Written for a Generation to Come

A History of the World in the Molecules of Life

by

Wendy Sowder Wippel

Abstract: A starting gun was fired in Cambridge, England on the night of February 28,
1953-- but at the time, few heard it. On that evening, James Watson and Francis Crick
walked into the Eagle Pub and announced that they had worked out the helical structure
of DNAa discovery that launched a great race to unlock the molecular mechanisms of
life. One of the more startling discoveries to follow was that unique pieces of the DNA
could be used to facilitate study of the human lineage--creating a whole new discipline of
science (variously labeled genetic anthropology, molecular anthropology, and
archaeogenetics) in the process. As ethicists wrestle with the potential of mans
achievements in biotech to destroy the human race, geneticists are decoding a history of
the world, written in the molecules of life, that is only now emerging. It is a record
written in our DNA from the time of human origins, yet deciphered only in our
generation. And what it sayslike all honest science-- is this: Thy word is truth.. It is
a history that confirms the faithfulness of a covenant-keeping God. Our DNA, Gods
fearfully and wonderfully made essence of human creation, both documents promises
kept in humanitys past --and in doing so-- may drive the fulfillment of his promises
future.

INTRODUCTION
The story of mans recorded history begins about 2700 BC, written on clay tablets in the
language of ancient Sumeria known as cuneiform. (Norton Anthology of World
Literature) What is recorded of the time before-- the shadowy period of mans
beginningsis labeled mythology. All peoples have mythological legends, addressing
the desire to know, as genetic anthropologist Spencer Wells put it, Why do we look so
different from each other, and how did we come to inhabit such far-flung places? (Wells)
Most cultures have filled in the blanks with creation myths. Egyptian myth speaks of the
sun God Ra, who filled the seas with his saliva; Nigerian myth relates the tale of a god
who lets himself down on a chain and with the help of a hen, creates dry land, vegetation,
and other animals (although in some accounts the god is too drunk to fulfill this duty so
another god is sent instead). Chinese myth tells of a giant egg that released a god (Pan
Ku) whose hair became trees, sweat became rivers, and lice became human beings; and
Native American myth speaks of the world being created by a frog bringing mud (in his
mouth) to the back of a tortoise. (Randall))
Inexplicably, the creation myth most vilified in our day, though it contains a
remarkably scientific version of early events, is the one contained in the Hebrew
Scriptures. It has not always been so. For most of the past two thousand years both
popular culture and science alike had believed ( bolstered by Aristotles conviction that
the species were fixed, as well as a traditional Christian understanding of Genesis) that
God created life. (Wikipedia, Species)

The tide turned with a 22- year-old seminary student turned seaman, Charles Darwin.
Although not an original thinker (Greek philosopher Anaximander had proposed about
500 BC that all life had originated in water and that more complex organisms had grown
out of simpler ones ( Johnson) or a professional biologist, Darwin became arguably the
most famous scientist in history largely through his observation of natural selection in
isolated island populations of birds--observations which led, upon his return to London,
to a theory that the vast numbers of species alive today could have come from one
original life form, over many million years, through the process of natural selection.
(Darwin, the Origin of Species)
Darwins 1859 publication of The Origin of Species proved to be a watershed moment
in biology. Despite minimal initial evidence for this theory, a lack of objective ways to
test it, and a failure to obtain the fossil evidence he himself said was necessary for
confirmation, Darwins theory of evolution was quickly adopted by the science
community at large. ( Johnson) Within a mere 60 years, bible-believing communities
were battling its inclusion in public school curriculums, and in little more than a hundred
3

years the theory had established itself as dogma, and-- contrary to the principles of
scientific inquiry-- a biological sacred cow.(Johnson) A chapter heading in one current
college textbook,, for example, declares A mass of evidence validates a Darwinian
view of life, followed by the statement that few contributions in all of science have
withstood so much repeated testing over the years. (Campbell) In reality, evolutionary
apologist and Harvard professor Stephen Jay Gould has admitted that the Darwinian
explanation of evolution as a general proposition, is effectively dead, despite its
persistence as textbook orthodoxy. (Milkman)

It is appropriate, then, to wonder why Darwins theory-- proposed by an amateur

biologist and erected on such a shaky foundation-- was greeted with such widespread
acceptance (even among evolutionists today who admit that evidence is still lacking.)
Fortunately, they have answered that question for us: Oxford zoologist Richard Dawkins
said, Darwin made it possible to be an intellectually fulfilled atheist, (unintentionally
confirming Colossians 1:21s assertion that intellectual position is dictated by spiritual
condition.) (Johnson) Aldous Huxley revealed ulterior motives as well, saying that the
scientist is also concerned to prove that there is no valid reason why he personally
should not do as he wants to do For myself, as no doubt for most of my
contemporaries, the philosophy of meaningless was essentially an instrument of
liberation from a certain system of morality. We objected to the morality because it
interfered with our sexual freedom. (Huxley). And physical anthropologist Sir Arthur
Keith, in a rare moment of honesty, admitted, "Evolution is unproved and unprovable.
We believe it only because the only alternative is special creation- which is unthinkable."
(Swincer)
It is not widely known that Darwins theory had been constructed without the slightest
idea of any mechanism that could facilitate it, as the discipline of genetics was not yet
born. (Johnson) Ironically, Gregor Mendel ( the father of modern genetics) was a
contemporary of Darwins, but his work was initially ignored (partially because
Darwinians did not view it as bolstering their theory). Mendels 1886 publication was
rediscovered in 1900 and officially married to Darwinian theory in Fisher, Wright and
Haldanes evolutionary synthesis of the 1930s. By 1958, the world had largely
embraced Darwinianism, and Watson and Cricks announcement of the molecular
structure of DNA put the final nail in the coffin. Christianity, with regards to a
widespread faith in the Bible as an accurate account of Gods initiation and interaction
with his creation, was considered terminal. Oscar Wilde put it more bluntly: Science,
he opined, is a history of dead religions. Wilde

The culture of the western world is now a culture that views science as the revealer of all
truth and the basis of a worldview in opposition to the contents of the Bible. ( A recent
poll revealed that even small children are more confident of the existence of invisible
scientific entities like electrons and germs than they are of God and angels. (Harris)
Christian scientists, like the scientist/cleric Mendel, have been condemned to thinking

their lonely thoughts alone. 1 1Luigi Luca Cvalli Sforza, a pioneer in using genetic
information in anthropological studies, has stated that creationism is a view held by
people with no scientific knowledge, even lumping scientific creationists in with
psychics and other pseudo-scientists. GHD
In contrast, the bible declares that science is another media in which God expresses
himselfanother message to the humans he created: The heavens declare the glory of
God; the skies proclaim the work of his hands. Day after day they pour forth speech;
night after night they display knowledge. There is no speech or language where their
voice is not heard. Their voice goes out into all the earth, their words to the ends of the
world. Psalm 19: 1-4 Honest science is an attempt by his created beings to understand
God through the workings of the world he created for usin the words of the great
scientist Johann Kepler, a thinking Gods thoughts after him. As dual messages from
the God of creation, science and the Bible ( by definition), cannot conflict.
The man who himself defined the scientific method, Sir Francis Bacon, once observed
that "a little science estranges a man from God; but a lot of science brings him back." As
mans prowess with the human genome has grown (admittedly creating ethical dilemmas
of which Moses never dreamed), a curious and fortuitous blessing for the student of the
Bible has emerged: two distinct and unusual pieces of DNA (mitochondrial DNA and the
Y-chromosome) which enable scientists to trace the human lineage back in time
recording, as genetic anthropologist Brian Sykes put it, a history way beyond the reach
of written records or even stone inscriptions. (Sykes) This genetic record, beginning at
the dawn of man, creates a detailed book of human history, whose current chapters are
hidden within the cells of every human being. (Sykes)
Genetic anthropologist Spencer Wells observed that -- as opposed to DNA-- creation
myths fail to account for the spectrum of cultures, shapes, sizes, and colors we see when
we look at people around the world. (Wells) He is partially correctstories of Gods
hanging from chains or bursting out of eggs do not. The Genesis account, however (with
which Mr. Wells would seem to be unfamiliar) provides an account amazingly parallel to
1

From a parody of scripture, popular with geneticists, regarding the assertion that Mendel may
have fudged his data: In the beginning there was Mendel, thinking his lonely thoughts alone.
And he said: "Let there be peas," and there were peas, and it was good. And he put the peas in the
garden saying unto them, "Increase and multiply, segregate and assort yourselves independently,"
and they did and it was good. And now it came to pass that when Mendel gathered up his peas, he
divided them into round and wrinkled and the round dominant and the wrinkled recessive, and it
was good. But now Mendel saw that there were 450 round peas and 102 wrinkled ones; this was
not good. For the law states that there should be only 3 round peas for every wrinkled. And
Mendel said unto himself, "Gott in Himmel, an enemy has done this, he has sown bad peas in my
garden under cover of night." And Mendel smote the table in righteous wrath, saying "Depart
from me, you cursed and evil peas, into the outer darkness where thou shalt be devoured by the
rats and mice," and lo it was done and there remained 300 round peas and 100 wrinkled peas, and
it was good. It was very, very good. And Mendel published. Anonymous, published as "Peas on
Earth," Horticultural Science 7: 5 (1972). Quoted in Betrayers of the Truth.

that emerging from the DNA. As molecular anthropologists uncover the history of human
experience-- up to now hidden within the DNA molecules--a startling picture has
emerged. Startling, that is, to the evolutionists who discarded the original record given to
us through Moses. The tale spelled out in the DNA and that spelled out in Genesis are
one and the same --which would come as no surprise to the great student of Genesis, the
rabbi Maimonides, who in the 13th century recorded a truth completely foreign to the
cultural assumptions of our day. Science it the surest way to knowing God.
(Schroeder)
Biotech, a science that admittedly threatens humanitys physical destruction, also points
the way to the author of our souls salvation. The history of the world, through the lens of
his abiding love for His people, is written in the very molecules of life.

II. THE MOLECULES OF LIFE: A TWO-MINUTE TUTORIAL

I am fearfully and wonderfully made; your works are wonderful, I know that full well.
Psalm 139:14

To understand the language of this story, however, it is necessary to have basic

understanding of DNA: how it determines heredity as well as how it has the capability to
record our history. Every organism is made up of individual building blocks called cells,
and within every cell is a command center called the nucleus, (Figure 1). The nucleus of
each cell contains a complete blueprint of the organism, detailed within a molecule called
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The mitochondrion ( the energy- producing organelle of
the cell, also labeled below) contains a small additional piece of DNA that contains very
little information.

Figure 1. Animal cell with nucleus and mitochondrion. Taken from sun. menlochool.org

The DNA, which somewhat resembles a long braided string, typically floats around in
the nucleus like an unwound ball of yarn. In this form it is called chromatin. When the
cell begins to divide, however, the unwound chromatin is wound up, like a ball of yarn,
on a protein skein, creating distinctively shaped pieces of DNA called chromosomes.
(Figure 2)

Figure 2. The nucleus of a cell, showing the unwound DNA (chromatin) floating inside, as well as
chromosomes. Taken from www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu

Each chromosome has a single node called a centromere. There are 23 pairs of
chromosomes in humans, which are matched according to shape and the distinctive
striping that results when they are specially stained. (Figure 3) A paired analysis of
chromosomes is called a karyotype. (Figure 4)

Figure 3. A stained chromosome. Taken from www.dnadirect.com

Figure 4. A human karyotype (male)

Taken from encartmsn.com.com

It may be noticed from the karyotype above that, although 22 of the pairs are an exact
match, the 23rd pair is not. This mismatched 23rd pair determines gender, with the
chromosome on the right ( called Y) being different from the chromosome on the left (X).
All human eggs carry 22 chromosomes plus an X chromosome. Sperm, on the other
hand, carry 22 chromosomes and either an X or a Y. When the sperm and the egg come
together, the new child has 22 matched pairs again, plus an X from the egg, and either an
X or a Y from the sperm. A baby that receives one X and one Y becomes male, while a
baby that receives two Xs becomes female. All of the 23 pairs of chromosomes reside
in the nucleus of the cell.
Each chromosome contains the exact same set of genes, but the information contained in
that gene may be different on the two chromosomes. In other words, genes come in
different versions. The gene for the Rh factor, a common medical issue in pregnancies,
is a good example. The gene is on chromosome 1, but there are two versions : RH+ and
Rh-. A pair of chromosome 1 could have different information on each gene because one
came from the childs father, and one from its mother. Therefore, the mothers gene may
read Rh-, while the fathers may read Rh+, or vice versa; both could be the same. Some
genes, in addition ( hair color and eye color, for example), come in many more than two
versions.

At the chemical level, the DNA consists of chain of molecules called nucleotides (or
bases, since they act chemically as bases) attached to a sugar-phosphate backbone. The
nucleotides come in four different varieties: cytosine ( C ), thymine (T), guanine (G) and
adenine (A). (Figure 5) Sequences are documented by strings of letters representing the
respective nucleotides and typically look something like this:
AATCGGGTAACCTGTTAAA, and by their sequence they are responsible for the
entire biology identity of the individual organism. GHD Other molecules, by reading the
sequence of nucleotides in the DNA, can construct every protein necessary for the cell to
create and maintain the organism.

Figure 5 Nucleotide base pair steps on the double helix

Taken from www.dnadirect.com

10

Over the life of an organism, the DNA is duplicated countless times. This is achieved in
an amazingly simple process, dependent on the fact that actual DNA molecules contain
not one string of nucleotides, but two-- joined together in structure that resembles a spiral
staircase, with the sugar backbones making up the handrails and the nucleotide bases
comprising the steps. (Figure 6) The secret to replication is that the nucleotide bases ,
like a tongue and groove, match up in defined pairs: A locks with T to form a step, and C
locks with G. When a particular DNA molecule prepares to reproduce, it unzips, and
each tongue and groove pair of nucleotides separates. The missing nucleotides on each
step are replaced with new ones, a sugar backbone reforms (the process occurring
simultaneously on each handrail of the former staircase) and soon two complete
staircases exist where only one existed before.

Figure 6: The molecular and cellular structure of DNA

Taken from dnadirect.com

11

This process will repeat itself millions of times over the life of the organism. Though the
process has an amazing accuracy rate as well as built-in error correction mechanisms,
occasionally the wrong nucleotide is inserted and the error not corrected. This is known
as a mutationone letter incorrectly inserted where another should have been. Some
mutations have drastic consequences. Many fatal diseases, sickle cell anemia being one
example, result from just one incorrect substitution among millions and millions of
nucleotides. Fortunately, however, about 97% of the human genome is considered
junk, meaning that there is no known protein produced from those particular segments.
Mutations in sections that do code for proteins are often deleterious to the organism, so
those mutations are not retained. Mutations within the junk DNA, however (since they
have no apparent affect on the organism) will get passed on to offspring. It is these
mutations, followed in a time sequence, which provide for human lineage studies.
Any differences in DNA sequence between genes studied are called polymorphisms and
are considered mutations. For example, there is some evidence that blood group O is the
original blood group of mankind, with A and B being later mutations.
Observed differences like those making up blood groups formed the beginning of lineage
research. It was soon obvious, however, that certain characteristics of genetic
development made lineage studies more difficult. First of all, there was not enough
variation in possibilities; blood groups, for example, had only three. Mutations in junk
DNA were likely to produce more variants, but the mutation rate of the DNA was still
important. Different segments of the genome mutate at different rates. If the mutation rate
was too high, the numerous differences that resulted were impossible to analyze. If too
slow, however, there were not enough differences to provide any meaningful distinctions,
making unrelated people appear to share inheritance.(Sykes)
Eventually, criteria for effective lineage research were worked out. First of all, a good
variety of polymorphisms must exist Second, since DNA in two copies (one from each
parent, as in the 22 pairs of chromosomes) makes sorting out paternal from maternal
inheritance difficult. DNA passed only from one parent is infinitely easier to work with.
In the 22 paired chromosomes, there is an additional muddle factor called recombination,
or crossing over; when a cell divides, the cells chromosomes come together in their
respective pairs and-- in process designed to increased genetic diversity in the offspring-swap multiple pieces of DNA before coming back together. (Figure 7) Since the 22 pairs
represent by far the bulk of the genome, the small, one-letter changes in the DNA that
may have occurred in the DNA due to mutation are obscured by the genetic reshuffling
that takes place each time a mother and fathers DNA combine to make a child. (Shreeve)

12

Figure 7. Recombination, or crossing over, resulting in a chromosome that is not definitively from one
parent or the other. (A and B represent one potential crossover event, C,D, and E another. In both
examples black represents one parent and white the other.)

Recombination, which occurs in all paired chromosomes, results in a massive reshuffling

of the genetic information which makes it impossible to determine which part of the
DNA sequence came from which parent. (Cann) When examining DNA sequences for
mutations in order to trace lineages, recombination masquerades as a mutation, where
none has actually occurred. (Wells)

Lineage studies based on blood groups and the sequencing of other various molecules of
body processes struggled along as an awareness grew among geneticists that pieces of
DNA did exist that were passed on only from one parent, that did not recombine, that
contained junk DNA sequences where retained mutations could be studied, and that had
mutation rates appropriate for population studies.(Cann) Maternal lineages were first
studied by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which all offspring acquire from their mothers,
in the mid-80s. Paternal lineage studies using the Y-chromosome, passed only from
father to son, soon followed. (Underhill)

Human lineages are studied by looking at the differences between two individuals and
organizing the observed mutations in sequence. Mutations occur one at a time; at a slow
rate of mutation (characteristic of the sections of DNA used for lineage studies), reverse
mutation, back to the original sequence, is extremely unlikely. Mutations accumulate
over time in a step-wise fashion, and by looking at changes over time, by region, the

13

sequence can be reconstructed; following human movements is made possible by

watching where new markers, like genetic breadcrumbs, occur along the trial. Any
individuals whose DNA contain the same mutation, then, are considered to have shared
the ancestor whose DNA first contained that mutation.
This process of analysis can be likened to the appropriately named changeling puzzles,
wherein given a set of words, one must figure out the sequence of one-letter changes.
For example, starting with the word TREE, and ending with the word BUDS, how would
one reconstruct the sequence that the one-letter changes must have come in? (Best of Dell
Crossword Puzzles, June 2006) Following changes sequentially, most adults can piece
the answer together: TREE, FREE, FRET,FEET,BEET, BEES, BEDS , BUDS
Geneticists use a very similar process of logic to trace mutations in Y-chromosome and
mtDNA. It is important to remember that the Y chromosome ( one of the smallest,
containing only 37 genes) and the mitochondrial chromosome (containing only 21 genes)
represent a very small fraction of the genome, and the two parents who contributed those
chromosomes represent only 2 of the housands of ancestors who have contributed to any
one individuals DNA. Because of the unusual characteristics of these two DNA pieces,
however, genetic geneaologists can identify the relatives of the person tested. Whats
more, scientists known as molecular or genetic anthropologists, taking the same
techniques much further back, are also quickly piecing together the earliest history of the
human racewhere humanitys origins are, and how our ancestors spread across the
globe. (Shreeve)
A good example of how this kind of genetic data can be used to trace migrations occurs
with a piece of mitochondrial data that has intrigued genetic researchers since its
discovery in 2001. (Malhi) Early research on mt DNA in American Indian populations
revealed that all Indians tested shared fairly similar mt DNA (placed into four related
groups called A,B,C, and D) , which could be traced, as expected, from Siberia, over the
Bering Strait land bridge and down into North America. Shortly after, however, a new
marker was discovered among the Ojibwa Indians, termed X, which had previously been
seen only in Europe, particularly among the Finns and Italians. MHH How did this
marker get to the New World (about 15,000 years ago, by genetic calculations?) Nobody
knows. Some maps show it crossing the Atlantic, some bring it over the land bridge to
Alaska.
Geneticists are certain, however, that it entered the U.S., with somebody traveling on or
along the Great Lakes. How? Because, in a widespread survey of Native Americans for
this marker, it was discovered that haplotype (Torroni) was found in about 25% of
Ojibwa Indians, about 15% of Sioux, about 12% of the Nootka Indians of Vancouver
Islands, about 7% of the Yakima (in Oregon and Washington) , and 7% of the Navaho.
(Figure 8)

14

Nootka 12%

Ojibwa 25%
Sioux 15%

Yakima 7%
Navajo 7%

Figure 8 Geographical distribution of mt DNA Haplotype X in the United States

15

In looking at the map, it does not require a degree in molecular biology (just a little bit of
logic) to surmise, by observing the diminished presence of the marker as one moves
away, that the gene originated at the Great Lakes and then spread first west and then
south. Using similar mt DNA tests, geneticists have worked out who was where, and
when, back to the earliest days of mans existence. Y chromosome DNA is traced in
exactly the same way. To be fair however, it is not , in practice, quite this easy. As
humans crossed and criss-crossed the planet over thousands of years-- conquering, being
conquered, and making love-- genetic lineages become very tangled. When followed
geographically, however, as in the example above, it becomes apparent, logically that
there is one probable sequence of changes. (Shreeve)

III. DNA AND MOLECULAR LINEAGE RESEARCH IN THE BIBLE

Rabbinical scholars believe that the whole history of the world is contained, on some
level, in the Hebrew scriptures. The Vilna Gaon, an 18th century rabbi named Elijah
Solomon, wrote; "All that was, is, and will be unto the end of time is included in the
Torah, the first five books of the Bible (Satinover). Some consider this viewpoint
scripturally indefensible, but the prophet Amos himself declared that surely the Lord
GOD does nothing unless He reveals His secret to His servants the prophets. Amos 3:7
Daniel tells us, in fact, that some prophetic secrets will be disclosed to humanity only at
the end of time. Daniel 12:9 Could DNA, arguably one of Gods most amazing works
and ostensibly a secret until only the last 100 years, really be mentioned in the Bible?

Upon close examination, it would appear so. Thine eyes did see my substance, yet being
unperfect; and in thy book all my members were written, which in continuance were
fashioned, when as yet there was none of them. Psalm 139:16 Though often translated
as saying that days were written in Gods book before one of them existed, the word
days is not in the Hebrew text. In context, in fact, it is the members of the body that are
written in the unformed substance, described in verse 13 as hidden in his mothers womb.
DNA is the original content of every mothers womb (the union of sperm and egg being
largely nothing but DNA and machinery to replicate it) that DNA will, in fact, create-though a continual process of molecular change-- all the parts of the body. The entire
body is written in the DNA long before the substance of it was formed.

There is more. Not only is the existence of DNA apparently expressed in scripture, there
is a hint of its only recently discovered potential to unravel the times and places of human
history. Acts 17:26 records that God has made of one blood every nation of men to
dwell upon the whole face of the earth, having determined ordained times and the

16

boundaries of their dwelling. (The Greek word blood carries the meaning of the seat of
life, the starting material of the human race.) This verse is typically translated that God
determined the times and places that people would live, a great interpretation on its own
merits.
The subject, however, of the second clause is ambiguous, and it is intriguing that the
statement is made in the context of one substance creating every nation of man that
dwells on the earth. A provocative second interpretation is possible. God made one
original substance (DNA), which not only made possible the diversification of the human
species into infinite nations of men, but also itself recorded the times and places in which
they lived. Perhaps a message from the creator of humanity himself-- a testimony to his
faithfulnesswritten for the generations to come. A proof of that hypothesis is the intent
of the chapters to follow.

III A WORD ABOUT DATING

Although it will be see in somewhat startling detail that the events recorded in the biblical
history of the world are documented unequivocally in the human genetic record, the dates
that scientists report are largely divergent from those normally accepted by students of
the bible. For example, as detailed in the next section, scientist have documented the fact
that all human beings on the planet today descended from a single human female, a
woman termed genetic Eve. Scientists assert that she lived about 150,000 years ago.
(SDE) The commonly accepted date for the biblical Eve, however, is about 6000 years
ago. How can these large discrepancies be reconciled?
First of all there is room for debate on both sides, as absolute dates are not recorded in the
Scriptures. It is helpful to know, however, when evaluating the following reports, how
the dates that are reported in scientific papers have been obtained.
Dates, since not directly measurable, are based on a set of assumptions. First of all, it is
assumed that the rate of mutation is constant throughout all conditions, and that the
process of gene modification can be used like a clock. Environmental conditions,
however, can change the rate of mutation, with the potential to introduce much error into
the estimated dates. Recently, as well, there has been some evidence that mtDNA may
mutate at a faster rate than first observed. Regardless of the cause, evolutionists are most
concerned about the effect of a faster mutation rate. For example, researchers have
calculated [previously] that mitochondrial Evethe woman whose mtDNA was
ancestral to that in all living peoplelived 100,000 to 200,000 years ago in Africa. Using
the new clock, she would be a mere 6000 years old. (Gibbons)
Secondly, the equation by which much of both mitochondrial and Y-chromosome data
calculates dates depends on the assumption that humans and chimpanzees diverged from
a common ancestor about 5 million years ago. (Gibbons) This assumption dictates much
earlier dates than those obtained by other methods.This paper will report dates as reported
in original literature for the purpose of maintaining accuracy when citing source material

17

and for familiarizing the reader with the time framework that will be encountered in
secular publications. The reader is advised, however, to translate times roughly by the
following timeline of biblical events. As will be seen, the sequence of events described
by the DNA will leave little doubt as to how secular dating compares to the biblical
timeline as commonly understood. (Table 2)Events from the time of Abraham on are
calculated differently, with little discrepancy between secular and scriptural
understandings.
This widespread and debatable belief that the mitochondrial Eve lived 100,000200,000
years ago should be contrasted with the mathematical conclusion that all humans alive
today had a very recent common female (and male) ancestor. (Rhode) It has also been
demonstrated that, given the current reproduction rate of 2 children per family, and
current lifespans, (undoubtedly, from the biblical record, conservative), and the secular
estimate of mans origin being about 1 million years ago, the current population of the
earth would far exceed any capacity of the earth to contain them. (Morris)

Table 1 Synoptic timelines of Biblical events

Genetic Event

Secular Timeline Biblical

timeline

Biblical Event

Mother of all the living

About 150,000 years

ago

About 6000 years

ago

Eve in the Garden

of Eden

Male genetic bottleneck,

wherein all males genes
but one died out
Sudden dispersal of
world population out of
middle east
Human settlements in
Australia , Europe, Asia

About 70,000 years

ago

About 4000 years

ago

The great flood

About 60,000 years

ago

About 3800 years

ago

The tower of Babel

30-40000 years ago

About 3600 years

ago

Settlement of
Europe and Asia by
Japheth and Ham

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IV. THE MOTHER OF ALL THE LIVING: EVE

Adam named his wife Eve because she would become the mother of all the living.
Genesis 3:20

The developing field of genetic anthropology burst upon the world consciousness in 1987
with a five-page paper in the scientific journal Nature. The authors, Allan Wilson and
Rebecca Cann, using the differences in mitochondrial DNA sequences from people
around the world and found that-- eerily echoing Genesis 3:20-- all human beings alive
on the planet today could be traced genetically, back through time, to the same human
mother. (Cann) Scientists were quick to dismiss any connection to the biblical Eve,
saying that undoubtedly numerous other human females also existed at the time, but that
these females, through some misfortune, did not contribute genetically to successive
generations. The dates for Eves life were originally reported as a range, roughly
between 150,000 and 300,000 years. Based on the fact that the most variation occurred
within the African samples (reflecting a longer time available there to accumulate
mutations), it was reported that this mother of all the living probably lived in
Africa.(Cann and Wilson, 1987). This conjecture was also based partially on the fact that
much of the fossil record of her supposed evolutionary predecessors has also been found
in Africa.
Some Christians reacted defensively to the release of this paper, based on the scientists
immediate disclaimer to any biblical Eve, the very early dating and the putative African
homeland of this female, who came to be known, despite the experts objections, as the
African Eve. (Wikipedia, AfricanEve) Does this paper really contradict the biblical
account? A careful analysis demonstrates that the answer to this question is a resounding
no. The popular theory, up until this point. had proposed that humans evolved in
numerous different locations (a handy explanation for the observance of different races)
JOM. The Cann and Wilson paper proved conclusively that (in confirmation of the
biblical record) humans had had one point of origin and one single female ancestor. FT
DNA Molecular anthropologist Bran Sykes explained that the impact of the mt DNA
was dramatic. It came down very firmly on one side of the argument about a
fundamental question of human evolution. For many years there had been an intense and
polarized debate on the origins of modern humans, based on different interpretations of
fossil skeletons. (Sykes) Wilson and Canns strongly supported the Bibles record of a
single origin.
What of their other claims? Although the authors of the paper assert that there were
undoubtedly other human women living at the time, they provide no scientific evidence
of that. Another author reveals their line of reasoning: a mathematical analysis of our
evolution shows that among the ancestors contributing to humans there must have always
been a large number of men and of women, let us say between 10,000 and 100,00so
this woman is not Eve in the biblical sense, (Cavalli-Sforza) (despite the assertion by
other experts that a coalescence point in lineage analysisa point in the past where
various lineages merge into once ancestor-- should be interpreted as a point where the

19

population is small). (Olson) In other words, since mankind was in the process of
descending from homo erectus, there should have been plenty of those women
around. There is not one shred of evidence for this in the paper, however.
The supposed age for this common ancestor was derived by assuming a mutation rate on
the divergence of man from chimpanzees, yielding a mutation rate of between 2 and 4%
per million years, yielding a date that has been contested, as discussed above. It is also
important to clarify what the authors meant their statement that Genetic Eve lived in
Africa. Genetic anthropologists unanimously consider the Middle East as essentially
part of northeast Africa and both part of the wide range of early man. (Sykes, Wells,
Olson) There is no consensus on where the Garden of Eden may have been located.
Allthough most Christian scholars would place the Garden of Eden in modern day Iraq,
traditional Judaic thought places in it Jerusalem. It is not explicitly stated, at any rate,
where Adam and Eve went when they left the garden. The earliest modern skeletons have
been discovered in Israel and Ethiopia. Interestingly however, newer data seems to
indicate that the population at the dispersal was spread all the way to India. (Shreeve)
This puts the midpoint precisely on the location of the Tower of Babel, making it, in
exact parallel to the Bible, the place from which everyone scattered. Shreeve NG
Another reason that Wilson and Cann placed Eve in Africa, the fact that most of the
differences among people studied were found in those from, contributes significantly to
the early dates arrived at for her lifetime. This African diversity in mitochondrial DNA
also supports the biblical account, however, because of the way that mutation rates are
calculated. The mitochondrial DNA most often used in lineage studies mutates at the rate
of 1/1000 generational events, meaning that if you wanted to trace one lineage, you
would have to go back one thousand generations to see a mutation. However, if you look
at one generation, you will find one mutation in every thousand people. What this means
is that if there was a very large population within several generations of Eve, a lot of
diversity would be created. (Sykes)
Calculations of the possible population before the flood, based on conservative
extrapolation from the average number of children and average lifespans recorded in the
passages of Genesis which describe the antediluvian period, found that the pre-flood
population could have reached more than 40 billion and almost certainly reached
approximately 20 billion. (Morris ) This many people, spread throughout at least the
northern Africa and the mideast (an extension of Africa at this point in time JOM), would
have created a huge amount of genetic diversity in the population.and since it took
many thousands of years for humanity to approach this total again, most of humanitys
genetic diversity would have occurred while the population lived in NE Africa and the
Levant (Olson, Wells), a finding supported by the genetic record.
The single nonspeculative finding of the paper is this: a single woman was the statistical
entity called the maternal Most Recent Common Ancestor. The most recent common
ancestor (MRCA) of any group is the first individual in the past that is a shared ancestor
all members of the existing group-- the place in tracing lineages back where you lose the
genetic signal. The MRCA in the Wilson paper was derived by looking at 147 genetically

20

disparate individuals from all over the world, including some genetically isolated
populations, and tracing back through shared ancestors (every set of individuals that
share a specific mutation are considered to have a common ancestor), until they arrived at
only onea scientifically valid approach that definitively determined a single common
ancestor for a very widely separated (geographically and genetically) group of people.
(Figure 9) Further testing on other individuals has confirmed this individual as almost
certainly the MRCA for the entire current global population.

Figure 9 Determination of the MRCA through mitochondrial DNA

Taken from home.nc.rr.com

The authors define Genetic Eve as the Most Recent Common Ancestor), which-- for
human mitochondrial DNA-- is exactly what the Biblical Eve would be: the human
female that contributed her mitochondrial genetic material to every human being on the
planet today, becoming as prophesied, the mother of all the living. The biblical
assertion is completely in agreement with the scientific data. The mtDNA evidence
which established the existence of the African Eve, then, though the scientific

21

establishment as bemoaned that appellation, has unequivocally supported the biblical

account.
Her place in time, not a trivial question, is a point that the genetic anthropologists love to
emphasize. This idea pleases Christian fundamentalists, since it appears to support a
literal interpretation of the Bible, as long as we overlook the fact that, based on molecular
data, the so-called Eve was born about 200,000 years ago, and not six thousand as the
Bible says) (Cavalli-Sforza) As we have seen, however, the official dating, based
somewhat on circular reasoning, is on shaky ground. The scientist determined that their
MRCA was, indeed, the mother of all the living. God kept his covenant with Eve.

PERFECT AMONG HIS GENERATIONS: NOAH

Genesis 6:7,8 So the LORD said, "I will wipe mankind, whom I have created, from the
face of the earthmen and animals, and creatures that move along the ground, and birds
of the airfor I am grieved that I have made them." 8 But Noah found favor in the eyes
of the LORD.

The figure of Noah appears in what is arguably the most famous and yet most ridiculed
story in the biblethe Great Flood. Although the accuracy of the Biblical account is
today widely discredited, the same story appears in the oral and written histories of more
than five hundred separate cultures-- many demonstrably in place before the spread of
Christianity into those culturesand statistical analysis has demonstrated a high
correlation with regards to the presence of the basic facts of the Biblical account in these
500 separate traditions. (Morris, J), In addition, numerous extrabiblical documents list
the names of rulers before the flood(an official Sumerian king list, king lists from the
cities of Lagash and Uruk in Sumeria, one in the library of Assurbanipal, and one later
one by the Babylonian priest Berossus.) The story of the flood is, by far the most welldocumented event in ancient history.
Scientists had established that every human on the planet had descended from the same
human female using mtDNA. (Cann) Geneticists who specialized in Y chromosome
studies realized that the male sex chromosome shared the critical attributes of the
mitochondrial DNA: it was passed down from only one parent, did not recombine, and
was comprised largely of junk DNA. Efforts in using the Y-chromosome to get a glimpse
at human history soon yielded results similar to that of mitochondrial DNA-- every male
on the planet could also be traced back to a single human male. (Underhill)
The intriguing difference between the Y-chromosome research, however, and that
involving mitochondrial Eve was that calculations (using mutational rates) revealed that
Adam lived, not 150,000 years ago, but a mere 80,000! JOM Headlines blared Adam
and Eve Never Met! (CNN.com), and Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, the father of genetic

22

anthropology through blood group analysis wrote that this finding made it still more
difficult to believe in the biblical couple who were expelled from the earthly paradise.
(Cavalli-Sforza)
A brilliant geneticist, Cavelli-Sforzas comment nonetheless displays an ignorance of the
biblical account, which is actually confirmed by the science in a somewhat unexpected
manner. Wikipedia defines this genetic Adam for us in an enlightening way: This man
has been dubbed Genetic Adam, though this is a misnomer since he was certainly not
the first male modern human. His father was undoubtedly as fully human as he was. The
silent nature of mutations in non-functional regions of the Y-chromosome means that
none of Adams contemporaries would have thought that there was anything out of the
ordinary about himindeed there probably wasnt. There were also many other males
living at the same time, but they did not carry the same mutation and none of the male
lines from them survived down to the present.( Emphasis mine.)
A careful reading of the bible clearly identifies a specific man who was fully human,
whose father was also fully human, who lived considerably after Eve but who represents,
genetically, the point at which the DNA signal ends (specifically because none of his
male contemporaries survived): Noah. Scientists explain their Genetic Adam, since he
postdates the Genetic Eve, as a genetic bottleneck, a situation in which for some reason
he was the only male that contributed Y chromosome DNA to the rest of history.
(Wikipedia, Y chromosome Adam) The fact that the mtDNA line goes back much further
implies that the bottleneck did not exist among his female contemporaries.
Amazingly enough, the Biblical account supports these findings in exquisite detail. What
the science has identified is again the MRCAthe male counterpart to mitochondrial
Eve as the most recent individual from whom all contemporary human Y chromosomes
are descended. (Wikipedia, Y-chromosome Adam) Since Noah would have passed his
Y-chromosome on to all his sons, all four men on the ark should have had identical Y
DNA. There were, however, at least four women on the ark (Mrs. Noah, Ham, Shem, and
Japheth) ; we have no reason to believe that these women were genetically related. All of
these women, though genetically different, would have traced their maternal lineages
back to the biblical Eve. The MRCA of the maternal lineage would not, then, be Mrs.
Noah, but Eve. The most recent common male ancestor, however, would in fact, be
Noah-- who did (according to both science and the Bible) live considerably after the
female MRCA , Eve. Scripture was confirmed, even with regard to the name given to
Noahone favored by God, surely a deserving title for the one man out of an estimated
20 billion to have survived the greatest holocaust the world has ever seen. God kept his
promises to Noah.

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HIS DAYS DETERMINED: REDUCTION IN LIFE SPANS AFTER

THE FLOOD
Job 14:5 Man's days are determined; you have decreed the number of
his months and have set limits he cannot exceed.
The longevity of the antediluvian population is corroborated in the antediluvian king lists
discussed in the last chapter, although exact lifetimes are debatable since the meaning of
the Sumerian units are unclear. (Custance) The fact that human lifespans dropped
steadily after the flood is widely known, however, and also (Brown) confirmed in
numerous extrabiblical sources. Longevity itself has a strong genetic component, as
detailed below, which can shed some light on the biblical account.
The general consensus among those who accept the reality of an ancient global flood is
that drastic environmental changes which must have accompanied the widespread
devastation associated with the flood could have been responsible for the drop in lifespan.
In addition, it has been proposed that a water canopya supersaturated layer of the
earths atmospherecould have existed in the antediluvian period. (Brown) (Its presence
could be inferred from Genesis 1, where it is stated that God divided the waters in order
to create the sky, and that the waters below became the sealeaving the waters above to
form a canopy.) It is further hypothesized that during the flood some catalyst (possibly
release of ash from a significant volcanic eruption) triggered the release of the water in
the atmosphere. This would seem defensible by the sheer fact that rain fell in mighty
torrents for a full 40 days, apparently on a global basis. (Genesis 7:11), contributing
ultimately to a great body of water sufficient to cover the globe to a height 22 feet above
the top of the highest peak. (Genesis 7:22) It is difficult to imagine how any atmospheric
conditions short of the putative canopy could produce that much rainfall.

The disappearance of the water canopy has been proposed as a possible factor in the
postflood decrease in human longevity, since it would undoubtedly would provided
some protection against solar radiation. Answers in Genesis author Carl Weiland
dismisses this reason, however, largely based on the fact that the Bible describes a
gradual decline in longevity rather of an immediate drop ( as seen in Figure 10).
(Weiland)

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Figure 10. Drop in postdiluvian longevity (taken from www. palmcluster.org/diluvian

Weiland rests his explanation on the basis of solar radiation producing mutations in body
cells which do not contribute to the next generation (known as somatic cells). If these
were the cause of declining lifespans, he argues, it would have to be a rather drastic
effect, pointing out that Noah lived 350 years in the postflood atmosphere. He goes on:
if background radiation has such a powerful aging effect, then in principle this should
easily show up experimentally. One would expect differences, for example, in
populations naturally shielded from or exposed to differing forms of such radiation,
whether among humans or animals. It should be relatively easy to raise mice in a
completely radiation-free environment and see a massive increase in lifespans.
Wielands scientific credentials are not revealed in the electronic version of this
publication, but they do not seem to involve significant familiarity with molecular
biology. A correct understanding of the effects of solar radiation on the human body and
the ability of sunlight to create mutation in the DNA supports the biblical record of
declining longevity with such accuracy it lends support to a scientific understanding of
the process not readily explainable in the human author of Genesis.

First of all, Wielands assertion that (if radiation affects longevity) an experiment
exposing either mice or humans to environments with increasing amounts of solar
radiation should reveal a linear decrease in longevity ignores the presence of multiple
levels of DNA repair in both organisms. These repair systems provide a threshold level at

25

which the ability of the DNA to repair radiation-induced damage is overcome and at
which DNA-induced mutation can start to be destructive. In other words, experiments
would reveal no effect of radiation until the threshold level is exceeded. It is intriguing,
actually, that nature has provided us with two unfortunate (but nevertheless instructive)
unintentional experiments into genetic aging in the absence of the normal repair
mechanisms, one in the absence of sunlight, and one when exposed.
The disease progeria provides a clear understanding of the critical role that DNA repair
plays in genetic aging. Progeria is a congenital defect in which unrepaired nuclear
defects, recently shown to be identical to those which accumulate in normal aging
(Scafeddi), cause the affected individual to age more rapidly than his peers. (See Figure
11)

Figure 11. A twelve-year-old progeria sufferer, taken from progeriaresearch.com.

Children with progeria appear normal at birth, but, due to a defect of the ability to
normally repair nuclear defects, the process of intrinsic aging occurs at a hugely
accelerated rate. Affected children rarely live past the age of 12. (Progeria Research
Foundation)
Sunlight compounds the intrinsic effects of aging in the following way: DNA readily
absorbs ultraviolet radiation at a wavelength of 260nm; the absorption by the DNA of this
energy causes a cross-link wherever adjacent thymine basepairs occur within the DNA
sequence. These UV-induced anomalies are called thymidine dimers. When the DNA is
subsequently replicated, the thymine bases which are now chemically joined together
cannot be read properly, and the wrong bases are inserted as a match., causing a
mutation.
The disease xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) demonstrates the potential for solar damage
to the DNA to cause premature death. (Xeroderma pigmentosum society,www,xps.org)
XP is also a congenital defect, but one in which different DNA repair mechanisms are
defective. Affected children appear normal at birth but are observed to suffer blistering
sunburns after minimal exposure to the sun. (The children in the movie The Others
suffered from this disease.) In these children even the slightest exposure to sunlight, in
the absence of normal repair mechanisms, result in numerous potentially fatal cancers.
Clearly, normal DNA repair mechanisms provide a high level of repair capacity, which
keeps fluctuating levels of radiation from causing significant damage. It is estimated that
in contemporary conditions sunlight causes over 1000 DNA mutations in each individual

26

a day. A dramatically increased amount of solar radiation after the flood, however, could
have overwhelmed the bodys ability to repair its DNA, causing the gradual accumulation
of body cell defects that would have gradually, not immediately, resulted in Noahs
death.
In addition, mutation does not only occur in body cells, but also in the sperm and egg
that produce the next generation. As radiation increases, so does the dose that meets the
gonads, causing increased mutations in the sperm and egg. GHD Mutations in these cells
are passed on to offspring, predicting a linear, cumulative decline in aging like that
observed in the biblical numbers. Custance, in fact, analyzed the lifespans given in the
Genesis account and found a classic normal curve, as seen in Figure 12 (Adherence to a
normal curve documents a predictable mathematical decrease, implying a genuine
biological mechanism.) The data strongly supports a gradual increase in genetic defects
as the underlying cause. (Custance)

Figure 12. Normal curve projected by the decline of lifespans after the flood.

Custance went even further. Using dates recorded in the Hebrew text, he calculated the
correlation between the declines in both the onset of fertility and the age at death,
assuming that if a genuine biological change was occurring the two should decline at a
similar rate. Using the names of Adam, Seth, Enosh, Kenan, Mahalalel, Jared, and
Methuselah, (Enoch, Lamech, and Noah were excluded on the basis of being exceptions
to the normal preflood life expectancy), he calculated an r- value of 0.96. An r-value of
0.96 (rarely achieved in this kind of statistically analysis) represents results that are 96%
identical to those that would ideally be expected if the tested theory is correctlending

27

much credibility to an actual biological phenomenon recorded by a historian rather than a

folk tale made up by a primitive imagination.
Tellingly, when similar correlations were performed on the Septuagint version of the
Bible, translated into Greek in Alexandra in 270 B.C ( in which patriarchal lifetimes had
obviously been adjusted, apparently to make them more believable) the correlation drops
to 0.07. (Custance)
Another insight from modern molecular biology reveals the purpose behind the decrease
in longevity. Antediluvian patriarchs routinely lived into their tenth century of life. A
reduction in that lifespan, however, was apparently intended by God and included as part
of the flood judgment: Then the LORD said, "My Spirit will not contend with man
forever, for he is mortal ; his days will be a hundred and twenty years." Genesis 6:3.
(The Hebrew implies that God intends to return mans spirit back to himself after 120
years, thereby ending the contention) God issued this statement immediately preceding
the flood; within ten generations (approximately the time of Moses, about 2000 B.C) a
maximum lifespan of 120 years had been reached and has not changed since. Wieland.
A quick survey of the news headlines documents that the oldest living person in the
world at any given time is at or just under 120 years of age.
As the bible record the maximum amount of life now allotted to human beings, it also
records the human average. The length of our days is seventy years or eighty, if we
have the strength; yet their span is but trouble and sorrow, for they quickly pass, and we
fly away. (Psalm 90:9-10) A lifespan of 70 or 80 years is still, 3000 years later, the
average of adult deaths where nutrition is adequate and death by infectious disease is
avoided. (Arias)
Molecular biologists have recently determined the mechanism by which human lifespans
(reflecting Job 14:5, above) have apparently been pre-determined and programmed into
the DNA itself. The end of each chromosome is comprised of a set of repeated sections
of the DNA sequence TTAGGG. These repeated sequences are generated by an enzyme
called telomerase, which is active only in the sperm and egg; therefore, the number
(different for every species and variable within a species for an individual organism) is
fixed at the moment of conception, and determines the potential lifespan possible for that
individual. Even cells in culture exhibit this preprogrammed lifespan; human embryonic
cells (stem cells) will divide numerous times, whereas cells from an aged individual have
only a few cell divisions still possible.(Hayflick)
Telomeres have, in the last few decades, been demonstrated to determine an organisms
lifespan by a fascinating mechanism. Envision a shoestring as a chromosome, and the
very tip of the cotton shoestring as the telomere. Just as a shoestring has the protective
plastic cap on it, the very end of the telomere is capped by a protein that prevents DNA
replication from beginning at the end. Replication starts downstream, then, where the
plastic part ends. The new DNA molecule is capped at the end again, but the part that was
under the preceding cap has been effectively cut off of the new molecule. In this way the
telomere is shaved down with each successive replication. When the telomere length

28

reaches the coding part of the chromosome, the cell initiates a process called apoptosis,
essentially preprogrammed cell suicide. As more and more cells reach this stage, body
organs and organ systems begin to fail, and eventually the organism succumbs. (Weaver)
Genetics, Weaver WCB_
The mechanism by which God may have effected this gradual change in telomere length
after the flood is unknown, but it is interesting that the telomeres repeat sequence does
contain two adjacent thymines, would be susceptible to forming UV-induced thymidine
dimers. A second possibility is proposed by Wieland: genetic drift. Human genetic
diversity had been greatly reduced, now limited to the eight individuals who survived the
flood. One of these individuals may have naturally contained shorter telomeres, and these
genes happened, by virtue of inbreeding, to end up as the norm. It is interesting,
however, that God recorded of Noah that he was perfect in his generations. It is
possible that God decreed that lifespans should reduce to 120 years, saw that Noah, as
well as being righteous, has the perfect genetic make-up to effect this, and favored or
chose him to be the future of the race based on these dual criteria.

THE DIVISION OF THE NATIONS: HAM, SHEM, AND JAPHETH

Genesis 11:1-2, 9 Now the whole world had one language and a common speech. 2 As
men moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar and settled there.
The Bible makes a strong claim in the 10th and 11th chapter of Genesis, A claim that the
entire world, with its amazing diversity of both people groups and languages, was
populated from one small family, It is a story confirmed in every detail, however, by the
evidence compiled by mtDNA and Y-chromosome researchers. . All lines of research
(archaeological, Y-chromosome, and mt DNA) define a gap between about 150,000 years
ago (the time of genetic Eve), and about 70,000 years ago ( the lifetime of Genetic
Adam) See Figure 13) Wells. Olson, Cavalli-Sforza) There is also a general dearth of
human skeletal remains from before the time of genetic Adam. (Wells) Although the
secular experts generally not the gap without explanation, the obvious explanation is the
floodwhich would have destroyed all archaeological evidence and potentially
accelerated all dating methods employed.

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Figure 13 A map of human migration based on mtDNA results, showing a large gap in time sequence
between genetic Eve and genetic Adam. Gap is universal in the literature, reflecting loss of archaeological
evidence and possible acceleration in mutation rate during and after the flood. Taken from
familytreeDNA.com

Intriguingly, Y-chromosome DNA, mtDNA, and archaeological evidence all resume

(after the unexplained gap) at the same time, placing male both and female progenitors
in the same place: northeastern Africa and the Levant. (Wells) In addition, the ancient
family trees constructed by both the mt DNA and the Y-chromosome DNA branch in the
same places, implying a small population in which genetic Adam had a wife (the biblical
Mrs. Noah) that founded a significant part of the successive population as well. In the
words of Spencer Wells, As we look more carefully at the arrangement of branches on
the mitochondrial tree, we find that there is a similar pattern: all of the non-African
mitochondrial branches descend from a particular branch of the tree trunk, implying that
our Adam was paired with an Eve. Thankfully, she lived around 50-60,000 years ago,
implying that she and (our) Adam could have met, and her daughters accompanied his
sons around the world. (Wells)
In this period of time, according to the genetic researchers, immediately following the
gap and the appearance of genetic Adam, the human population expanded, separated into
subgroups, and developed genetic diversity again. (Olson) This is deduced by the fact
that both mt DNA and Y chromosome studies demonstrate additional mutations in
Northeast Africa and the Middle East that are found in all populations today. (Shreeve)
MtDNA evidences more diversity from that period of time than does the Y-chromosome,
-- again predicted from the biblical account-- since mtDNA would have existed in as
30

many as four different versions (assuming that none of Noahs sons had more than one
wife ), while male diversity would have been non-existent.
The statement that Ham, Shem, and Japheth created all nations and people group implies
to some extent a tripartite split. Although assignments between three individual men are
difficult to make since both genetic and language changes are multigenerational
processes, it is interesting that both genetic and linguistic data reflect a trifold division of
humanity about the time that Ham, Shem, and Japtheth would have existed. CavalliSforza and Renfrew divide the area around the Levant between three expanding
superfamilies, which resulted quickly, through isolation of speaker populations, in a
myriad of dialects. (see figure 14)

Afro-Asiatic languages
Dravidian Languages
Proto Indo-European Languages

Figure 14 Division and expansion of language families with migration

31

while both mtDNA and Y-chromosome genetic data begin in the area of northeast Africa
(including the Levant) and branch out in three directions as they divide. (See Figure 15 )

Figure 15 The original spread of mankind based on both mtDNA and Y-chromosome DNA. Map shows
spread out of mideast. Taken from National Geographic, March, 2006

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As detailed in the sections that follow, genetic evidence allows the determination that
Ham and his descendants went west into Africa and east, then south, through India, and
the south Pacific, Japheth went northeast, branching off into both Europe, than central
and northeast Asia, crossing Berengia into North Americia and then down into South
America. Shem colonized the middle east and stayed there. (Wells)
The ongoing efforts by Y-chromosome researchers to flesh out the details of human
movements out of the earliest homelands have led to unexpected details about Ham,
Shem, and Japheths physical appearance It was observed in initial Y-chromosome
studies that the Kalahari Bushmenofficially now known as the Khoisan, were
genetically more similar to the apparent original Y chromosome than any other
population.. When the physical characteristics of the bushmen were analyzed further, it
became obvious that they represent the starting stock of humanity, displaying a mix of
typically Asian, African, and European characteristics could clearly have later been
divided among the races that sprung from them. The Khoisan are small in stature, with a
skin color that is reddish brown to yellow, but never the darker black associated with
neighboring African tribes. Their skin contains measurably fewer melanocytes
(pigmentation cells in the skin) than neighboring tribes as well. Khoisan eyes are also
characterized by an epicanthic skin fold, but less pronounced than the one that, in the far
east, makes up the characteristic Asian eyes. (Olson, Wikipedia, Khoisan)
Khoisan woman display characteristics somewhat peculiar to that group, including
extremely pronounced labia and a tendency towards steatopygia (fatty deposits on the
buttocks and thighs, thought to optimize survival in an equatorial climate by increasing
surface area and maintaining female fat stores at a level to ensure reproductive capacity.
(See figure 16) Wikipedia

Figure 16: Khoisan women exhibiting steatopygia

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The Khoisan also speak a very complex language called !Kung, characterized by curious
clicking sounds. (Olson) Linguists have demonstrated that all existing languages can be
traced back to one original language, and that, since existing languages lose complexity
over time rather than gain it, the original language would have much more complex than
any in existence now. (Ruhlen) The !Kung language has been shown to contain over 130
distinct sounds, compared to only 40 in English. Wikipedia
Ham, Shem, and Japheth, then, as they and their descendants spread out from Mt
.Araratnot to the east, with its forbidding mountains, but into the south west ( through
the Levanttheir old stomping grounds, if it was still recognizable) and into northeastern
Africa, probably looked much like the Bushmen do today: small in stature, red-brown to
yellow-golden skin, with tightly curled peppercorn hair and a slight upturn to their
eyes. Speaking a curious clicking language, they began to build cities and conceived of
building a tower to the Gods: Come, let us build ourselves a city, with a tower that
reaches to the heavens, so that we may make a name for ourselves and not be scattered
over the face of the whole earth." Genesis 11:4 , (this verse implying that they had then
scattered over the face of the earth and were re-gathering on the plain of Shinar to be
involved in the towers construction.)
Ancient Jewish sources add that the purpose of the tower was to reach so high that it
would provide safety in case of another floodan affront to Gods character, since he
had just made a covenant with the people in which he promised that the world would
never again be destroyed that way. (Josephus, the antiquities of the Jews.) Interestingly,
this event-- like the Great Flood-- is included in the legends of numerous other peoples
around the globe, including Burma, Mexico polynesai and South America; extrabiblical
accounts agree that the tower was destroyed by a storm of epic proportions, including
cyclic winds and apparently lightning. (www.varchive.org) Interestingly, experts
describe a sudden onset of an ice age shortly before this period of time; extreme
climactic changes could potentially have had the power to produce violent weather
conditions for some time. (Wikipedia, single-origin)
Y--chromosome data confirms that post genetic Adam populations, as they grew and
diversified, covered the area of at least northeast Africa and the levant, and that they
gathered in the Middle East shortly before dispersing into the rest of the world. JOM
Agricultural data as well, as the wild ancestors of the seven founder crops harvested by
the worlds first farmers have all been traced to the region of southeastern Turkey and
northern Syria. (Inman)]
The evidence clearly shows that the sons of Noah (the Genetic Adam) did, as
commanded, spread out and fill the earth, provided for by God along the way: Then God
blessed Noah and his sons, saying to them, "Be fruitful and increase in number and fill
the earth. 2 The fear and dread of you will fall upon all the beasts of the earth and all the
birds of the air, upon every creature that moves along the ground, and upon all the fish of
the sea; they are given into your hand. God did keep his promises to Ham, Shem, and
Japheth. The details of these early movements, as well as the fleshing out, in fascinating

34

detail, of the descendants of Noah as they fled the scene of their crime, is the rest of the
Y-chromosomes story.

A PLAIN IN SHINAR: DISPERSION OF LANGUAGE, PEOPLES

AND AGRICULTURE AFTER THE FLOOD
Genesis 11:9 From there the LORD scattered them over the face of the whole earth.
Genesis 10: 32 These are the clans of Noah's sons, according to their lines of descent,
within their nations. From these the nations spread out over the earth after the flood.

Following the destruction of the tower of Babel, God scattered the peoples of the earth
and confused their languages in order to prevent them from ever plotting evil together
again. Genesis 11: 8 -9 So the LORD scattered them from there over all the earth, and
they stopped building the city. That is why it was called Babel, because there the LORD
confused the language of the whole world. From there the LORD scattered them over the
face of the whole earth.
Not surprisingly, again the DNA confirms the Biblical account. Both mtDNA analysis
and Y-chromosome studies demonstrate that a return to Africa from the mideast and a
subsequent massive exodus from Africa ensued about 60,000 years ago, almost
immediately (in relative terms) after the Y-chromosome evidence of Noah as the genetic
Adam. (Wells) Archeological sites of modern (post-flood) humans are spread
throughout the middle east and northeast Africa up until about 50,000 years ago, and then
in the (relatively) short space of 30,000 years, filled the globe. DNA evidence, both
mtDNA and Y-chromosome, can now detail the movements of these early fathers with
some precision. (Wells) Humans were in central Asia by 50,000 years, Australia by
45,000, and Japan and China by 35,000. Evidence of a genetically separate group
reached the Caucasus by 45,000 years ago, arriving in India and Asia by 30,000 years,
the outer reaches of Siberia by 20,000 and North and South America shortly after.
(Wells) A third, genetically distinct population spread throughout the middle east and
went no further. (Cavalli-Sforza)
Secular anthopologists call this the Great Leap Forward, describing a sudden and abrupt
departure of humanity from the land of their birth, accompanied by characteristic tools
and the first archaeological evidence of art. (Wells) Although unanimously wondering at
the suddenness and speed with which humanity fled the middle east at this point in time
(and apparently having rejected the biblical explanation, which is confirmed in other
ancient writings) these anthropologists have no real explanation for what circumstances
may have prompted such an abrupt and rapid exodus. (Wells)

35

They do speculate, however. What compelled those first modern people in Africato
leave their home continent and expand into Eurasia? (Shreeve) The upper Paleolithic
period was one of massive population growth, which may have led these people to seek
new hunting grounds. Archaeological evidence, such as improved tools and the birth of
art, also suggest important behavioral changes during his time. These developments may
have enabled (man) to better undertake and arduous migration, which was likely aided by
a moist, relatively favorable climate. ( genographic project, nationalgeographic.com )
Another source, however, hypothesizes that the world was getting colder around 70,000
years ago, as the last ice age accelerated into a deep-freeze. This may have been the
catalyst for the great leap forward, favoring intelligence and complex social structures as
the climate deteriorated. (Wells) Shreeve speculates that perhaps some neurological
mutation had led to spoken language and made our ancestors fully modern, setting a
small band othem on course to colonize the world, (Shreeve) although anthropologist
Alison Brooks points out that modern tools and evidence of language exist in Africa long
before this time period . (Shreeve) Whatever the motivation, the sudden spread of these
early humans across the globe is well documented, both by genetic and archaeological
evidence. (Wells), Shreeve, Olson)
Genetic analysis is performed by looking at the differences in the Y-chromosome, and
organizing them in a logical sequence. Then, by the number of differences and the
assumed rate of mutation, one can calculate how many years must have passed since the
two groups separated. Analysis of early migrations out of Africa look like this: (Figure
17)
M9

M242

M16

M3

M89

Figure 17 Successive mutations in Y-chromosome DNA, producing markers used in lineage research

In this illustration, it is obvious that, since all Y-chromosomes share the markers (places
where mutations occurred) M91, 60, and 168, these markers must have been shared by
the original population ( Noah, Ham, Shem and Japheth. As the population separated,
two other markers appeared (M130 and M89). We know that the population had
separated because some of their descendants do not have these markers, which would
appear in all future populations unless geographical isolation had begun to prevent
interbreeding among some family groups. In the same way additional mutations can be
organized in sequence. Following these changes geographically provides a way to map
human movements around the globe. (Shreeve)
In this way, Henry Harpending, a molecular anthropologist at Penn State, analyzed
mitochondrial DNA differences and found striking evidence that the human species
expanded at a great rate around 50,000 years ago-- approximately equivalent to the time,

36

genetically and archaeologically, that modern humans started to migrate out of Africa,
and matching the great leap forward and the onset of the Upper Paleolithic (Wells) The
dearth of tools and other evidences of human occupation outside the Middle East before
50,000 years ago, and their simultaneous appearance around the globe shortly after, also
evidences a very rapid expansion. (Wells)
Clearly, this rapid unidirectional expansion out of the ancestral homeland
This rapid dispersal, in all directions (Macaulay)-- dated shortly after the event that
resulted in the male genetic bottleneck termed, by secular geneticists, genetic Adam-(Wells) can be nothing but the scattering of the sons of Noah after the tower of Babel,
just as described in Genesis 10 and 11 as well as many other global cultures.
Intriguingly, the method described above now allows us to trace the specific movements
of those sons of Noah as they left the lands of their fathers. Y-chromosome DNA has
proven more useful than mtDNA due to the fact that it mutates more slowly than mtDNA
(about once every 7000 generational events, although quoted mutation rates vary widely
in the literature-- reflecting the importance of interpreting reported dates of divergence
cautiously), and because mt DNA, being delivered by the female, tends to marry in and
out of populations, weakening the genetic signal. Y-chromosome analysis, then, will be
used throughout this section. It should be observed, however, that mt DNA analysis
confirms the same movements at the same period of time, thereby strengthening
confidence in the story that unfolds. (Sykes)
Noah and his family exited the ark, mostly likely in the area that is now Turkey, close to
the Armenian border and in the foothills of the Ararat mountains. The Ararat mountains
are joined there by the Caucasus and the Zagros ranges, preventing movement to the east,
so it would have made perfect sense that the eight survivors would have followed the
Euphrates river down into modern day Iraq. There the survivors had children, and
grandchildren, and great grandchildren (apparent conflicts in biblical genealogies make
the time between the Flood and the Tower of Babel uncertain), but it is recorded in
Genesis 10 that a combined 70 nations of Noahs sons and grandsons scattered after the
events in Babel.
It is appropriate to discuss at this point what these family groupscalled nations in
much of further Jewish literature (the seventy nations that populated the earth as
described in Genesis 1032) would have looked like. The Khoisanthe best living
picture of these early travelers, live--as do all existing hunter-gatherer populationsin a
tribal based culture. (Olson) Anthropologists have studied the Khoisan and other existing
pockets of archaic, tribal populations and found great similarities in their lifestyles.
(Cavalli-Sforza)_ Tribes universally consist of approximately 500-2000 people divided
into numerous separate living and hunting groups of between 30 and 50 people. (CavalliSforza) Organized around a patrilineal ancestor, tribes meet together for collective rites
or celebrations but live and hunt apart, following a nomadic lifestyle, and separating
geographically to allow for room to hunt and pasture livestock. (Cavalli-Sforza)_ . The
component families, organized patrilineally, are comprised of male descendants and their
wives, who may have come in from other tribal groups. (Cavalli-Sforza)_

37

The seventy nations, then, composed of Ham, Shem, and Japheth, and their sons and
grandsons, would have been comprised of 3 tribes, with 70 living and hunting family
groups. As the initial 8 survivors became 70 family groups, they would have spread
west, seeking hunting and pasture lands, across the levant and possibly back into NE
Africa (genetic evidence confirms this.) (Cruciani) Since new Y-chromosome mutations
did not conveniently coincided with the birth of each new generation, we cannot assign
specific markers to each individual names. Scripture tells us, however, the names of the
sons and grandsons as well as limited geographical information. Comparison of the
names of Noahs descendants to geographic place names has led to a traditional belief
among Christians that Japheth and his descendants settled Europe, Ham and his
descendants settled Africa and east Asia, and Shem and his descendants settled the
Middle East. Analysis of Y-chromosome changes according to geographical dispersal
demonstrates that the DNA confirms the biblical account remarkably well.
It is reasonable to assume that the members of each of the three tribes would have
traveled essentially together; tribal groups of today live nomadically, but stay close
enough together to meet occasionally for rites or celebrations. The details of their initial
migrations will be covered below, but it is fascinating that of the worlds populations,
anthropologists have identified three specific populations to be strongly characteristic,
both genetically and linguistically, of the first population in Africa and therefore very
early descendants of the genetic Adam. (Cavalli-Sforza) Intriguingly, one of these
populationsthe Basques have been designated the first population of modern man in
Europe SDE, one, the Austrailian aborigine, is widely believed to be the first population
in Asia, and one is in Africa (the Khoisan) . All three have been remained geographically
isoalted, limiting intermarriage with later arrivals which has helped retain archaic genetic
and linguistic patterns. The Khoisan language, based on clicking sounds, is far more
complex than other existing languages, with which it has no obvious relationship. The
Basque language, appears similarly isolated. The original aboriginal language,
unfortunately, has been obliterated by early Australian policies intended to assimilate
aboriginal citizens.
It is appropriate here to stop and discuss what happens when populations become
geographically isolated from one anothera process that Darwin observed in his
Galapagos finches. A small, isolated population carries only a fraction of the genetic
diversity present in the original population, so that traits within the group that occur at
higher frequency than in the original group (as its carriers continue to interbreed) will be
accentuated, and traits that occur at less frequency will be lost. In this way small
populations that remain geographically isolated, so that their breeding possibilities are
limited to those of similar genetic makeup, begin to lose resemblance to the original
population and become genetically and physically distinct. (Wells) The effect of this
localization of mating habits is to make people living in the same region more similar to
each other over time, and to increase the divergence between localities. When humans
groups divide into widely separated subgroups, people are more likely to mate within
their subgroup. At that point mutations occurring in one persons sperm or egg cells can
spread within the subgroup, passing from a single ancestor to many descendants. But
those mutations are less likely to spread beyond the subgroup, because matings occur less

38

frequently across group boundaries. As a result, subgroups tend to accrue their own
distinctive store of mutation. Genetically, the subgroups begin to diverge. (Olson)

The phenomenon is seen most directly in human populations by the founder effect,
diseases that in small, inbreeding populations, become much more prevalent than in a
large population; (Cavalli-Sforza) for example, a form of dwarfism that has become
common in the Amish. Its power is most clearly seen, however, in animal breeding. It is
in this exact way-directed inbreeding among a small population of animals-- that the
myriad of breeds of dogs has been created. By repeated breeding with animals that had
the desired characteristics, a population of dogs that all share this characteristic was
created, yielding populations of dogs as dissimilar as the Dachshund and the Great Dane.
What resulted in the human race was a population of people as dissimilar as the Vikings
and the African pygmies.
A very similar process occurs with respect to languages. Small changes accumulate over
time, evident in the fact that English documents from just a few hundred years ago are
almost impossible for modern readers to understand. (McWhorter) Language, however,
unlike genetics, leaves no permanent record of changes, so that all trace of connection is
lost if enough time elapses. JOM Interestingly, although the period of time required
for this is unclear, it has been estimated by some linguists at about 6,000 years(Wells)
Although widely observed, as above, that the languages of the original settlers such as the
Basque and the Khoisan have no apparent connections to each other, more recent
research has demonstrated some intriguing hints of an ancient shared origin. Basque has
shown to have some distant possible relationship to Chechen in the Caucasus, Burshashki
and Pakistan, Etruscan, and the Na-Dene languages, believed to be the founding language
of the North American Indians. (Ruhlen) In addition, Jomonese, the language of the
original settlers of Japan has similarities, in fact, many place names on their genetically
determined route to Japan be translated in Basque language. Many of these areas thought
to be original settlements have a shared legacy of rock art and stone circles as well.
(http://www.freerepuglic.com/focus/f-news/116035/posts Etruscan,

It will be shown, by the genetic evidence, that although three isolated archaic populations
have been identified, these three populations do not necessarily represent the three tribes.
Reality represented by the DNA, in fact, matches tradition more exactly. Hams
movements will be traced both east and west, as his descendants moved into both Africa
and across Southern Asia. Japheth, traditionally the founder of Europe, did move
through Central Asia, into Europe and west across Siberia. Shem, also matching the
Biblical record, moved back into the middle east and stayed there. The Bible recorded
absolute truth, amazingly confirmed many thousand years later by the molecules of life.
It is a fascinating story.

39

After the tower of Babel

Anthopologist Spencer Wells writes that around 45,000 years ago, modern humans
appear again in the Levant. These travelers, he records, were the inheritors of the great
leap forward the beginning of the migrations that would soon fill the earth. The
migrants carried markers known as M91, M60, ancestral to all the earth, and at least one
had acquired an additional marker: M168, a marker that was soon to characterize
everybody who was born outside of Africa. The man whose DNA first carried this
market, however, was born before the dispersal to come, because his descendants
dispersed M168 into throughout Africa as well.

The record of Ham

Although the Bible defines Hams territories only in northeast Africa and the Levant,
tradition describes his later migration eastward. There is a hint, however, in that the Bible
describes one of Hams sonsCanaan, as being the ancestor of the Sinites, believed
by some to be Asian populations. The genetic evidence shows this divide clearly. Ham
and his sons and grandsons parted ways quickly, carrying a new mutation called M174
into exactly the areas the Bible describes .
One branch of M174 heads up through the Sudan, Egypt, and Libya. The other chose one
of two available routes out of northern Africa, across the Bab-el-Mandab, into the
Arabian Peninsula, apparently enjoying a farewell feast on the western side in the
country now known as Eritrea, as evidenced by a huge shell midden on the coast.
This group follows the coastline, as the sudden freeze as dried up the interior, and
continues east, following the coastlines of Iran, Thailand , Vietnam, and ending up the
the northwest areas of China, matching exactly the Biblical assertion that the Sinites
descended from Canaan. (Wellls)
Ssomewhere around the southern coast of Iran, a baby boy was born with a second
mutation, 130. This mutation then parallels the 174 migration almost exactly (as the
family group carried both mutations along) until the end of the journey, when ( the
genetic evidence demonstrates clearly) one family group (M130)took an oversea route to
Australia, while one (M174) group kept going along the coast and finally veered into
what is now northwest China. (Wells) The M130 mutation is known to have occurred en
route because this marker now appears almost exclusively to the east of the Caspian sea,
and can be followed, moving eastward along the coasts, all the way to Australia, where it
is still found in 60% of native Australians. (Wells) Its progression east is mirrored in the
percentages in current populations: 5% of men in southern India 5%, 10% of native
Malaysians, and 15% of men in New Guinea. (Wells) (Mitochondrial analysis shows
that a single female marker, haplotype M), accompanied the sons of Ham on their
journeyimplying that the journey was undertaken by a fairly small group. (The longtime observation, then, that aboriginal Australians resemble the earliest African tribes is

40

not, after all, surprising. The Australian continent was populated by the cousins of the
original Africans.
Low sea levels at this period, driven by large ice-age glacial fields, would have permitted
a dry walk from the Gulf of Aden to the islands East of Java, facing Australia, for the first
time in millennia. (Wikipedia) Archaeological evidence corroborates the genetic trail.
Evidence for human habitation in Malakunanja, at the very northern tip of Australia as it
just toward the eastern edge of the Java islands, dates to about 50,000 ybp, approximately
the same time that the genetic data says that the sons of Ham arrived. The great
grandsons of Ham that camped there apparently continued south. 1000 km west of
Sydney, Australia-- deep in the Australian desert ( but 45,000 years ago part of a complex
known as the Willandra Lakes), a human skeleton was discovered (among numerous
skeletons of extinct marsupials) now known as Mungo Man. Carbon dating places his
lifetime at approximately 45, 000 ybp, date roughly comparable to genetic dating.
Evidence of human habitation along the coasts of India and Sri Lanka predating evidence
of populations in the north confirm the early spread of Hams descendants along the
coasts as well. (Wells) (Figure 18)

41

M174
M130 and 174

Figure 18, showing the journey of Hams descendants,

M174 and M130 into Africa and Asia

42

The absence of plentiful archaeological evidence for the journey is an implication of their
rapid movement. (Wells) In addition, since water levels rose later as a result of the
melting of the ice age glacial masses, much of the archaeological evidence may be now
underwater. The first travelers left a strong genetic trail, however, Australia, isolated for
thousands of years, still retains a strong genetic signal of these early inhabitants, with
60% of the male population sharing a M130 Y-chromosome. Evidence of families that
dropped out along the journey is the small percentage of M130 in all the countries along
the route. In addition, pockets of similarly isolated cousins are sprinkled along their
route. .(Figure 19 )

Figure 19 Isolated pockets of Hams descendants, starting in Yemen (probably) and continuing along the
coasts of India, Southeast Asia, and Australia

Termed Negrito populations, indigenous populations on the Andaman Islands, in India,

Malaysia, and the Phillipians resemble the Khoisan and aborigines by relatively shortstature, lighter skin tone than contemporary African populations, very tightly wound hair,
a proportion of the population with gray or green eyes, and a lack of the typical African
or Asian features that are typically prevalent in the people around them. (Figure 20-23_

43

Figure 20 Member of indigenous Aeta tribe, Philippines

Figure 21, Senitelese Tribe, Andaman Islands

44

Figure 22

Australian Aborigines, 1905

Figure 23 A modern Khoisan tribesman

45

Anthopological evidence confirms the genetic as well. The Yoruba tribe, in Africa,
claims traditional ancestry to Nimrod ( a biblically designated ancestor of Ham) (
Murray, KC, Nigerian Bronzes: Work from IFE, Antiquity 15:1941) , while the lightskinned Libyans claim descent from Lebahim who was a son of Mizraim (Genesis 10:13)
Heth , a son of Canaan, was the ancestor of the Hittites (Custance) whose cuneiform
appellation was the Khittae. The Khittae were vanquished, the remnant fled to the Far
East and took up residence in a city that bears an echo of their ancient language; Cathay.
(Custance) Egyptian reliefs contain pictures of the Khittaewho have high cheekbones,
slanted eyes, and ponytails, much like the recent populations of China and Mongolia.
(Custance) Sumerian, also has been demonstrated to have strong affinity, linguistically,
with early Chinese language. (Perry)Interestingly, another evidence of Hamitic origin of
the Chinese is the tendency, among Hamitic populations, to deify their ancestors. (It is
hypothesized that Ammon, the supreme Egyptian deity, may reflect the worship of Ham,
and Sin is the name of a major Sumerian diety, being (coincidentally? The Lord of Laws,
who created law and justice, as well as the ordainer of laws of heaven and Earth)
(Boscawen). The Etruscans, an ancient populations whose origins are still unknown, may
have been the descendants of Resen, another descendant of Ham. The Etruscans called
themselves Rasena in Latin writings (Custance) , and it is known linguistically that the
Etruscans migrated to the Italian peninsula from Asia Minor. (Whatmough)
All the indigenous pocket Negrito peoples of Asia carry either the M174 or M130
markers of the original migration. In addition, the Jomonese the earliest settlers in
Japan who apparently reached the lands of Japan 35,000 years ago, when a land bridge
still existed, settling Honshu. The Jomonese, whose ancestors came to be known as the
Hairy Anu, look Caucasian with white skin, and thick wavy hair. The oldest skulls are
long and narrow-hheaded, dolichocepahlic, unlike native American remains and typically
Asian skulls, which are short and broad (brachycephalic).(Figure 24)

46

Figure 24 difference between Caucasoid and typically Asian skulls

The fact that these populations, all ancient, do not share the typical mongoloid features
(brought in by later immigrants, supports the interpretation, from genetic similarity, that
they represent traces of the eastward migration by the sons of Ham. (Wells)
An intriguing observation of these indigenous first people cultures is that they share a
quite characteristic form of religion not found in their surrounding cultures, which have
decayed into idolatry or animistic practices. (Lowrie)They believe in a sky god, who
alone rules the heavens. The later cultures, as related by Paul in Romans 1:18-28, had
degenerated to polytheism, idolatry, animism, and fetishism. Among the primitive huntergatherer tribes, however, there was a steadfast belief in a God who alone created and
ruled the universes In the primitive cultures, we have before us a number of tribes in
which no deities appear at the side of the Supreme Being , naming specifically the tribes
of the Philippines, India, and Australia.2
Groups representing the earliest dispersal of humanity also share an association with
relatively sophisticated rock art, found, as seen below, in the earliest Khoisan culture
(Figure 25 ), the area and time of original Basque settlements in France and Spain (
Figure 26 ), and aboriginal art on the northern coast of Australia (Figure 27 ).

It is intriguing, in light of their recent experiences with the pre- (and possibly post-) flood Nephilim, that
many of these tribes share a possible sociological echo of that experience. The names of many of the
earliest peoples in Africa, North and South America and Asiathe names that they identified themselves
with-- can be translated into English as meaning The real people .

47

Figure 25 Khoisan rock art in South Africa

Figure 26 Rock art in Marseille (Cosquer Cave) 3

The entrance to this cave, interestingly, is underwater, preventing the pictures discovery until only
recently. The drawings were apparently complete before the end of the ice age caused water levels along
the coast to rise, covering the entrance to the cave but leaving the pictures partially revealed.

48

Figure 27

Rock art in Kimberly Australia

The story of Shem

Shen and his descendants apparently shared the M 89 with Japheth. M89 arrived in the
middle east at approximately 45,000 years ago, confirmed by the presence of
archaeological evidence for modern humans in the Middle east at approximately 45, 000
ears ago as well. (Wells)
The bible describes the descendants of Shem settling primarily the area of the Middle
East. Shem carried M89 into the Middle East; his descendants did not travel much
further, a scenario which is genetically confirmed. Although one group carried the M89
marker into central Asia and beyond, the bulk of those with M89 chromosomes stayed
put in the Levant and the surrounding area, eventually acquiring two more markers,
M170 and M172. One group of Shems descendants, the Hebrews, carry the M172

49

lineage in large numbers, a fact verified by the clear exodus of M172 into North Africa
and Eastern Europe in the first century AD.

The story of Japheth

Japheth and his sons and grandsons left Africa through the Sinai peninsula with a new
marker (M89). They did not follow the path of Japheths brother Ham , since M 89
markers are not found at all in SE Asia or Australia. Archaeological sites reflecting the
presence of modern humans in the Middle East appear at approximately the same time.
Although the world was descending in to the grips of the postflood ice age, once in the
Levant, a continuous highway of steppe into the heart of Eurasia awaited them.
(Wells) Japheth and his family moved through Jordan, Iraq, and into Iran.
Somewhere in Iran , possibly in a great-grandson of Japheth, another marker joined the
Y-family tree: M9. The clan continued into central Asia, journeying roughly along what
is now the Turkmenistan/Afghanistan border. Reaching the area now known as
Tajikistan, the migrants reached the place where three mountain ranges come together, a
formidable barrier known as the Pamir Knot. It was here that the descendants of Japheth
parted ways, some going north of the Hindu Kush range into Kazakhstan, and some going
south into India. The latter group, as they reached the area which is now the border
between Afghansistan and Pakistan, picked up another mutation, M20. This group
continued into India, where are now found almost exclusively, all individuals with this
marker. (Wells)
The descendants of Japheth that migrated north of the Hindu Kush moved into the heart
of central Asia. Somewhere in Kazakhstan, a man was born into the tribe with a new
marker, M45. Some of these families stayed behind, moving down into the foothills of
the Hindu Kush, where their descendants can still be found. (This marker is now found
primarily in men whose families still live in this region.) Some moved on, however, into
an increasingly hostile environment (nearing the height of the ice age) possibly following
the mammoth and other large game that still existed. JOM Somewhere near the northern
border of Kazakhstan, however, the tribe parted again, although the reason is unclear.
Most likely, rough terrain and the increasing severity of the ice age climate blocked their
route. (Shreeve) Accountant Robinson who was found to be the descendant of Genghis
Khan.
At any rate, again, the genetic trail, like a trail of DNA bread crumbs, can be followed
both due east northeast and west northwest. The families that went northeast journeyed

50

through Siberia, acquiring another marker (M242) along the way, finally crossing over
the land bridge through the frozen Bering Straight and continuing down the coast of
Canada into Washington and Oregon. Somewhere in Alaska the M242 carriers produced
a son with another mutation, M3, now found in most North American and all South
American native tribes. (Wells) (North American tribes also have a high percentage of
M45, who were still a large part of the migrating clan.) Kennewick man, and other
skeletons recovered in Alaska evidence these early migrants, their Caucasoid features
reflecting their arrival before typical Mongoloid features had later developed in Asia.
(Wells)
Glacier fields still covered the interior, so it is probable that these descendants of Japheth
traveled down the coast. The predominant theory has been that the hopped from one
pocket of land and sustenance to the next, between a frigid ocean and a looming wall of
ice. (Shreeve). Recent evidence, however, lends credibility to another hypothesis: they
may have made the trip by boat, intriguingly giving meaning to Genesis 10:5, which says
specifically of Japheth: From these the maritime peoples spread out into their
territories by their clans within their nations, each with its own language . )
To Japheths kin, their arrival into the southern parts of the U.S., past the icy grip of the
glaciers through which they had traveled for many generations, must have seemed like
entering the first garden of Eden. Fossil evidence demonstrates the presence of immense
herds of bison, mammoths, and other game that would have provided plentiful food.
(Shreeve) Fueled by the comparatively gentle terrain and possibly pursuing the migrating
food sources, archaeological evidence indicates that the journeying families reached the
southern parts of South America within a few hundred years. (Shreeve)
Interestingly writes Spencer Wells, the Native American genetic data allows us to
estimate how many people would havemade it into the continent during these first
migrations. By looking at the number of chromosomes needed to account for the present
distribution of genetic lineages in the Americas, and working out how much diversity
would have accumulated over the time that they have been in the continents, it is possible
to account for all of the mt DNA and Y types in native Americans by ten or twenty
individuals. JOM Genetic evidence of mans arrival in this new worldabout 20,000 to
15,000 ybpmatches the oldest skeletons yet discovered at about 15,000-10,000 ybp.
(Shreeve) Skeletons discovered have the high, narrow skulls, considered Caucasoid, as
predicted. Early american skulls should and do look like central Asians and Europeans-all caucasoid--as genetic diversity had not yet produced typically mongoloid features.
(Wells)

Meanwhile, back in Siberia their cousins had journeyed northwest instead of northeast.
Genetic evidence shows that another marker, M173, was acquired before moving on
through west central Russia. Following a broad steppe that stretched from northern China
and Korea all the way to southern France,somewhere between Moscow and St.
Petersburg, a baby boy was born whose Y-chromosome had another marker, M343.
They, as well as the rest of the tribe (still carrying only M173) continued through

51

Europe, unto the area surrounding the border of France and Spain, at which the steppe
probably finally came to and end. M343 and M173 now make up the bulk of Ychromosomes throughout Europe. (Wells) (Figure 29)

M3
M242
M173
M45
M343
M9

M89
M20
M168

Figure 29 The spread of Japheth and his descendants throughout

Asia, Europe and the western hemisphere.

52

Japheths descendants finally settled into the area in the Pyrenees mountains that flank
the border of France and Spain, now known as Basque country. The caves of western
Europe must have seemed fairly benign after the howling winds of the frozen Kazak
grasslands; their residence in the caves is evidenced by the wealth of cave paintings in
the area where these first immigrants settled. ( Wells ) Further archaeological, linguistic,
and anthropological evidence confirms the journey of Japheth into Europe, Central Asia,
Siberia, and then the Americas. Studies of a language family called Indo-European
demonstrate that its spread coincides with the spread of the genetic evidence above,
originating, apparently, shortly after the flood. (Gamkrelidze).

The Miao tribe of China, an isolated ancient people in the southwest, trace their lineage
back to Adam through Japheth in a an oral sing-song tradition memorized by the whole
tribe and sung at every wedding. The Miao family tree begins with patriarch dirt
though Set-eh and ultimately Nuah- who had three sons, Lo-han, Lo-Shen, and Lo
Jahphu. The song goes on to describes eleven family groups of Japheth who reached
China, five of whom became the founding families of the Miao.
There is another curious archaeological pattern that confirms the Japheth trail as well as
connecting it with its point of origin. Archaeologists have long discovered numerous
small mobilary statues called Venus figurines, dating with the spread of Japheths family
through Central Asia and Europe (20-30,000 years ago. Found from the Russian steppes
to Southwest France and northern Spain, the remarkable similarity of the figurines over
these vast geographical areas point to the same extended cultural province. (Dickson)
Assumed to be fertility figures, the Venus had large breasts, accentuated sexual organs,
and protruding buttocks. ( Dickson) (Figure 30 )
An alternative purpose for the Venus figurines, however, is possible. As Japheths
family journeyed through previously unimaginable conditions-- suffering extreme cold,
ongoing deprivation, and an arduous journey the population would have been
physically changing too, transforming through isolation and cold adaption into the form
now typical of Europeans. Venus figurines, when compared, look astoundingly similar
to the characteristic body shape of the Khoisan woman today, (Figure 31 )with
accentuated labia and pronounced buttocks and breasts. (Even the hairstyleunexpected
in European archaeological artifactsis the same.) The presence of accentuated labia,
particularly, an extremely unusual characteristic of both populations, is difficult to
explain as a coincidence. Possibly these figurines, so prevalent in European sites, are not
fertility figures, but a form of idealized Paleologic pin-up girlsa reminder, for the
great- grandsons of Japheth, of the girls they left behind. 4 Their specificity to the
4

From a more than cursory review of the readily available literature on the current understanding of the
Venus figurines among anthropological experts, it appears that no one has yet made this connection

53

Japhetic tribes and their association with their journey from the Russian steps into the
heart of Europe, combined with the understanding that the Venus figurines show obvious
association with the original female characteristics of the tribe, which were changing,
suggests something more than simply primitive fertility figurines.

Figure 30 Venus Figurine

between the distinctive characteristics of the Venus figurines and their correlation with the unusual physical
type of the archaic Khoisan female.

54

Figure 31 Khoisan woman displaying characteristic steatopygia

Japheth and sons had finally reached the end of their journey. Starting in NE Africa, in a
journey that took many centuries, they had traveled nearly around the world, colonizing
Asia, Europe, North America and South America, an amazing fulfillment of Genesis
9:27 May God extend the territory of Japheth; may Japheth live in the tents of Shem.
God did enlarge the territory of Japheth, far beyond that of his brothers, and Japheth, for
most of the ensuing period of history, has lived in the tents of Shem, his descendants
being the principal adherents of Judeo-Christian beliefs. (Custance )God kept his
promises to Japheth.

ABRAHAM, ISAAC AND JACOB

Abraham will surely become a great and powerful nation, and all nations on earth will be
blessed through him. Genesis 18:18
Jeremiah 31:36 As the natural laws are set before me, so shall the seed of Israel never
cease to be a nation before me, forever.
Both Jews and Moslems revere Abraham as the father of their peoples, and claim Gods
favor on the basis of this promise, the Jews, through Abrahams son Isaac, and the
Moslems through his son Ishmael. Claims which do not however, prevent the very
existence of Abraham from being called into question by skeptic and proponents of
higher criticism. (Tobin)

A recent genetic study, however, by Dr. Michael Hammer at the University of Arizona,
has confirmed the basic claims of the Biblical account of Abrahama man God used to
create a nation unto Himself, confirming his promises to Abraham to his son Isaac and
grandson Jacob.

55

Hammer and his colleagues studied 1371 human males, from 29 different populations, 7
of them populations of geographically separated Jews. (Hammer)) The populations
studied included Ashenkenazi, Roman, North African Kurdish, Near Eastern, Yemenite,
and Ethiopian Jews, the non-Jewish Arab populations included Palestinians Syrians
Lebanese Israeli Druze and Saudi Arabians. Other populations: Russians, British,
Germans, Austrians, Italians, Spanish Greeks,
Tunisians, Egyptians, Ethiopians, Gambians, Biaka, Bagandans, San, and Zulu and Turks
were also included. The study proved conclusively that while European and non-Jewish
Africans had definitively separate ancestry, Arab and Jewish populations shared a
MRCA, who by genetic dating lived about 4000 years ago.
The results support the hypothesis that the paternal gene pools of Jewish communities
from Europe, N Africa, and the Middle East descended from a common Middle Eastern
ancestral population. (Hammer) the authors observed that it is of particular interest
that the level of divergence among Jewish populations was low despite their high degree
of geographical dispersion.
The mean geographic distance among the Jewish populations was more than 3000 km
(five times that of the Middle Eastern populations and almost twice that of the European).
In contrast to all other populations in which genetic distance and geographic distance was
linearly correlated, no correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance was
observed in Jews. (The genetic distance stayed the same despite geographic distance.)
In fact, Jewish populations , despite dispersion, were less diverged genetically from each
other than any other group of populations studied. Despite 1000s of miles and 1000s of
years of separation, genetic studies able to confirm Jewish ancestry and common
geographic origin. Jewish communites, no matter where they were now located,
remained genetically very similar, indicating a common geographic origin

The retention of a strong genetic and cultural identity over up to 2000 years or more of
dispersal hearkens back to the promise made to His people in Jeremiah: the seed of Israel
never cease to be a nation before me, forever. The geneticist himself who did this
research observed that Only the Jewish people maintained an identity for more than 100
generations, with no homeland and under ongoing persecution. MF The single factor that
promoted this retention of genetic identity was another finding of this paper: the Jews had
a remarkably low rate of intermarriage (admixture) with the surrounding populations. ( A
fact confirmed byKarlin et al.)
Hammers results indicate an admixture rate of only 0.5% per generation one of the
lowest ever observed, a practice forbidden by God in Deuteronomy 7:3 Do not
intermarry with them. Do not give your daughters to their sons or take their daughters
for your sons, the implication of reason for this in Leviticus 20: 24 and 26: I am the
LORD your God, who has set you apart from the nations. 26 You are to be holy to me [c]
because I, the LORD, am holy, and I have set you apart from the nations to be my own.

56

Obedience to Gods commands by the dispersed Jews is evidenced by the fact that, after
more than 1200 years of separation, Ashkenazi and Sephardic populations were still
virtually identical genetically.
God promised Abraham that he would be the father of many nations, and through the
progeny of his sons Ishmael and Isaac, his descendants have covered the middle east and
spread into the corners of the world. He also promised Abraham that his seed would
remain a distinct people for all time. The genetic evidence demonstrates that God kept his
promises to Abraham.

A LASTING ORDINANCE: THE AARONIC PRIESTHOOD

Exodus 40:15 Anoint them just as you anointed their father, so they may serve me as
priests. Their anointing will be to a priesthood that will continue for all generations to
come."
According to the bible, God himself established the priestly line of Israel approximately
3300 years ago by naming Aaron the older brother of Mosesto the position of high
priest and designating that only Aarons direct descendants would be eligible to serve as
priestsor Kohenim-- from that time forward. This tradition was meticulously adhered
to up until 70 AD, when both the Temple and Jerusalem were destroyed by the Romans
under Titus and the surviving Jewish population scattered throughout the world. Since
then tribal distinctions have largely been lost, although some families (many named
Cohen, or priest) have maintained a family tradition of being Kohenim. It is estimated,
based on surveys of Jewish graveyards, that approximately 5% of Jewish males in the
world today are eligible, as direct descendants of Aaron, to be designated as Kohanim.

Dr. Karl Skorecki, physician and Jew of European background, realized while watching
the Torah reading at synagogue one morning, that although he himself had a family
tradition of being a Kohan, the Moroccan Kohan called up had completely different
coloring and features. How could they both be direct descendants of the same man? A
nephrology researcher, Dr. Skorecki was very familiar with developments in molecular
biology that enabled lineage studies with the Y-chromosome, and it suddenly occurred to
him that this claim could, in fact, be tested. If the men who (2000 years after the Temple
was destroyed) claimed to be descended from Aaron actually were direct descendants of
the same man, they should share a common set of genetic markers (a set of markers being
known as a haplotype) and that set of markers would be the one that had belonged to
Aaron, the high priest.
The first study gathered DNA samples from 188 Jewish males from Israel, England and
North America, hoping to find a clear difference between the Y-chromosome markers
from men who believed themselves to be Kohanim and Jews who did not claim that
distinction. Their first attempt hit paydirt: a particular marker called YAP (YChromosome Alu Polymorphism)- a 300 base pair insertion into the standard DNA

57

sequence. Only 1.5% of the men self-identified as Kohanim had this marker, while the
frequency was ten times higher in lay Jews.
A second study expanded the number of Y-chromosome markers analyzed and hit upon
six that together demonstrated the greatest distinction between Kohanim and lay Jews.
Now called the Cohen Modal Haplotype (CHM), this group of markers was found in
97/106 of the Kohenim studied, at a probability of less than 0.001%. The CHM was
found at equal frequency in Jews of both European and North African ancestry,
indicating that it was in place before the communities separated about 1000 BC. The
Levites, a tribe that was given special religious duties but which did not require
patrilineal descent, were much more diverse. Moreover, it was found, using other genetic
markers to calculate the approximate time at which the MRCA of the contemporary
Kohenim lived, that the Cohen Modal Haplotype was founded 106 generations ago.
placing the original possessor of the haplotype at about 3300 years ago , the approximate
time period in which Aaron would have lived.
It can be safely asserted that the CMH in is the genetic signature carried by Aaron
himself. It should be noted, however, that CMH studies done to date have found the
CMH to be very sensitive (Kohenim are virtually always shown to have the haplotype)
but as yet, not terrifically specific (those who have the haplotype are not always
Kohenim). This finding has two possible explanations: the CMH is a more generalized
marker carried by numerous individuals at the time Aaron lived, or Kohenim genes were
liberally introduced into the surrounding populations. The estimation of the date of the
MRCA did place the founder roughly at the time period that Aaron lived. As further
markers are elucidated, it is very likely that the CMH will continue to be refined, with a
haplotype eventually defined that will be both sensitive and specific. This would pave the
way for an actual genetic test for eligibility toserve in the Temple whose reconstruction is
eagerly anticipated. At any rate, the work by Skorecki and others has demonstrated,
without a doubt and in accordance with Scripture, that the priestly linein the form of a
definite genetic signature that Aaron carriedhas been established forever.

DEVOURED LIKE SHEEP: ISRAEL AND THE DIASPORA

"Lord, you are righteous, but this day we are covered with shamethe men of Judah and
people of Jerusalem and all Israel, both near and far, in all the countries where you have
scattered us because of our unfaithfulness to you. Daniel 9:7
Jeremiah 50: 6"My people have been lost sheep; their shepherds have led them astray
and caused them to roam on the mountains. They wandered over mountain and hill
and forgot their own resting place.

Of the four thousand years that have elapsed since the time of Abraham, the inhabitants
of the promised land had a defined geographic base for only about 1500 hundred of those

58

years, the rest of the time sojourning in Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, and ultimately
throughout the rest of the world. Although the Jews Great Diaspora followed the
destruction of the temple and the fall of Jerusalem in 70 A.D, numerous smaller
dispersions occurred throughout their historythe time in Egypt, the scattering of the
northern tribes in 722 B.C at their conquest by Assyria, the Babylonia captivity under
Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century BC (in which many Jews chose to remain). The
Jewish diaspora could reasonably be considered to have lasted for the last 2700 years!
Could twelve tribes, dispersed over thousands of miles for thousands of years
legitimately be believed to have survived as a genuine people group? The work of
Hammer and Thomas, described in the preceding section, demonstrated that they did,
Jews from all over Europe, the Middle East, and Northern Africa shared almost identical
genetic profiles.
The Babylonian captivity had created thriving Jewish communities throughout the
Babylonian, and later Persian kingdoms, with centers in Babylon and later Susa. Those
Jews, when Persia was ultimately conquered by Greece, left a strong Jewish presence in
the Greek empire as well. The conquest of the northern kingdom by Assyria, however,
had spread those ten tribes throughout neighboring countries and ultimately further,
leading the (arguably mythological) lost ten tribes. . Following the destruction of
Jerusalem in 70 AD, many Jews went to Rome and throughout the rest of Mediterranean
area, spreading northward and westward as time passed.
It is not certain when a Jewish presence was established in Spain Legends suggest that
Jews first came to the Iberian peninsula with Nebuchadezzars destruction of the Temple
followed possibly by others with Solomons Phoenician ships.
After the fall of Jerusalem and Moslem expansion into the middle east, including Israel,
Jewry began to be divided into three classes; Ashkenazi (Eastern European) , Sephardim
(Spain and Northern Africa), and Middle East ( Iraq, Iran, Yemen, and Israel.)
Sefarad,however, the Hebrew word for Spain, has come to include almost all who are
not Ashkenazim. The numbers of the Sephardim declined substantially as persecution
increased, culminating in 1492 in an edict of expulsion; Portugal followed with its own
expulsion edict in 1497. Several hundred thousand Sephardim, ( at that point (90% of the
worlds Jewry) are believed to have been forcibly expelled, with many others hidden as
practicing Catholics. (www.cryptojews.com)
In contrast, the Ashekanazim flourished in Eastern and then western Europe until the late
middle ages, and today 80% of world Jewry is considered to be of Ashekenazi descent 5

A theory was proposed at one point that indicated that Ashkenazi Jewry represented, not genuine
refugees from the destruction of the 2nd temple, but from a mass conversion of the Khazars in Central Asia.
Hammers study of multiple populations of Jews from Europe, Asia, and Africa showed clearly that the
Ashkenazi are largely descendants of the Jews who fled the destruction of Jerusalem by Rome, although
evidence of Khazar conversion could be detected by a small percentage of Asian genes present in the
Ashkenzi.

59

Genetic studies using Y-chromosome markers demonstrate that although both Sephardic
and Ashkenazi Jews are very nearly identical, slightly different sequences allow
distinction as the diaspora is traced. Oppenheim 2001 The spread of the Diaspora, in
fact, can be clearly evidenced by tracing the movement of marker M172, the most
common Jewish marker, over time. (Figure 32 )

M172

Figure 32 Movement of Y-chromosome marker M172, prevalent among

Jewish men, clearly reflects first century Diaspora

This figure traces the massive movement, along both shores of the Mediterranean, after
the destruction of the Temple in 70 AD. Many earlier diasporas, however, had occurred.
Much speculation, over the last couple of centuries, as the western world discovered
anomalous civilizations, has occurred with regard to the possible connection of different
anomalous people groups to the lost ten tribes. As the genetic tools to make definite
conclusions have emerged, Gods faithfulness continues to be revealed. Genetic
research has identified where some of the lost remnant was lost. These peoples, the focus
of a Jewish group called kulanu ( meaning all of us) are being re-identified-- often
genetically-- re-educated, as their practices (when retained) are often distorted, and

60

returned to their homeland. The genetic traces of their past origins demonstrate that
indeed, there was no corner of the world where the Jews were not driven. (Figure 33)

Afghanistan
Argentina
Armenia
Aruba
Asia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
Bukhara
Bulgaria
Burma
Cameroon
Canada

Cape Verde
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Curacao
Cyprus
Czech
Republic
Denmark
Dominican
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland
France
Galicia
Georgia

Germany
Ghana
Gibraltar
Greece
Guatemala
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Juurho
Kaifeng
Kazakhstan
Kenya

Khazaria
Korea
Kurdistan
Latvia
Lemba
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Majorca
Mali
Malta
Manchuria
Marranos
Mars
Mexico
Moldova
Monaco
Morocco
Mozambique
Nepal
Netherlands
Nevis

Nigeria
New Zealand
Norway
Oceania
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Romania
Russia
Scotland
Sephardic
Shanghai
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Somalia
South Africa
Spain

Sudan
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Tahiti
Taiwan
Thailand
Trinidad/Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Yemen
Yugoslavia
Zimbabwe

Figure 33. Jewish communities now fill every corner of the world. Taken from Haruth,
com

61

62

Middle East
The first exile communities were established in Assyria ( 722 BC), Iraq (Babylon, 606
BC) and Iran (Persia, roughly 529 BC) (www.cohen-levi.com) Jews spread from Israel
throughout the surrounding countries at that time or over the succeeding centuries,
establishing communities of Jews existed in virtually every country in the middle east at
the beginning of the 20th century.
Rumors of tribes of Israel lost in Afghanistan have arisen over the last few centuries
however, centering particularly on the Pashtuns, or Pathans, a tribe which now embraces
Islam ( the bulk of the Taliban are from this people group) 6 but who claim descent from
the tribe of Benjamin. Pashtun lore claims that they were converted to Islam under
coercion in 622 AD. Their legal code , Pashtunwali, is similar to the Torah and
demonstrably dissimilar to the shaaria law accepted by neighboring tribes. Pashtun
tribal names bear obvious resemblance to the sons of Jacob: Rabani (Reuben), Haftali
(Napthali), Asheri (Ashur), etc. www.cohen-levi.com

The Pashtun, along with associated groups called Durrani, Yssafazi, and Afridai , call
themselves Bnai Israel. (The Afghan royal family also traces its roots to the tribe of
Benjamin, citing medieval sources as proof.) Pashtun customs include a wedding chupah
and the circumcising of the sons on the eighth day after birth, in contrast to the Moslem
practice of circumcision at the age of thirteen. The Pashtuns claim that the city of Kabul
stands for "Cain and Abel" and that Afghanistan is derived from "Afghana," the grandson
of King Saul of the tribe of Benjamin. (Jewish virtual library)

Stone tablets with Hebrew inscriptions dating from 1115 to 1215 confirm the existence of
a Jewish community in Firoz Koh, located between Herat and Kabul. Genghis Kahn's
1222 Mongol invasion, however, razed Afghanistan, devastating the Jewish communities.
6

The Afghan woman who became the most famous photograph National Geographic ever published,
veiled but with startling green eyes, was in fact a Pashtun.

63

Although a small and isolated Jewish community survived in Afghanistan for about
another 600 years, little is recorded about them. (Jewish Virtual library) Are the
Pashtuns really refugees from the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem? Initial DNA
results were inconclusive and further DNA analysis is still in progress.

Asia
Several tribes in India have claimed descent from exiled Jews. The Cochin Jews are
believed to have arrived in India about 2700 ybp as traders on Solomons ships. The
group assimilated into the local community, built synagogues and developed a mongrel
form of Hebrew called Judeo-Malayalam. These early immigrants were joined by
Sephardic Jews during medieval times; legends say another group arrived after the
destruction of the Temple in 70 AD. Since the Cochin have been a consistent visible
presence in India since the middle ages, their claims to Jewish heritage were not widely
disputed; DNA testing, has, however, verified that they are descended from early Jewish
immigrants. (www,novaonline.com)

Figure 34 Jews of Cochin Taken from NovaOnline

A more mysterious group are the Bene Israel, near Bombay. Traditions tell of a
shipwreck about 100 BC that stranded seven Jewish families, families who claimed to be
descended from Aaron the high priest. Over the years the families assimilated into the
local Maharashtrian population, yet kept Shabbat, circumcision, and some dietary laws.
(Cohen-levi.com) A Cochin Jew traveling through the area discovered the Bene
Israel in the 1800s. Are the Bene Israel really descended from Jews whose ship sank off
the Indian coast? DNA testing confirms their story; their claim to being Kohanim was
verified as well. Bene Israel men, in fact, were called the purest of the pure with

64

regards to the strong presence among them of the set of markers that is identified with the
Kohanim, the CHM. (Rashmee).

Bene Ephraim
The origin of the Bene Ephraim of the area near the city of Guntur are even more
shrouded in mystery. About 50 families in that area claim descent from Ephraim.
Although having a legend of Jewish origin, this tribe practiced a nominal form of
Christianity until 1981, when they decided to return to their Jewish roots. For about the
last ten years they have been learning Hebrew and other aspects of Jewish ritual practice
from kulanu instructors. Since this group has only recently emerged, they are less well
studied. Although preliminary genetic testing was done, initial results were inconclusive.
Genetic testing is still in progress.

The Bene Menashe or the Shinlung are thought to be descendants exiled tribes who
escaped from slavery in Assyria to what was then the empire of the Medes and Persians,
then to Afghanistan, to Tibet, finally reaching Kaifeng about 240 BC. Trouble among
the Bene Menashe and the native peoples resulted, about 100 AD, in their leather
scrolls being burned and their expulsion, leading some to go down the Mekong river
into Asia, while some moved to the border between India and Burma (known there by
neighboring tribes as the cave-dwellers, or the Shinlung.(Cohen-levi.org )
Shinlung legends speak of a long- lost homeland; they have festivals and songs
that seem related to the Exodus and Passover and their oral history asserts that
they are children of Manmaseh. In the early 1970s a few tribesmen realized that
their tradition of being the children of Manmaseh was a record of being Jews,
descended from the tribe of Menashe, long ago. Remnants of Jewish heritage
were obvious, as the Bene Menashe perform circumcision on the eighth day
following birth, practice levirate marriages, offer sacrifices on altars and wear
shawls that resemble the Talit. Are the Bene Menashe genuinely one of the lost
tribes? Intial testing Y-chromosome testing seem to discredit this theory, but
further testing, including mtDNA testing, demonstrated a definite Jewish origin.
The tribe of Menashe, at least part of it, has been found.

CHIANG-MIN (Tibet)
The 250,000 Chiang-Min live high in the mountains in walled villages. Arriving
missionaries in the 1920s observed numerous cultural similarities to Judaism: the ChiangMin cry Ya-wei when in distress and never yoke ox and ass together, a Jewish taboo.

65

Their priestly robes and staff resemble those described in the Old Testament, and the
priests carry a rod shaped like a serpent. (www.moshiach.com)
Chiang-Min legends lament the loss of an earlier language and an ancient script, claim
descent from a man who had twelve sons, and records a journey to the area that took
three years and three months. The Chiang-Min, who once ruled a large area in the
mountains, viewed the surrounding Chinese as idolators. They recite prayers in a
language no longer understood, and practice a religion with a priesthood that has to be
married, wears specific robes and turbans, and practice animal sacrifice. Strangers or
unclean people are forbidden to approach the altar. (www.novaonline.com) The ChiangMin, compared to the surrounding native Chinese, look noticeably Semitic. (Figure 35 )
So far no DNA testing has been initiated on the Chiang-Min.

.
Figure 35 Scottish missionary with member of Ching-Min tribe.
Taken from NovaOnline

Japan
Some have offered tantalizing evidence of the presence of exiled tribes in Japan.
In the Nagano prefecture there is a mountain named Moriya; a tribe by the same name
celebrates a festival seems to celebrate (on April 15) the Akeda. The festival is known as
mi-isaku-chi festival (translated the great Isaac festival) in which a boy tied to a
sacrifice pillar is released. (In more recent times the ritual has been practiced with
stuffed animals.) The Shinto Shrine, built to worship the God of Moriya is the scene of
the ritual sacrifice of 75 deer at the great Isaac festival. The Moriya people worship Mt.
Moriya as a holy place, wear black boxes very much like phylacteries on their foreheads
(documented since about 700 AD), and blow a seashell horn during rituals, seemingly in
place of the Shofar. There is a legend of going to a mountain to get a tora-no-make ( a
Scroll of Torah). Worship is conducted by priests who wear priestly robes with fringes

66

and an ephod-like overgarment and involves a casket very similar to the ark of the
covenant. (moshiach.com)
In addition, an early presence of Jews is hinted at by the fact that there are hundreds of
words and names in Japanese with no readily apparent Japanese etymology that seem to
be of Hebrew origin. (Table 4)

foreigner
To speak
Parliament
Segment of population

Hebrew
Go
Daber
Knesset
Samaria

Japanese
Gai
Dabeu
Kensei
Samarai

In addition, the first recorded king of Japanese history, Osee , began to reign in
approximately 730 BC, while Hosea, the last king of Israel ended his reign about 730 BC.
Japanese shrines are very similar in design to Solomons temple. (www.novaonline.com
There is a also a tradition in Japan that their ancestors came from western Asia, possibly
Samaria. (www.novaonline.com) So far no DNA testing has been initiated on any
Japanese population.

South America
There is some support for the presence of Jews in South America from very early times. .
It is speculated that the land of Ophir, famous for its gold throughout the Old Testament,
was in fact South America. A Portugese sailor recorded in 1618 the presence of
descendants of Solomons sailors in Brazil, and in 1642 a Dutch Jews discovered a group
of South American Indians who practiced Jewish rituals and could recite the Shema.
Numerous ancient items appearing to be of Phoenician origin have been discovered
throughout South America.
Numerous groups of recognized Jews have since sought economic opportunity or refuge
in South America: Moroccan Jews came to Peru in substantial numbers during the rubber
boom, and in 1889, Baron Maurice de Hirsch, a Jewish banker in Germany purchased
600,000 hectares of Argentina pampas to create a new homeland for thousand of refugees
from eastern Europe. Moises Ville is now home to home to hundreds of Jewish gauchos.

Figure 36 The Yidishe gauchos

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Interestingly, recently a group of Quecha-speaking Incans have designated themselves

as the B-nai Moshe, deciding, from a reading of the Old Testament, to turn from a form
of Catholicism to Judaism. They wear homemade prayer shawls, travel to Lima to be
circumcised, and use the ocean as a Mikvah (ritual bath). (kulanu.com)

Africa
ETHIOPIA
The Ethiopian Jews known as the Falasha, may be the worlds most famous Lost Tribe,
claiming descent from the tribe of Dan. Falasha means stranger, and for centuries the
Falasha jews have been treated as outsiders, practicing a form of Judaism that appears to
predate much of the Old Testament. Tradition states that they are descendants of
Solomon and the queen of Sheba, and for centuries they have maintained separation,
culturally and physically, from their African neighbors. One of the first groups to be
tested genetically, they initially had disappointing results: their Y-chromosome make-up
seemed to be genetically identical to other Africans. Mt DNA, however, when tested,
demonstrated definitive maternal linkage to their traditional Jewish origins.

LEMBA
The Lemba, a group of about 50,000 in southern Africa, have had a long-standing
tradition of being Jewish refugees, their traditions recording a trip by boat to Southern
African from a town in the north called Sena. ( Similar place names exist in Israel, Egypt,
Ethiopia, and Yemen.) (Olson) Although following many Jewish practices, the tribe
speaks Bantu and looks as African as their neighbors, leading to a general dismissal of
their claims. Genetic testing in 1997, however proved them correct. In fact, the CHM
the genetic signature of the Kohenim-- was as common in the Lemba priesthood (called
the Buba) as it was in the Ashkenazi Kohenim, with a higher percentage of the CMH
markers in the Lemba non-priests then in either Ashkenazi or Sephardic Jews.
(Goldstein)

Uganda
The Abayudaya tribe, numbering about 500 have been living as Jews since 1981, when
their leader leader embraced Judaism. The organization Kulanu has been instructing them
in traditional Judaism .

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LIKE A SHEPHERD HIS FLOCK: THE LORDS PROTECTION OF

HIS FLOCK
Jeremiah 31: 10 "Hear the word of the LORD, O nations; proclaim it in distant
coastlands: 'He who scattered Israel will gather them and will watch over his flock like a
shepherd.
Jeremiah 24: 5 "This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: 'Like these good figs, I
regard as good the exiles from Judah, whom I sent away from this place to the land of the
Babylonians. [b] 6 My eyes will watch over them for their good, and I will bring them
back to this land
The Diaspora dispersed the Jews all over the world, and for the next 2000 years they
were hounded from place to place, persecuted wherever they went, and developed many
strategies to survive. Many Jews, persecuted for their faith, took their faith underground,
particularly those who professed Catholicism during the Spanish inquisition but secretly
continued to maintain Jewish rituals and practice. God, although he promised to scatter
Israel as punishment for disobedience, also promised that he would watch over them.
It is then no surprise, possibly, that the year 1492 is known not only for a voyage by a
famous Portugese explorer, but also for the Spanish Edict of Expulsion. It has been
speculated by some ( Chuck Missler included) that possibly Columbus was of Jewish
heritage. DNA testing of some bones in Europe denied that claim, but the actual location
of Columbus remains is still in question. What is not in question, however, at this point,
is that if Columbus himself was not Jewish, a substantial part of the men that followed
him, shortly thereafter, on Spanish ships certainly were.
The Spanish edict of Exulsion in 1492, issued by Ferdinand and Isabella, was followed
closely by a similar edict in Portugal. It is estimated that up to a third of Portugals
population at the time was Jewish. )Cleveland Jewish News, May 21, 2006) As many as
200,00Spanish Jews were forced to convert or be exiled; thousands who converted were
subsequently killed for insincerity. When the Spanish Crown began looking in earnest
for colonizers willing to venture across the great Atlantic to settle New Spain, cryptoJews immediately took advantage of the chance to leave. The Governor of New Spain,
Luis de Carvajal, was himself from a converso family, so the colonies appeared to offer a
haven. Within a short period of time, hundreds of converso and crypto-Jewish families
were again moving to the colonies and, with the relative freedom of distance, began to
practice their faith again openly. Unfortunately, the Holy Ofiice of the Inquisition
followed; it began operating in Mexico City by 1580 and continued to be active for the
next 200 years. (Rubin)

69

A perceived need for secrecy exists to this day, and its power can be seen in the case of a
village in the Mountains of Portugal called Belmonte. Belmonte exists in 6000 feet
above sea level in the central mountains of Portugal. A center of Jewish culture since the
first century (the synagogues cornerstone reads 1297), it is a community of about 3000
Jews, who, for 500 years publicly followed Catholic rituals, while practicing Jewish ones
behind closed doors. The community was discovered in 1917, when Polish Jews, a
mining engineer working in the village, Samuel Schwartz, realized that 10,000 Jewish
families were living in total secrecy. Secrecy became not only survival, but an integral
part of Judaism as they knew it. (Tigay)Although Adonai was the only word of Hebrew
that they retained, they had largely maintained Jewish practices.

In the United States, Stanley Hordes, former State Historian of New Mexico, had been
hearing stories his whole career about strange practices among some Hispanic families,
typically ones whose ancestors had been very early colonists. Native New Mexicans
told him stories: one, of the mothers side of the family who always buried the dead in
wooden caskets with stars of David carved in coffin lining. One grew up watching his
grandmother light candles in the shed on Friday nights and bake flat biscuits around
Easter. One told of a family that spun tops at Christmas . They always told us not to tell
anyone, but didnt explain why. We were told not to eat pork after sundown because it
would make you sick. We had special knives to butcher sheep. (Rubin)
Sociologists, with the aid of Dr. Michael Hammer at the University of Arizona, finally
did a genetic study. Testing revealed that approximately 15% of all men in New Mexico
a Y chromosome that tracks back to the Middle East, and amazingly, 30 out of 78 men at
one specific parish, whose parishioners are largely from families who have been in New
Mexico for hundreds of years, had the CMH that testifies of relationship to Aaron
himself. (Hammer, 2005)
It was common practice to tell boys on or around their thirteen birthday. My greatgreat grandfather told my grandfather that it was time to tell me. On my twelfth birthday,
my grandfather woke me up and took me to get water. He began to tell me about the Jews
in the Bible, the stories I had heard in my catechism class. I asked him why are you
telling me all this? Because, he said. eres Judioyou are a Jew) Then he pulled
the water and out and poured it over my head and said you are no longer baptized.
And all of a sudden, I realized that we had these strange food and customs, these
strange services we used to do. We were hidden Jews. (Rubin)
Others discovered their heritage by reading a grandmothers diary or participating,
unsuspecting, in the genetic genealogy now being pursued by Y-chromosome and
mtDNAtest. One, a Catholic priest, sent a cheek swab into Familytree DNA as part of a
geneaology projectcalled by the founder, Bennet Greenspan himself, and told that he
was a Jew. (Rubin)

70

A second population of apparent crypto- Jews has been identified in the United States,
and only in the last couple of years. The Melungeons, a swarthy people of long
inhabitance in the mountains of the Carolinas, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virgina, was
first documented in 1672 by an early frontiersman; they identified themselves as
Portygee. Somewhat persecuted because of their darker skin, they have remained an
isolated mystery people of the US, with much speculation as to their origin.
Genetic testing has revealed only recently that a significant percentage of Melungeons
have Y-chromsome and mtDNA that traces back to the Middle East, specifically
Sephardic DNA sequences. The lost colony at Roanoke is suspected to have contained
crypto-Jews (the record of the ships larder, still in existence, lists only Mediterranean
provisions; the Melungeons may have had their origins in this colony. (Hirschmann)

BACK TO THEIR PASTURE: THE EXILES RETURN

Isaiah 419 I took you from the ends of the earth, from its farthest corners I called you. I
said, 'You are my servant'; I have chosen you and have not rejected you.
Jeremiah 29:14 I will be found by you," declares the LORD, "and will bring you back
from captivity. I will gather you from all the nations and places where I have banished
you," declares the LORD, "and will bring you back to the place from which I carried you
into exile."
It is an underappreciated fact of history that the Jews as a nation has existed as a
definable entity for almost 4000 years despite being persecuted and strung across the
globe, reassembling in our lifetimes in its ancestral lands . Even the physicist Leon
Lederman, when asked if there was anything he considered inexplicable according to
natural law, replied, There is something spooky about the Jews returning to the land of
Israel after 2000 years. (Schroeder, Science of God)
The prophet Isaiah proclaimed it. In that day the Lord will reach out his hand a second
time to reclaim the remnant that is left of his people from Assyria, from Lower Egypt,
from Upper Egypt, [b] from Cush, [c] from Elam, from Babylonia, [d] from Hamath and
from the islands of the sea, Isaiah 11;11 as did Jeremiah See, I will bring them from the
land of the north and gather them from the ends of the earth. Among them will be the
blind and the lame, expectant mothers and women in labor; a great throng will return.
Aided by genetic research, but not dependent on it, a great throng are returning, both
those who retained Jewish heritage and those who did not, those who are genetically Jews
and those who have embraced him as foreigners-- interestingly predicted in the
Scriptures:

71

Isaiah 56:3 Let no foreigner who has bound himself to the LORD say,
"The LORD will surely exclude me from his people."
And let not any eunuch complain,
"I am only a dry tree."
4 For this is what the LORD says:
"To the eunuchs who keep my Sabbaths,
who choose what pleases me
and hold fast to my covenant5 to them I will give within my temple and its walls
a memorial and a name
better than sons and daughters;
I will give them an everlasting name
that will not be cut off.
Most of the Jews in the Middle East, in countries like Yemaen, Syria, Kurdistan, Jordan,
Iran, etc. emigrated immediately to Israel in 1948, leaving virtually no Jews remaining.
The Falasha Jews of Ethiopia were almost all removed to Israel during two separate
airlifts. 8000 emigrated to Israel in the 1950s under Operation Magic Carpet www.cohenlevi.com, another 14,000 arrived in Operation Solomon 1n 1984. The Israeli government
has recently given permission for the last 20,000 left to be removed by the end of 2007.
Many of the Lemba have emigrated as well. The Ugandan Jews, the Abayudaya Tribe, is
awaiting permission.

The Incan B-nai Moshe converted as a tribe in 1989 when 140 of the tribe moved to Elon
Moreh in the West Bank. Two successive groups of emigrants have followed.
www.49days.org
More than 300 Bnei Menashe have gone to Israel, where they have undergone conversion
and have settled with the help of Jewish rabbis. . Many other Bnei Menashe would like
to, but few have been able to obtain permission from the Israeli authorities. Past
experience with other immigrations might explain Israel's fear that these people are
"economic immigrants" "opportunists" and not true Jews.

Yeshua Yacobi is the only member of the Bene Ephraim to immigrate to Israel at this
point. Yeshua has also completed his conversion and is looking to the future of his fellow
Ephraimites in India. His father Samuel is the head of the community and is currently
having a hard time in even obtaining a visa to visit his son in Israel. . www.kulanu.com
A table of populations and number and dates of aliyahthe Jewish word for coming
homeis in Table 4.
Table 4

72

Country
Iraq

Initial
population
150,000

Iran
Morocco

100,000
300,000

Algeria/
Tunisia
Kurdistan
Yemen

100,000

India

50,000

Population
now
Less than
100
20,000
Less than
3000
Less than
300
0
Less than
100

Cohen-levi

Dates of
aliyah
1948-??

wikipedia
Cohen-levi

1948-??
1948-??

Cohen-levi

1948-??

Cohen-levi
Cohen-levi

1948-1955
1950? Op
magic
carpet
1948
Y+
1964-1970 Y+

NA

Cochin
Bene
Israel
Bene
Menash
a

8000
60,000

52
2500?

Cohen-levi
Cohen-levi

7000

800

Bnei
mneashe.com

Bene
Ephrai
m

300

299

Kulanu.com

Almost all
have
emigrated
1 (Zebulon
Simentov,
aged 46)

Cohen-levi

1993-now Mt
*recogniti DNA+
on,
official
permissio
n to
emigrate
as of
1/.2005
2002
In
progr
ess
NA

JVL

1951-1979

Syria

Afghanistan

5000

Pashtun
South Africa
Ethiopia

DNA

Lemba
Falasha
Operatio
n
Solomon,
operation
Magic
Carpet,
Operatio
n ??

73

Ongoi
ng
Y+
MtDN
A+

Peru
Japan
China

B-nai
Moshe
Moriya
ChiangMin

2800

2500

World Zionist
Org

1989

NA

No
No

No
No

Two interesting parallels with scripture, demonstrating both the spectrum of Jewish
experiences of Aliyah, or coming home, as well as the reliability of Biblical prediction,
are worth mentioning: In Isaiah 27:12-13, the Lord says that it shall come to pass in that
day ye shall b e gathered one by one, ye children of Israel.. .and they shall worship
Jehovah in the holy mountain at Jerusalem. In this passage the children are gathered one
by one. This proves to be an amazingly accurate prediction, reflected in the fact that as
of now, only one member of the Bene Ephraim from India (Yeshua Yacobi) has been
granted permission to emigrate, while in Afghanistan (where most Jews emigrated soon
after nationhood had been established) only one member (Zebulon Simentov) of the
Jewish community is left.

THE PRINCE TO COME: WILL THE REAL MESSIAH PLEASE

STAND UP?
I Chronicles 17:11-12When your days are over and you go to be with your fathers, I will
raise up your offspring to succeed you, one of your own sons, and I will establish his
kingdom. 12 He is the one who will build a house for me, and I will establish his throne
forever.
This promiselater known as the Davidic covenantwas communicated to David
through Nathan. It reiterates the promise of the Messiah, first given to Adam in Genesis
3:15 and confirmed to Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Judah. I Chronicles 17: 11, 12 further
narrows down the fulfillment of the prophecy, specifying David as the progenitor of the
messianic line.
Jesus spent his three-year ministry traveling throughout the nation, proclaiming that in
Him, the Messiah had arrived, validating his claims by performing many miracles, even
healing and raising the dead. He was rejected, however, by the nation, who still wait for
the promised redeemer. Both Islamic and Jewish scholars assert that Jesus death was
proof that he was not the promised Messiah, as his throne was not established forever, as
promised to David above.
Rabbi Simons goes on to state that Jesus can be rejected as the promised messiah because
he did not fulfill other Messianic prophecies. He did not build a third (Ezekiel 37:26-28).
He did not gather all the jews back to one land He did not gather all Jews back to the
Land of Israel (Isaiah 43:5-6)., He did not usher in an era of world peace, bringing an end
to hatred, oppression, and war (Isaiah 2:4), and he did not unite humanity spiritually

74

under one God (Zechariah 14:9). These things, according to Rabbi Simmons, will
validate the real messiah when he comes.
The Antichrist is a figure prophesied to emerge in world leadership sometime in the
future who will play a central role in the events connected with the end times. Although
most commonly known as the antichrist ( a name which appears in I John 2: 22: Who is
a liar but he that denieth the Jesus is the Christ? He is Antichrist, that denieth the Father
and the Son, the figure is referred to numerous times in Scripture with many other
appellations.
Although the English term antichrist conveys (appropriately) the meaning of someone
hostile to Christ, the actual Greek word anti more properly connotes someone who
comes in place of Christ. The same word is translated for in Matthew 20:28: For even
the son of man came not to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for
many. He was a ransom instead of us, in our place, as a substitute for us. In the same
way, the Antichrist will come instead of the Christ, in his placebut he will be The Lie.

Apparently, from scripture, the antichrist will facilitate the rebuilding of the temple
(Jesus speaks of the abomination of desolation event in the temple during the tribulation
as a signal that the end is near), he will unite the world under one religion, he will usher
in an apparent peace for the state of Israel, and he will facilitate or bring to completion
the ongoing return of the dispersed ancestors of Jacob to their homeland. There are
additional ways in which the antichrist will apparently deliberately model the genuine
article: he will also make a covenant with Israel, his ministry will also last three and a
half years, he will also work miracles, he also appears on a white house, he will also seal
his followers, and he will be, like Christ, eventually ) worshipped by the whole world.
The antichrist, in fact, will be such a convincing duplicate of the messiah promised that
virtually everyone will be fooled, scripture stating that those deceived would include
even the electif that were possible.(Matthew 24:24). It is not surprising, then, that it
seems that the Spirit took great care in Scripture to document the contrasts. (Table 2)

Table 2 Contrasts between the Christ and the False Christ

Antichrist
Christ
Seed of Serpent
Genesis 3:15
Seed of Woman
Man of Sin
II Thess 2:3
Without sin
Son of
II Thess 2:3
One of the authors
Perdition(destruction)
of creation
Lawless one
II Thess 2:8
Fulfilled law
Does his own will
Daniel 11:36
Does only the will
of the father
Comes in his own
John 5:43
Comes in the
name
fathers name
Dragon
Revelation11:7
Lamb

75

Genesis 3:15
Hebrews 4:15
Colossians 1:16
Matthew 5:17
John 6:38
John 5:43
Hebrews 7:26

The Lie
The wicked one
The man of the Earth
False Friend
Head over many
countries
Adversary of Israel
King of Babylon
Son of the Morning
The spoiler

II Thess 2:11
II Tthess 2:8
Psalm 10:18
Psalm 52:21
Psalm 110:6
Amos 3:11
Isaiah 14:4
Isaiah 14:12
Jeremiah 6:26

The Truth
The Holy One
The eternal king
True Friend
King over all the
earth
Redeemer of Israel
King of Jerusalem
Light of the world
The restorer

John 14:6
Mark 1:24
I Ttimothy 1:17
I Timothy 18:25
Zech 14:7
Isaiah 49:26
Micah 4:8
John 8:12
Acts 3:21

An abominable
branch, the branch of
Lucifer

Isaiah 14:9

A beautiful and
glorious branch, the
branch of the Lord

Zech 3:8, Isaiah 4:2

The profane wicked

prince of Israel

Ezek 21:25-27

Luke 1:32

Priest and King

Ezek 21:25-27
(diadem- miter,
crown=king)
Daniel 9:26

The one with

rightful claim to
Davids throne
Priest and King

The coming prince

Zech 6:13

The Messiah, the

king
King who exalts
Daniel 11:36
King who humbles
himself
himself
The bad shepherd
Zech11:16, 17
Good shepherd
Angel of the
Revelation 11:9 King of Kings, Lord
Bottomless Pit
of Lords
Son of Satan
John 8:44
Son of God
The Vine of the Earth Revelation 14:19 The True Vine

Daniel 9:26

Intellectually gifted

Dan 8:23
Ezekiel 28:3

Col 2:3

Good orator

Daniel 7:20,
Revelation
Dan 11:21
Rev 17:17
Daniel 8:25
Revelation 13:
17
Dan 11:43
Ezek 28:4,5
Dan 8:24
Reve 13:4

The storehouse of
wisdom and
knowledge
Speaks from God
Source of Authority

Matthew 28:18

Source of all
wisdom

Colossians 2:3

Own the world and

everything in it
Ultimate victor

Psalm 50:10

Politically savvy
Worldly wise

Wealthy
Effective military
leader

76

Phil 2:8
John 10:11
Revelation 19
John 3:16
John 15:1

John 3:34

Revelation 19,20

Spiritual leader

Lauded by men
Physically attractive
(Inferred)
Comes up from
bottomless pit
Defiles the temple
Ministers to poor

Isaiah 14:16
II Thess 2:4
Daniel 8:23
(master of
occult) Rev
13:13-15
Rev 13:4
Ezekiel 28:16-18
I Samuel 16:7
Rev 11:7
Matt 25:15
Isa 53:7

Gods anointed
eternal high priest

Hebrews 4:15

Rejected by men
Physically
unremarkable
Comes down from
heaven
Cleansed the temple
Robs the poor

Isaiah 53:7
Isaiah 53:2
John 3:13
John 2:14,16
Psalm 10:8,9

The question of whether the Antichrist will be a Jew or a Gentile is a long-contested and
interesting one. It is obvious from the numerous verses that describe this figure that he
will be a world leader, ruling over both Jew and Gentile during the end times. But what is
to be his ethnicity?
The reason that the issue is long-contested is that good arguments can be made for each
side. The strongest case for Jewishness is that it is difficult to understand how Israel will
welcome him as the Messiah unless he is verifiably Jewish. There are numerous verses
that hint at the Antichrists standing as a legitimate descendant of David. Ezekiel 21: 2527 designates the Antichrist as a profane, wicked, prince of Israel. A passage in Ezekiel
28:2 generally interpreted to describe the Antichrist says that he shall die the death of the
uncircumcised, implying membership in the Circumcision. Daniel 11:36, 37 says that the
antichrist will not worship the God of his fathers, commonly interpreted to mean the God
worshiped by the Jews, YHWH. Finally, in John 5:43, Jesus remarks that although Jesus,
who came in his Fathers name, was rejected, there was another who would come in his
own name and be accepted. The two words used most frequently in scripture, allos, and
heterosalthough both translated another, convey different ideas which are instructive
here. Allos means a different one of a similar kind, while heteros means a different one
of a different kind. This implies that the antichrist will be another of the same kinda
Jew rather than a Gentile.
The most interesting implication that the Antichrist may be a Jew is found in Matthew
12:
39 But He answered and said to them, An evil and adulterous generation seeks after a
sign, and no sign will be given to it except the sign of the prophet Jonah. 40 For as Jonah
was three days and three nights in the belly of the great fish, so will the Son of Man be
three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. 41 The men of Nineveh will rise up
in the judgment with this generation and condemn it, because they repented at the
preaching of Jonah; and indeed a greater than Jonah is here. 42 The queen of the South

77

will rise up in the judgment with this generation and condemn it, for she came from the
ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and indeed a greater than Solomon is
here.
43 When an unclean spirit goes out of a man, he goes through dry places, seeking rest,
and finds none. 44 Then he says, I will return to my house from which I came. And
when he comes, he finds it empty, swept, and put in order. 45 Then he goes and takes with
him seven other spirits more wicked than himself, and they enter and dwell there; and the
last state of that man is worse than the first. So shall it also be with this wicked
generation.

Notice that this passage is in the context of the Jews rejection of their promised Messiah.
What is the unclean spirit in this context? I John 4:2,3 tells us that the unclean spirit is
the spirit that denies that Jesus is God in the flesh: This is how you can recognize the
Spirit of God: Every spirit that acknowledges that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh is
from God, but every spirit that does not acknowledge Jesus is not from God. This is the
spirit of the antichrist, which you have heard is coming and even now is already in the
world.
What happens to the man after the unclean spirit comes out of him (apparently connected
to the rejection of the Messiah in verse 41 and 42? Matthew 12: 43 When an unclean
spirit goes out of a man, he goes through dry places, seeking rest, and finds none.
(Compare this to many verses who describe this to be the fate of Israel before the end
time. They were to be driven out of their home and were repeatedly told that they would
go from place to place seeking refuge, but finding none.
The passage in Matthew goes on to describe what happens after that period of time, rather
chillingly: Notice that the unclean spirit-- after leaving his home, going from place to
place, but finding none, is now returning to his own house.
Matthe 12:44 Then he says, I will return to my house from which I came. And when he
comes, he finds it empty, swept, and put in order. 45 Then he goes and takes with him
seven other spirits more wicked than himself, and they enter and dwell there; and the last
state of that man is worse than the first. So shall it also be with this wicked generation.
Why is it swept and put it order? This is my speculation, but I think it means that it is
back as a nation, regathered, but still empty of divine presence. So he goes in and takes
with him seven other spirits more wicked than himself (remember that the beast has
seven heads, Revelation 17:7), and the man (Jacob, used throughout scripture
synonymously for the house of Jacob or the nation of Israel) is worse off than before.
Arguments for the Antichrist being Gentile are also convincing, however. Daniel states
that the antichristthe ruler that will comewill be of the people who destroy Jerusalem
(ostensibly in 70 AD)interpreted to mean a Roman, therefore a Gentile. (Daniel 9:25-

78

27, Revelation 17:10) It is also argued that since the times of the Gentiles does not end
until the second coming of Christ, the leader of that time period must also be a Gentile,
supported by the statement in Revelation that the beast (the Antichrist) rises out of the
sea, generally considered to be symbolic of the non-Jewish nations. There is also a hint
of a Gentile in that the dragon and the beast symbolism both would imply an unclean
creature.
The problem with the arguments for each side is that they are largely based on inference
and reasoning from what is indirectly said. There are no clear verses either way.
Personally I think that in some unexpected way he will manage to be both. A hint of this
may be in Revelation 17 which translates the Antichrists name, Destroyer, into both
Hebrew and Greek, possibly implying a dual nature.

So how are these seemingly contradictory prerequisites to be reconciled? The current

state of biotechnology and research in to the molecules of life have astounding
implications for this long-contested issue.
June 5-7, 2007 (the dates intentionally commemorating the 40-year anniversary of the
reunification of Jerusalem) will mark a rather astounding event in world history. Billed
as a family reunion of biblical proportions (Forward magazine, 8/19/2005) and an
event 3000 years in the making, (Eshet Chayil Foundation, www.davidicdynasty.org)
the event is also meant to honor the 4-year reign of King David by gathering in Jerusalem
all of his descendants.
Though 3000 years have passed since David held the throne of Eretz Israel, Jews have
revered him as the given progenitor of the coming Messiah and retained family traditions
of descendence from David or one of his sons. The project provides detailed
genealogical charts representing what is known about Davids progeny before dispersal
(Figure 35),

79

Figure 35 Descendants of David through the beginning of the Diaspora, AD 70.

as well as more detailed diagrammatic representation of what is known of the dispersed
descendants (Figure 36).

80

Figure 36 Messianic lineages

81

The Davidic Dynasty Project also provides an extensive list of family names rabbinically
and orally associated with the messianic line:

Abarbanel*

Heilprin/Halperin*

Peretz

Adler

Heller*

Polak

Alter/Rotenberg
(Ger Chassidim)

Helman

Posner

Hertzkes

Rabinowitz

Heschel/Babad*

Rapaport*

Hillel and the Nesi'im*

Rashei Galut (Exilarchs)

male descent from David*

Alfandari
Altshuler
Ashkenazi
Auerbach

Horowitz/Hurwitz
(various Chassidim)*

Averels/Everels

Ish-Zvi

Babad/Heschel*

Isserles/Isserlin*

Bach
(descendants of Sirkes)

Itinga/Ettinger/Ittingen

Bachrach
Beharier
Berdugo
Berlin/Berliner
Bernstein

Jaffe/Yoffe* / **

Rashi (descendants of
daughters)*
Reines
Roffe
Rokeach (Belz Chassidim)
Rotenberg/Alter
(Ger Chassidim)

Kalb
Kalmankes

Roth

Kalonymus*

Rubin (Horowitz)
(Ropshitz Chassidim)

Karo/Caro*

Rubinstein

Biederman

Katz (Maharal of Prague)

* / **

Birnbaum

Katzenellenbogen*

Breslav Chassidim, Nakhman

Klauber

Burstein

Klausner*

Caro/Karo

Klingberg

Charif

Landau

Schneurson
(Lubavitch Chassidim)

Charlap*

Lau

Schol

Chayes/Chayut

Levinsohn

Schorr*

Cohen (various families)

Lichtenstadt

Segal (descendantz of "Taz")

Dayan*

Lichtenstein

Shachor/Charny/Shwartz

Don Yechia/Ibn Yechia*

Lifshutz/Lipshitz

Shapiro/Shapira.Spiro/Spira*

Edels

Loeb*

Shealtiel/Sealtiel*

Ehrenreich

Loewenstam

Shereshevski

Ehrlich

Lowe*

Shrentzels*

Eichenstein
(Zditchov Chassidim)

Lubarsky

Simchowitz/Simchowitch

Lukashevesky (Lux)

Sirkes/Sirkin

Lurie/Luria*

Sonnabend

Maharal of Prague * / **

Spiro

Malavski

Tamarels

Margolioth

Teitelbaum

Margulies/Margolis
/Margaliot*

Teomim/Teomin-Frenkel*

Frenkel/Frankel*
Frenkel-Teomim*

Meisels*

Enzel
Epstein*
Falman
Fishel
Freidensohn

Sabatka
Safrin
Sassoon*
Schneurson

82

Treves/Dreyfus*

Friedland

Mintzberg

Friedman (Rizhin, Sadagora

etc. Chassidim)

Mirels

Fuchs

Twersky
(Chemobyl Chassidim)
Weil *

Mirkes

Ginzburg/Gunzburg

Morgenstern
(Kotzk Chassidim)

Glickman

Moskowitz

Goldman

Oknovski

Gombiner

Openheim

Gordon

Paprosh

Halberstam(ZanzChassidim)

Parnas

Weinberg
Weisblum
(Lizhensk Chassidim)*
Widslawski
Winkler
Zak
Zaslovsky
Zifferstein

Pereles

Zinger

Figure 37* Messianic surnames

The project seeks to gather as many members of families with these surnames (as well as
those who do not share these surnames but nonetheless have a family tradition of being of
messianic descent) in Jerusalem during those three days for a family festival of all
things David.
The families gathered will enjoy specially designed tours, concerts of traditional Jewish
music on harp and lyre, and talks on Jewish geneaology. The real purpose of the
gathering, however, is to construct a comprehensive family tree of the royal dynasty,
aided by a massive genetic genealogy project that with the objective of collecting DNA
from as many putative descendants as possible in order to identify a Y-chromosome
marker which, like the Cohen marker identified , is shared by those in the messianic line.
Ostensibly the identification of this marker will aid the Jews who are still waiting for the
coming of the Messiah in validating his eligibility when he comes forward. This
however, poses an interesting scenario for the believer who is also a student of prophecy.
Scripture details clearly that the false messiah, when he comes, will imitate the real
Messiah in every way possible. How will he manage to imitate his DNA?

It is interesting that Psalm 5:6, Thou shalt destroy them that speak leasing (lies): the
LORD will abhor the bloody and deceitful man is a verse often interpreted to be speaking
of the antichrist. A look at the original Hebrew gives the verse a slightly different slant
in meaning: thw word translated blood is translated as the noun blood over three hundred
times, and only as an adjective a little more than a dozen. In context it appears that a
more correct meaning would be that the Lord abhors the man of deceitful blood. The
Greek word blood signifies more specifically the basis of human life (which was thought
to be the blood at that time.) Perhaps the antichrist will be a man of deceitful blood, or
more exactly, concerning the basis of human life, a man of deceitful DNA.

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This shade of meaning could mean a variety of things, and lends itself to far-fetched
speculation: perhaps it means that he will be an alien/human hybrid, as the Nephilim
return to earth as in the days of Noah, perhaps it means that he will be a clone.
(Beausigneour)
The most likely hypothesis, however, with Y-chromosome analyses preceding at a
furious pace through genetic genealogy services such as FamilyTree DNA, government
sponsored ethnography research (national geographic ethnography projects, and familydriven research projects like The David Dynasty reunion, is that the antichrist will be
someone who emerges with the messianic marker, and presents it (falsely) as proof of his
right to claim Davids throne.
As unlikely as this may now seem, the credibility of this scenario increases day by day.
Genetic claims to the throne would have been impossible just ten years ago, and a
geopolitical situation that could fuel widespread acceptance of such a candidate would
have seemed equally unlikely. Today, it would seem any individual that could achieve
peace Israel between and the Moslem nations would be a global hero, and if that
individual could prove Jewish ancestry, it is conceivable that the nation of Israel, with a
high percentage of secular Jews anyway, could embrace him as the Messiah of promise.
Although naming antichrists at this stage (before the rapture which marks the point at
which he may subsequently be revealed, II Thessalonians 2:7-8) is futile, one popular
candidate provides a suitable example with which to explore this scenario. King Juan
Carlos of Spain (or possibly his crown prince, Felipe) has been widely proposed as one
fulfilling all required characteristics. The royal line of Spain is connected by blood to
every other ruling house of Europe, making a confederation of kings under either man,
under the deteriorating conditions described in Revelation, not extremely far-fetched.
Juan Carlos was actually born in Rome (while his father was in exile) , is called the
King of Kings in Spanish, and claims the title King of Jerusalem. (The Antichrist King,
Charles Taylor) Especially interesting is the fact that since 2001 Juan Carlos has been
involved in the Mideast Peace Process at the invitation of an Israeli ambassador to Spain,
Schlomo Ben-Ami, due to the fact that Juan Carlos has excellent relationships with most
Arab countries. (Reuters, August 15,2000)
But what of the necessity for a viable candidate to prove descent from David? Thousands
of individuals of Spanish or Portugese heritage, in the last ten years, have become aware
of their Jewish background ( as described in prior sections) as a result of the massive
pseudo-conversaion of Jews at the time of the Spanish edict of expulsion. One estimate,
by a leading Portugese sociologist, is that as many as 80% of Spain and Portugals
current population could trace ancestry back to at least one hidden Jew. )IPS News
Service, May 13, 2006.) King Juan Carlos could very possibly prove to have the
messianic marker, when discovered.

The messianic marker, if not discovered a year from now, will almost certainly be
identified at some point. The science of such genetic analysis has proceeded rapidly, and

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continues to be refined. Initial analyses could only make broad judgments between large
geographical areas, but the more recent studies are beginning to be able to determine
specific geographical areas of origin for specific displaced people groups, like AfricanAmericans or Jews. (PNAS 98:858-863, 2001) The authors of a recent paper which
could detect Libyan Jews from a large sampling, stated, although previous methods
have achieved considerable success in understanding human genetic history and the level
of continental differences, they have been consistently unable to distinguish populations
within continents with great accuracy. Future studies using the normal complement of
DNA, in addition to Y-chromosome and mtDNA, the authors predict, will continue to
increase the ablity to pinpoint geographic regions or familial associations much more
closely. PNAS 98:858-863, 2001
The finding of a set of markers specific to Davidic descendants could contribute to
another interesting scenario. The world has been primed, by the revival of the
Merovingian heresy through the popularity of Dan Browns The DaVinci Code, to
believe that descendants of Jesus may be walking the earth. Jesus Y-chromosome,
obviously, since he had no earthly father, is a mystery. Western culture, however, has
repeatedly proven its preference for a great story over a great deal of fact, and any
messianic marker discovered will inevitably be associated in the Western popular press
with Jesus. Any future carriers of that marker will carry, by popular definition, the same
chromosomes as Jesus, thereby setting the stage for inevitable claims of descent. As
scripture states: They perish because they refused to love the truth and so be saved. For
this reason God sends them a powerful delusion so that they will believe the lie and so
that all will be condemned who have not believed the truth but have delighted in
wickedness. II Thessalonians 2:11-12 Truth will be a worthless commodity after the
restrainer steps out of the way, anyway. In the words of David Hume: Truth, sir, is a
cow which will yield such people no more milk; and so they are gone to milk the bull.
It is interesting that, among those who take the Merovingian heresy seriously, the
expectation is that the heir to the bloodline will reveal himself when the time is right, and
secondly, that a legend exists that describes the heir as initially ignorant of his genetic
legacy. (Brown). The latter circumstance is in parallel with the experience of the
Anusim, or Crypto-Jews, and presents an intriguing insight into possible chain of events
to come.

85

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