )
Basin

Upper Solo

378

357

312

209

116

78

39

Lower Solo

274

236

250

166

86

59

Madiun

322

291

290

228

104

Whole B.

324

294

283

196

North Coastal

269

198

192

South Coastal

362

302

295

Annual

31

42

117

210

276

2,165

36

22

37

88

182

243

1,679

75

37

21

33

99

213

258

1,971

101

70

38

25

38

101

199

259

1,928

129

92

60

44

19

30

73

148

239

1,493

192

90

80

41

27

43

116

211

284

2,043

Solo Average

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Lamong

314

257

231

157

77

51

31

35

70

153

263

1,647

Monthly Distribution of Me an Annual Rainfall in the B. Solo River Basin

2.2.2

Available400Data
350

Upper Solo

Rainfall Depth (mm)

The rainfall
the primary one being
300 data are available from a number of sources,
Lower Solo
250
the Irrigation
Services and another sources are belong
to the PBS and BMG
Madiun
200 operates rainfall monitoring stations in the Solo River basin.
offices which
150

There are100
374 rainfall gauges scattered in the Bengawan Solo River Basin, consist
50
of 80 stations
located in the Lower Solo, 224 stations and 70 stations are located
0
in the Upper Solo and the Madiun river basin respectively. These rainfall gauge
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
stations consists of 51 automatic gauges and 323 ordinary gauges. Most of the
Monthly Distribution of Mean Annual Rainfall in the North Coastal, South Coastal
and the Lamong Basin
400

Rainfall Depth (mm)

350

North Coastal
South Coastal
Lamong

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

ordinary gauge stations have duration period of the record since 1952. The period
of recording for the daily record at ordinary gauges is over 48 years, whereas the
record period of rainfall at automatic gauges are started after 1970.
The resume of available rainfall station in the Bengawan Solo River Basin is
summarized below.
Resume of Rainfall Stations Availability
Agency

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No of station
Lower Solo

Upper Solo

Madiun

Total

EJIS

55

58

122

CJIS

164

167

PBS

18

20

46

CJIS/BMG

25

31

BMG

DPMA

Others

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Total

80

224

Gauge Type

70

374

No of station
Lower Solo

Upper Solo

Madiun

Total

Automatic

17

25

51

Ordinary

63

199

61

323

Total

80

224

70

374

PBS

: Proyek Bengawan Solo

CJIS

: Central Java Irrigation Service

EJIS

: East Java Irrigation Service

BMG

: Badan Meteorologi dan Geofisika (Meteorological and Geophysical Service)

DPMA

: Direktorat Penyelidikan Masalah Air (Institute of Hydraulic Engineering)

Another rainfall data also collected for stations in the South Coastal, Lamong and
North Coastal basins from the same sources as the Solo River basin. There are 20
ordinary and automatic rainfall gauge stations located in the South Coastal basin,
12 stations belong to the EJIS and the remaining stations belong to the PBS. The
period of record for some stations is from 1963 up to 1999. In the Lamong basin,
there are 6 ordinary rainfall gauge stations belong to the EJIS, 3 stations have a
record period from 1959 to 1999 and the remaining stations from 1959 to 1990. In
the North Coastal basin, there are 13 ordinary rainfall stations belong to the EJIS
with record period from 1952 to 1999 and only 1 (one) PBS automatic rainfall
station has been installed in 1973.
Almost of the rainfall stations belong to Irrigation Office has the longer record
period than the others, these stations have a period of the record since 1952. The
availability of daily record data also longer if compare to the other sources. So far,
the available daily rainfall data record in the PBS Office have a short period, the
most rainfall data still in continuous chart form. Considering this reason, almost of
the daily rainfall data for further analysis is taken from the Irrigation Office.
The list of rainfall station in CDMP Study area and its operating agencies,
elevation of gauges, period of recording is presented in Table 2.3 and also the
availability of data record are shown in Fig. 2.3.
2.2.3

Distribution of Rainfall
An isohyetal map of annual mean rainfall has been developed by OTCA, Japan for
Survey and Study for the Development of Solo River Basin in 1974. As seen in

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the isohyetal map, annual mean rainfall tends to decrease towards the north and
east in the Lower Solo and the North Coastal. The annual mean rainfall in the
Lower Solo basin varies from 1,750 mm in northern and eastern area and
increasing to 2,250 mm in the southern area. Rainfall is higher in the south-west
of the basin, with mean annual rainfall varying from 1,750 mm in the valley to
3,000 mm in the mountain area of Wilis, Lawu and Merapi. The isohyetal map of
annual mean rainfall is shown on Fig. 2.4.
2.3

River Water Level

2.3.1

General
The measurement of river water level had been carried out in many places along
the Solo River and its tributaries and also in the Grindulu and the Lamong River.
Two methods i.e., ordinary staff gauge and Automatic Water Level Recorder
(AWLR) are commonly used to measure the stage of water surface. The staff
gauge are usually read three times per day in the morning, afternoon and evening,
and the average of these three values is applied as daily water level record. For
special cases as flood, the water level also recorded out of above three times
reading. The stage data record of AWLR is presented in the form of a plot of stage
against continuous time known as stage hydrograph. Detail information about the
River Water Level gauge stations is presented in Data Book Annex No. 1 :
Hydrology.

2.3.2

Available Data
The water level record have been collected from a number of sources, the primary
one is the PBS office and the other sources are belong to the Irrigation Services,
DPMA, and Watershed Management Technology Center of Surakarta (BTPDAS).
There are 120 water level stations was installed along the Solo River and its
tributaries, consists of 42 automatic water level recorders and 78 staff gauges. The
length of record period is varies, the oldest station were installed in 1950 at the
Karangnongko and Bojonegoro stations. Most of the station does not have
continuous records, and the operations of some station were stopped in 1985 and
1987.
In the Madiun River between the Winongo Water Level Station and the confluence
of Dero and Madiun River, there are 9 (nine) water level gauging stations used
only for high water level to monitor flood water level along this section.
The data at the major stations of twenty five (25) water level gauges from the total
of 120 gauge stations in the Bengawan Solo River and its tributaries, 3 (three)

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stations in the Grindulu and Lorog River and 1 (one) station in the Lamong River
were collected.
The detail river water level data availability in the Upper Solo, Lower Solo and
Madiun River are presented on Fig. 2.5, Fig. 2.6 and Fig. 2.7 respectively. The
water level station list and its operation agencies, period of operation, zero gauge
elevation and gauge type are presented in Table 2.4, Table 2.5 and Table 2.6 for
the Upper Solo, Lower Solo and Madiun River respectively. The location of River
Water Level Stations is presented on Fig. 2.9 except the 9 (nine) stations for high
water level in Madiun River. The daily river water level record at major stations is
graphically presented on Fig. 2.10.
The resume of the water level station availability, agencies and gauge type is
summarized below.
Water Level Station in the Solo River and its Tributaries

No

Agency

Upper Solo

Lower Solo

Madiun

Total

PBS

26

33

25

84

PBS/BTPDAS

PBS/CJIS/EJIS

DPMA

DPMA/CJIS/EJIS

PU. Solo

CJIS/EJIS

14

20

Total

36

53

31

120

Gauge Type

Upper Solo

Lower Solo

Madiun

Total

No
1

Staff Gauge

24

30

24

78

Automatic/Staff Gauge

12

18

37

Automatic

36

53

31

120

Total

PBS

: Proyek Bengawan Solo

CJIS

: Central Java Irrigation Service

EJIS

: East Java Irrigation Service

DPMA

: Direktorat Penyelidikan Masalah Air (Institute of Hydraulic Engineering)

BTPDAS

: Balai Teknologi Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai (Institute of Watershed

Management)

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PU.Solo

: Pekerjaan Umum Solo (Public Work of Solo)

In the South Coastal River Basin, there are 3 water level station installed by PBS
along the Grindulu River at Gunungsari, Arjowinangun and Pacitan and 1 (one)
station installed in Ponggok River at Semanten. There is only 1 (one) water level
station available in the Lamong River installed by PBS at Boboh. The water level
data availability in the Grindulu and Lamong River is presented on Fig. 2.8.
From the water level data schedule, sometimes the chart is interrupted due to
lacking of data record. This lack data is mainly due to some reason such as
a) the staff gauge or AWLR is broken
b) the location of gauge is moved to other place
c) missing of the data record, etc.
The water level observation is usually carried out by local person to read the staff
gauge or to replace the chart paper for the AWLR. Occasionally, the observer does
not come to the gauge location due to many reasons so that they only imagine the
water level as their experience. Another problem was found out for limited range
of the staff gauge, so that if the range is exceeded the observer can not read the
water level and the value of data recorded out of staff gauge range is not correct.
2.4

Discharge Measurement, Rating Curve and Runoff Record

2.4.1

General
The data of major stations of 25 water level gauges from the total of 120 gauge
stations in the Bengawan Solo River and its tributaries, and in the other basins was
collected as previously discussed in sub-section of river water level.
In this study, the discharge-rating curve for each station were determined by
examining the accuracy of the collected rating curves and constructed discharge
rating curve by CDMP study team in case of the curve is not available. The daily
mean discharge was estimated by converting the water level to the discharge using
the constructed rating curve.

2.4.2

Available Data
The discharge measurement had been carried out at 103 locations along the
Bengawan Solo River and its tributaries. The discharge was measured at 34
locations along the Upper Solo, 29 locations in the Madiun and 40 locations in the
Lower Solo basins by several agencies such as PBS, DPMA, EJIS and CJIS from
1968 for the oldest station to 1999. In the South Coastal basin area, there are 5
(five) stations of discharge measurement along the Grindulu and the Lorog River.

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Only 1 (one) station is available in the Lamong River, and no discharge

measurement is available in the North Coastal basin area.
The discharge measurement data of major stations were collected for flow
analysis. For the above measurement data, the discharge-rating curve had been
constructed by PBS to convert the water level data to runoff so far.
In the Solo River basin, daily discharge data is available at 35 stations along the
main stem and tributaries, consists of 19 stations in the Upper Solo River, 7
stations in the Madiun River and 9 stations in the Lower Solo. Same as water level
record, this daily discharge data is also owned by several agencies such as PBS,
DPMA, EJIS and CJIS. The availability of data and its period of record, operating
agencies for each station is presented as barchart in Fig. 2.11.
2.4.3

Discharge Measurement Data

The discharge measurement data records have been collected together with water
level record from the same sources. The name of major station list and its period
of record and number of observation along the Bengawan Solo River and the
tributaries are tabulated below.
Discharge Measurement Record in the Upper Solo River at Major Stations

No

Station

Period of

No of

Record

Observation

Upper Solo

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Ngrembang

1980 1995

149

Sembukan

1981 1987

24

Ngadipuro

1989 1995

68

Juranggempal

1975 1985

45

Paseban

1978 1985

25

Jarum

1977 1995

120

Serenan

1988 1994

78

Tegalgondo

1983 1985

29

Peren

1979 1990

68

10

Jurug

1969 1999

266

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11

Grompol

1988 1989

17

12

Mungkung

1988 1989

21

13

Kenatan

1988 1989

15

14

Kajangan

1975 1995

99

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Discharge Measurement Record in the Lower Solo River at Major Stations

No

Station

Period of

No of

Record

Observation

Lower Solo
1

Napel

1972- 1995

392

Cepu

1968- 1996

181

Bojonegoro

1977 1996

186

Babat

1975 1999

179

Brangkal

1987 1995

64

Discharge Measurement Record in the Madiun River at Major Stations

No

Station

Period of

No of

Record

Observation

Madiun

2.4.4

Sekayu

1975- 1995

162

A.Yani

1973- 1995

110

Ketonggo

1981 1995

174

Winongo

1988 1995

64

Badegan

1980 1985

81

Ngindeng

1985

43

Rating Curve
In order to estimate the river flow discharge for a long period at major station, the
available discharge rating curve data and discharge measurement were collected
primarily from the PBS office. The discharge measurement data at the major
station was plotted for checking the reliability of the discharge-rating curve
constructed by PBS. At some major station, the discharge-rating curve had not yet

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been constructed so far, therefor the curve is estimated by the Bengawan Solo
CDMP Study Team.
The list of discharge rating curve equations used for converting the discharge is
shown in Table 2.7. The plotted discharge rating curve and more detail
information for each station and its equation are presented on Fig. 2.12.
2.4.5

Runoff Record
The monthly average discharge distribution are estimated at the major station such
as Jurug, Kajangan along the Upper Solo River, Ketonggo in the Madiun River,
Bojonegoro, Babat, Brangkal along the Lower Solo River and tributaries,
Arjowinangun in the South Coastal Basin and Boboh in the Lamong River as the
following table and figures.

Monthly Average Observed Discharge at the Major Stations (1975-1999)

(unit : m3/sec)

Station

River

Jurug

Upper Solo

181

221

197

116

53

39

23

19

19

30

58

95

Kajangan

Upper Solo

435

561

431

268

124

95

48

29

32

49

144

232

Ketonggo

Madiun

235

301

220

161

57

37

16

11

14

41

88

Bojonegoro

Lower Solo

762

908

808

528

218

151

62

34

36

56

226

380

Babat

Lower Solo

818

1022

862

646

279

197

111

56

63

100

307

513

Brangkal

Kening

29

31

29

21

12

20

Arjowinangun

Grindulu

54

51

51

39

19

13

27

34

Boboh

Lamong

37

45

39

27

22

28

Monthly Average Observed Discharge at the B. S olo River (1975-1999)

Discharge (m 3 /sec)

1200
Jurug (Upper Solo River)

1000

Kajangan (Upper Solo River)

800

Ketonggo (Madiun River)

600

Bojonegoro (Lower Solo River)

400

Babat (Lower Solo River)

200
0
Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Discharge (m3 /sec)

M onthly Average Observed Discharge at the Brangkal, Arjowinangun and Boboh Stations (1975-1999)

60
50

Brangkal (Kening River)

40

Arjowinangun (Grindulu River)

30

Boboh (Lamong River)

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Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

The daily average discharge were estimated by applying the water level records to
the corresponding discharge rating curves for the period from 1975 to 1999. The
observed daily discharge hydrograph at major river water level stations are
presented on Fig. 2.13.
Similar as rainfall pattern, the pattern of monthly average runoff is higher from
November to April and relatively low in the period from May to October. The
maximum monthly average discharge is recorded in February for Bengawan Solo
River and in January for tributary, Grindulu River and Lamong River, whereas the
minimum discharge occurs in August or September for all stations.
The average annual runoff coefficient between the basin mean annual rainfall and
observed runoff at the respective gauges was estimated to be in the range from
0.34 at A.Yani station to 0.56 at Kajangan station.
The detail information of the major River Water Level Stations such as its location
map, cross section, photo and other information are presented on Fig. 2.14.
2.5

Operation Record of Major Water Supply Facilities

2.5.1

Available Data
The Wonogiri Multipurpose Dam operation data in the period of record from 1983
to 1999 have been collected from both of the PBS office and site operation office
at Wonogiri. The available operational data are
a) hourly rainfall at four stations scattered in the Wonogiri basin area i.e.,
Pracimantoro, Jatisrono, Batuwarno and Tirtomoyo
b) hourly rainfall at Wonogiri Dam
c) hourly potential evaporation at Wonogiri Dam
d) hourly reservoir water level
e) hourly released discharge from reservoir through turbines, spillway and for
river maintenance in case of the turbine is not operated.
The Colo Weir operation data in the period of record from 1986 to 1999 have been
collected from both of the PBS office and the operational office at site. The
available operational data involves hourly water level in front of the weir, released
discharge through right and left canals, discharge released for river maintenance
and opening height of the flushing gates for flushing the deposited sediment.
The available data in the Jati Weir is monthly mean intake record in the period of
record from 1966 to 1991.
The collected operation data are shown in the Data Book Annex No. 1 :
Hydrology.

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2.5.2

Wonogiri Reservoir
The Wonogiri Multipurpose Dam is the largest existing storage reservoir in the
Bengawan Solo main stem and provides flood control, irrigation, domestic water
supply and hydropower generation.
There are 3 reservoir operational rules have been established since the beginning
of operation in 1983. Initially, reservoir operation rule of Wonogiri Multipurpose
Dam was established by Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. in February 1984. In 1986, after
completion of the Wonogiri Second Phase Irrigation Project, the operation rule
was authorized by the Ministerial Decree of Public Works. For increasing water
supply capacity of the Wonogiri Reservoir, again the operation rule was modified
by PBS in 1993.
The monthly average outflow from the existing Wonogiri Reservoir, the rainfall at
Wonogiri Reservoir, the reservoir water level and monthly average of evaporation
data in the period of 1983-1999 is summarized as shown in the table below.
Monthly Average Data at Wonogiri Reservoir (1983-1999)
Jan
Outflow (m3/sec)

Feb Mar

Apr May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

53

68

73

45

28

21

21

21

25

27

29

42

Rainfall (mm)

351

319

291

190

95

62

30

12

26

75

146

254

RWL (El.,m)

132

134

135

136

136

135

134

133

132

131

130

130

87

83

115

130

155

139

194

233

269

235

160

123

Evaporation (mm)

Note :
Outflow

: Spillout and generation outflow

Rainfall

: Rainfall at dam site

RWL

: Reservoir Water Level

Evaporation

: Observed pan evaporation at dam site

The total daily average outflow discharge from both of spillway and power
generation together with Colo Weir inflow as discussed in the next sub-section is
also graphically presented on Fig. 2.14. The monthly average data recorded at the
Wonogiri Reservoir is presented in Table 2.8.
2.5.3

Colo Weir
The Colo Weir, the part of the Wonogiri Second Phase Irrigation Project was
initially operated in 1986. The Colo Weir is constructed to divert the released
water from Wonogiri reservoir to the both of East Colo Irrigation Area and West
Colo Irrigation Area with the total area of about 23,200 ha.

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The daily data used in the analysis was taken from hourly data at 09.00 a.m.,
except for discharge release through the flushing gates was used hourly data. The
discharge release through weir crest was estimated by discharge rating curve
available in the Colo Weir operation manual. The discharge release through
flushing gate is calculated based on the recorded water level in front of gates and
gate opening height by applying the formula for orifice because no discharge
rating curve is available.
The monthly average discharge diverted to right and left intake canals and
released discharge back to the river is presented in the table below.
Monthly Average Discharge Record at Colo Weir (1986-1999)
(unit : m3/sec)

D/S released for

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

38.4

56.0

62.3

31.2

5.6

3.3

2.3

2.8

2.6

2.9

2.8

16.0

13.3

16.2

17.0

17.0

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

2.5

2.9

3.8

7.1

13.1

21.8

2.8

2.9

2.7

3.3

2.9

2.8

2.5

15.1

15.5

15.5

18.4

18.1

17.4

18.2

maintenance flow
Left Canal Intake
Right Canal Intake

Data source : Colo Weir operational office at site.

The Colo Weir inflow as a total of discharge diverted to the canals and discharge
released back to the river is graphically presented on Fig. 2.14. together with
Wonogiri Dam outflow record. The monthly average discharge record at Colo
Weir is presented in Table 2.9.
2.5.4

Jati Weir
The Jati Weir is located in the Madiun River provides irrigation area of 11,746 ha.
The weir have been modified from concrete weir type to rubber dam type together
with existing 8 (eight) weirs as part of Madiun River Urgent Flood Control Project
to control the sediment transport in the Madiun River.
The monthly discharge data record available from 1966 to1991 is taken from the
previous study on Feasibility Study of Countermeasure Against Riverbed
Lowering in the Madiun River in 1992 under the Madiun River Urgent Flood
Control Project.
The monthly average intake discharge record is presented in Table 2.10 and the
annual average is summarized below.

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Monthly Average Discharge Record at Jati Weir (1966-1991)

(unit : m3/sec)

Intake Discharge

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

4.70

4.46

4.38

4.30

3.60

2.83

2.46

1.91

1.56

1.91

2.69

4.06

Data source : Feasibility Study of Countermeasure Against Riverbed Lowering in the Madiun

River in 1992 under the Madiun River Urgent Flood Control Project Report.

2.6

Sediment Data

2.6.1

Sediment Load Measurement Data

The data of sediment load is collected from PBS office for data measured at 19
stations on Solo River and the tributaries. The period of measurement are started
in 1975 in Lower Solo and after 1980 for Madiun and Upper Solo. All of the
above measured data is only for suspended load, whereas the data for bed load
measurement is not available.
The list of station name and its number of measurement data and period of
measurement is shown in Table 2.11, and the detail measurement data are enclosed
in the Data Book Annex No. 1 : Hydrology.

2.6.2

Sediment Discharge Rating Curve

The sediment discharge-rating curve should be prepared for the total measured
load and the measured bed-material sediment load. Due to the availability of
sediment data, the sediment discharge-rating curves were developed based on the
data collected from PBS office for measured suspended load only.
The sediment discharge-rating curve may vary with time. This can be due to
change in land use management, construction of upstream reservoir that trap
sediment, channel stabilization works that decrease bank erosion or river
improvement works that increase river conveyance and thus sediment transport
potential.
The developed sediment discharge-rating curve are shown in Table 2.11 and also
graphically presented in Data Book Annex No. 1 : Hydrology.

2.6.3

Sediment Yield
The annual suspended load sediment yield is estimated by applying the above
sediment discharge-rating curve to the simulated present condition flow at the
selected stations. Assuming the bed load material is 10 % of suspended load, the

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estimated average annual unit sediment yield per km 2 in the Solo River Basin is
around 2,340 tons/km2. The mean annual sediment transport yields were estimated
36.8 million tons/year at Babat on the Lower Solo River, 29.5 million tons/year at
Kajangan on the Upper Solo River and 14.3 million tons/year at Ketonggo on The
Madiun River. The annual sediment yield for each station is as the following table.

Annual Sediment Yield

Annual Yield
Basin

No

Station

Catchment

Suspended Load

(Suspended+10%Bed)
Load

Area (km2)
Madiun

(106 tons)

1 Ketonggo
3,445
13.02
2 Winongo
2,294
6.28
3 Sekayu
1,056
2.82
4 Badegan
230
0.31
Upper Solo
5 Ngrembang
114
0.08
6 Jarum
833
0.40
7 Sembukan
294
0.76
8 Jurug
3,220
3.18
9 Grompol
124
0.15
10 Mungkung
124
0.06
11 Peren
267
0.83
12 Kenatan
111
0.32
13 Kajangan
5,463
26.81
Lower Solo
14 Napel
9,880
21.56
15 Cepu
10,922
19.81
16 Bojonegoro 12,804
31.54
17 Babat
14,247
33.46
18 Brangkal
823
1.28
Average
9.04
Note : Bed load is assumed to be 10 % of suspended load.

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(tons/km2)

(106 tons)

(tons/km2)

3,781
2,737
2,675
1,328
693
474
2,570
987
1,235
499
3,124
2,891
4,908
2,182
1,814
2,464
2,349
1,555
2,126

14.33
6.91
3.11
0.34
0.09
0.43
0.83
3.50
0.17
0.07
0.92
0.35
29.49
23.72
21.79
34.70
36.81
1.41
9.94

4,159
3,011
2,942
1,460
762
522
2,827
1,086
1,358
549
3,437
3,180
5,398
2,401
1,995
2,710
2,583
1,710
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