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Little attention has been paid to the Chibchas in voluminous Indian studies made by
1 This paper grew out of several periods of field
investigation in Colombia, one of which was made in
1953 with financial assistance from a grant under the
Buenos Aires Convention. Part of the manuscript
appeared in an earlier version in a chapter of my doctoral dissertation, "Land Utilization in the Highland
Basins of the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia," University of California, Los Angeles, 1954. I am indebted
to Henry J. Bruman for reading the present article
and for making valuable suggestions.
2The three sources are, respectively, G. F. de
Oviedo y Valdez, Historia general y natural de las
374
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1959
375
CHIBCHA OCCUPATION
OF THE ALTIPLANOS
Settlement3
Although there is sufficient evidence that
both brachycephalic and dolichocephalic Indians resided in the highlands of Colombia, the
routes these people followed into the altiplanos are as yet unknown. The paragraphs
which follow are presented mainly as suggestions of plausible Indian travel to and from the
highland basin region as inferred from the
available sources. Further information is
required before drawing conclusions as to the
actual direction and extent of population
movements.
At present there are no data which would
indicate migrations of Indians between the
3The first Colombian to make a detailed study of
the settlement question for the highland basins was E.
Uricoechea, Memorias sobre las antigiiedades neogranadinas (Berlin, 1854). He reiterated a theory
expressed by M. de Paravey, in Memoire sur l'origine
japonais, arabe et basque de la civilisation des peuples
du plateau de Bogota d'apres les travaux recent de M.
Al. Humboldt et Siebold (Paris, 1835), which held
that the earliest inhabitants of the CordilleraOriental
were related linguistically and physically to the Japanese. (Most of the ethnological section of Uricoechea's
work stems from J. Acosta's Compendio hist6rico del
descubrimiento y colonizacio'nde la Nueva Granada
en el siglo decimo sexto [Paris, 1848].) A few years
later L. Zerda made similar analogies in his El dorado
(Bogota, 1947), but mentioned studies of cranium
sizes which revealed both dolichocephalic and brachycephalic Indians in the area. This caused some early
speculation about the meeting of northern and southern types in the Colombian Andes. Near the turn of
the nineteenth century V. Restrepo published Los chibchas antes de la conquista espaiiola (Bogota, 1895),
voicing the opinion that the highland basin Indians
came from certain tribes in Mexico and had entered
Colombia via the north coast. In 1912, however, the
pendulum swung the other way and the Chibchas
were linked with a Tiahuanacu origin in A. Posnansky's Guia general ilustrada para la investigacio'nde
las islas del sol y la luna con breves apuntes sobre los
chullpas (La Paz, 1912). C. Cuervo Marquez in his
Prehistoriay viajes: estudios arqueologicos y etnograficos (Bogota, 1920) also claimed that the Tiahuanacu
culture extended north to Colombia, using as a basis
for his argument the cephalic indices of early skull
types found in highland graves and common cultural
traits between the Chibchas and the Indians far to
the south. More recently (1922) M. Triana, La civilizacio'n chibcha (Bogota', 1951), claimed that the
rarified atmosphere of the highland basins created a
modified human type out of Asians who had found
the altiplanos via the Orinoco River. The modified
type later mixed with Indians from the north, which
supposedly accounts for the confusing evidence presented by altiplano skull measurements.
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376
December
ROBERT C. EIDT
_______________________
~~~730
THE
I CHIBCHA
(, HI B H
CA
DOMAAIN
/
/
C 15 3 8
LIMITS
ALTIPLANOS
--CHIBCHA
0 0CHIEFTAINCY
00
Q|
ZIPA
2 -ZAQUE/
-
15
I~
A N\ITfA N
/
3 - SOGAMOSO
4 - TUNDAMA
5 - GUANE
-MODERN
STATES
'S
Ms
f:Baricharo
hOr
-Qrt.-
N/
De~s3no
*.
~~~~Mesa
R|
s5
ISoa
|
/00
30
KILOMETERS
Veez
/ cotd
Raquira
/uo0Cerinzabaz/
,>
ec
-no0
amoso
Lev
* Trme ue
10
0|3
/zC
o
0
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
\Tiba~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~uy~ulbna
}
/*Pasta
Fjba
Ca
740
FIG. 1. Chibcha limits developed from Castellanos, Simon, Piedrahita, and Restrepo. Altiplano boundaries
mapped in field.
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1959
377
Population Distribution
The area occupied by the Chibcha Indians
at the time of the Spanish arrival coincides
almost exactly with the distribution of highland basins in the wide part of the Cordillera
Oriental. Chibcha dominion was exercised
4Chibcha contacts with the south appear to be late mostly on the altiplanos themselves at elevain date. From one report that a Chibcha usaque, or tions above 2,000 meters, although large setchieftain, sent runners to Atahualpa for help about at
the time of Pizarro'sconquest, it may be inferred that tlements were found below this level around
the Chibchas had heard of the Incas. Such a fact, if highland basins and in areas linking them, and
true, might be explained by the aggressiveness of the in the small group of altiplano-like formations
Incas prior to their defeat by the Spaniards. The in the north.
Chibchas may well have underestimated the great
Political boundaries marked by early hisdistance an Inca army would have had to travel to
torians of the Chibcha civilization were not
give aid.
5 P. Simon, Noticias historiales de las conquistas de
always in agreement. Although most selected
tierra firme en las indias occidentales (Bogota, 1882), a frontier which was near Fusagasuga at the
p. 307.
southern limit of the altiplanos, few concurred
6 J. W. Schottelius, "Estado actual de la arqueologia
colombiana," Boletin de arqueologia, Vol. 2, No. 3 on the northern extent. Simon placed the border south of Velez. Acosta states ". . . the
(1946), pp. 201-212.
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378
ROBERT
C. EMT
December
low~~~~~~~~~~~~
an
_2
FIG. 2.
Op.
Cit..
p.
127:
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19.39
ABORIGINAL
FIG. 3.
CHIBCHA
SETTLEMENTS
IN- COLOMBIA
;379
Altiplano of Santa~ Rosa (south of CerinzA). Elevation 2.860 meters. View north.
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380
December
ROBERT C. EIDT
Zipa -10,000
Zaque -6,000
Guane -6,000
Sogamoso Tundama-2,000
Total-
1,500
25,500
Population
217,000
174,000
150,000
52,000
50,000
643,000
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1959
ABORIGINAL
CHIBCHA
SETTLE-MENTS
4...
Fic.. 4.
otenof*%
pilnoElato
:381
IN COLOMBIA
~~~~~~~~K
.0mtr.ie
otes
Descriptive material regarding the population in and immediately around the altiplanos
themselves is hard to come by. Sim6n gives
the only specific figures from which some
density estimate might be made. When the
Spaniards passed through the small extension
of the Ubate altiplano near GuachetA. which is
about "one league long and t-wo or three
musket shots wide.' there wvere -more than a
thousand houses.' quite a fewvof which wvere
gathered "almost like a pueblo in one high
part.'' The rest were dispersed among the cultivated plots of ground. Even if ewe assume
that half of the houses wverein the so-called
pueblo and depended only partly upon the
others for wyell-being. there still remain .O
houses ( or more) scattered througohout the
fields and filled with people wvho lived on
J. H. Steward. Vol. 3 (Washington. D.C.. 1949 . pp.
65-}68. So far as the author has been able to determine. Colombian estimates of the Chibcha population
have never been worked out on a systematic historical
basis. Steward quotes a recent estimate of 300.0( but
gives no further explanation. In a personal communication. E. WN.Haurv states that the figure 300.000 is
probably arbitrary and only represents an effort at
striking a reasonable number.
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ROBERT C.
December
ETrr
rk''t's~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
'i
4Ff
Fic. 3.
CULTURE
Appearawi1e
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FIG. 6.
:389-390.
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384
ROBERT C. EIDT
December
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1959
385
Land Use
The population density calculations made
earlier indicate that half the Chibcha Indians
lived in the altiplanos and their immediate
neighborhood. The basis for maintaining such
9 Simon, op. cit., p. 293.
Ibid., p. 291.
20
21
Ibid., p. 309.
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December
ROBERT C. EIDT
=
ft
Fic. 7.
al
-VI
-.
the Sahana of
Mound agricuihire onBegot-.
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Fic.. 7.
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1959
ABORIGINAL
a.~
FIG. 8.
:387
~
ak
Mound agrculture on the altiplano of Tota (south of Sogamosso&. Elevation 3.013 meters.
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:388
December
ROBEJRTC. EMDT
---~~~~~~~~~~~~
11|
__
c,
9_Bamnahrn,
ed
nteLgn
eFqee(Cne
fUa6atpao
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1959
389
Political Divisions
One of the main achievements of altiplano
Indians was their subdivision of the highland
area into separate political units. These were
administered by the Zipa, Zaque, Sogamoso,26
Tundama, and Guane -rulers. The largest state
was that of the Zipa which included the
largest altiplano, i.e., the Sabana of Bogota',
about half of the altiplano of Ubate, and the
smaller highland basin of Choconta' (Fig. 1).
The Zipa realm was subdivided into six parts,
all of which were so oriented as to focus on
the level-surfaced altiplanos so that rapid
communications could be maintained from
the extremities to the Zipa's headquarters at
Bocata.
The Zaque ruled over seven separate altiplanos and parts of two others, including the
second largest, Sogamoso. The whole area
extended from the northern half of Ubate to
Sogamoso (Fig. 1). The headquarters were
located at Tunja, a town flanking the west end
of the Sogamoso basin, and clearly at the
approximate geographical center of the surrounding altiplanos.
The rulers of the Sogamoso and Tundama
territories were at the extreme north end of
the altiplanos and, as is to be expected, their
realms were considerably smaller and less
important than the first two. Finally, the
region of the Guane extended even farther
north to include the altiplano-like mesas of
Los Santos, Barichara, and Curiti. The Guane
area is contiguous with that of the altiplanos,
but the Guane lived at a slightly lower elevation, and were sometimes classified as separate from the Chibchas by early reporters.
Perhaps this is because the Chibchas themselves understood that the Guane were beyond
the real altiplano region of the Cordillera Oriental-or beyond altiplano administrative control-and gave this impression to the first
Spaniards in the area.
It is to be noted that the boundary lines
separating these five regions were later closely
approximated in the Spanish political division
of the land (Fig. 1). This is true both for
departmental (state) and for municipal bound26
The term "Sugamuxi"is sometime used for Sogamoso but appears to have been introduced in later
writings and may therefore be in error.
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:390
i,;
December
ROBERTC. ESxr
-- * J
4X
FIG.
10.
Unused
Yltiplano
land at
3._v0
meters.
.Northffnmot
altipla
in
domain
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1959
391
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392
ROBERT C. EIDT
December
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