Name

Hira Abdul Razzaq

Partner Name Bushra

Assignment Topic LUPINES
Submitted to Sir Muhammad Afzal
G.C University.

Topic: Lupins
Index:
Scientific classification of Lupins.
Lupins
Lupine Definition
Lupine Names
Lupine Varieties
Lupine Colors
Lupin History
Lupins Uses
Are Lupins Green Manure?
Are Lupins Poisonous?
Lupins Benefits
Nutritional Value of Lupins
Lupins Growing Conditions
Lupins Planting Tips
How To Take Care of Lupins

Lupin Flowers
When Do Lupins Flower Bloom?
Lupins Diseases
Lupine Anthracnose

Scientific classificatio of lupins

Kingdom:

Plantae

(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order:

Fabales

Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Tribe: Genisteaa
Subtribe: Lupininae
Genus: Lupinus
Type species
Lupinus albus L.
Subgenera
Lupinus
Platycarpos

Introduction.

Lupins
They add beauty to any garden and taste to any dish. It is Lupins that we are
talking about. Read on to know what are Lupins, when to plant lupins
outside, their history, health benefits and how to grow them.

Lupine Definition
Lupins are tall perennial plants consisting of spiky flowers. A leguminous
plant, Lupins are a member of the legume family Fabaceae.

Lupine Names
Lupins are also known as Lupinus or Lupines. It is also known as Wolf
Beans which probably alludes to the Roman word Lupus wherefrom Lupin
got its name. The name may also be an indication of the fact that the plant
can thrive in remote areas where wolves stay and roam.

Lupine Varieties
There are approximately 200 to 600 Lupins varieties. Most of these are
perennial plants that can grow anywhere between 1 and 5 feet in height.
However, there are exceptions in Bush Lupins that are about 10 feet tall and
a Mexican variety that rises to more than 20 feet in length.
There are both bitter and sweet forms of Lupins. Sweet kinds of Lupins are
found in North America while bitter varieties are seen in Mediterranean
regions. The taste of the plants depends on the alkaloids contained in that.
Lupinus, commonly known as lupin or lupine (North America), is a genus of
flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. The genus includes over
200 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller
centers occur in North Africa and the Mediterranean. Seeds of various

species of lupins have been used as a food for over 3000 years around the
Mediterranean. and for as much as 6000 years in the Andean highlands . but
they have never been accorded the same status as soybeans or dry peas
and other pulse crops. The pearl lupin of the Andean highlands of South
America, Lupinus mutabilis, known locally as tarwi or chocho, was
extensively cultivated, but there seems to have been no conscious genetic
improvement other than to select for larger and water-permeable seeds.
Users soaked the seed in running water to remove most of the bitter
alkaloids and then cooked or toasted the seeds to make them edible or else
boiled and dried them to make kirku. Spanish domination led to a change in
the eating habits of the indigenous peoples, and only recently has interest in
using lupins as a food been renewed .

History of lupins.
The Lupin plant is believed to have originated about two thousand years ago
in Egypt. Thereafter, it spread to other nations by cultivators who recognized
the beneficent powers of this plant. Lupins were grown as a crop by both the
Egyptian inhabitants and the Incas. The leguminous nature of these plants
made them highly favorable for farmers and botanists of early Roman era
who used the crop to prevent soil depletion. Lupins were widely grown in the
Mediterranean region for about 2,000 years.
It was in the late 18th century that Lupins came to European soil by the
efforts of Frederick the Great, the King of Prussia. The plant was cultivated
widely across the Baltic regions which provided the perfect breeding ground
to the crop due to the sandy, acidic soil.
It is said that sweet varieties of Lupins were first produced in the early 20th
century by breeders in Germany. Sweet Lupins became a popular part of
European cuisines from this time. However, it is Australia that now ranks first
among nations involved in sweet Lupins productions in the world. Lupins
were first introduced in this country in the 1800s by botanists Richard

Schomburgk and Ferdinand Von Mueller as a fodder crop and a green

manure.
In present times, USSR has become the biggest producer of this plant. Lupine
plants are also widely cultivated in East Germany, Poland an Eastern Bloc
nations.

Description.
The species are mostly herbaceous perennial plants 0.31.5 m (0.984.92 ft)
tall, but some are annual plants and a few are shrubs up to 3 m (9.8 ft) tall.
An exception is the chamis de monte (Lupinus jaimehintoniana) of Oaxaca in
Mexico, which is a tree up to 8 m (26 ft) tall. Lupins have soft green to greygreen leaves which may be coated in silvery hairs, often densely so. The leaf
blades are usually palmately divided into five to 28 leaflets, or reduced to a
single leaflet in a few species of the southeastern United States. The flowers
are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower 12 cm
long. The pea-like flowers have an upper standard, or banner, two lateral
wings, and two lower petals fused into a keel. The flower shape has inspired
common names such as bluebonnets and quaker bonnets. The fruit is a pod
containing several seeds.

Culinary.
Main article: Lupin bean
The legume seeds of lupins, commonly called lupin beans, were popular with
the Romans, who cultivated the plants throughout the Roman Empire; hence,
common names like lupini in Romance languages.
Lupinus angustifolius
Australian sweet lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) are high in protein, dietary
fiber and antioxidants, very low in starch, and, like all legumes, are glutenfree. Lupins can be used to make a variety of foods both sweet and savoury

including everyday meals, traditional fermented foods, baked foods and

sauces.

The European white lupin (Lupinus albus) beans are commonly sold in a salty
solution in jars (like olives and pickles) and can be eaten with or without the
skin. Lupini dishes are most commonly found in Europe, especially in
Portugal, Spain, Greece, and Italy. They are also common in Brazil and Egypt.
In Egypt lupin is known in Arabic as termes, and is a popular street
snack in after being treated with several soakings of water, and then brined.
In Portugal, Spain, and Spanish Harlem, they are popularly consumed with
beer. In Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Israel and Palestine, salty and chilled lupini
beans are called termos and are served as part of an apritif or a snack. The
Andean lupin or tarwi (L. mutabilis) was a widespread food in the Incan
Empire. Other species, such as L. albus (white lupin), L. angustifolius
(narrow-leafed lupin),[6] and L. hirsutus (blue lupin)[7] also have edible
seeds. Lupins were also used by many Native American peoples such as the
Yavapai in North America. Lupins are known as altramuz in Spain, from
Arabic termes. The seeds are used for different foods, from vegan
sausages to lupin-tofu or baking-enhancing lupin flour.

Agriculture.
Whilst originally cultivated as a green manure or forage, lupins are
increasingly grown for their seeds, which can be used as an alternative to
soybeans. Sweet (low alkaloid) lupins are highly regarded as a stock feed,
particularly for ruminants but also for pigs and poultry and more recently as
an ingredient in aqua-feeds. The market for lupin seeds for human food is
currently small, but researchers believe it has great potential. Lupin seeds
are considered "superior" to soybeans in certain applications and there is
increasing evidence for their potential health benefits. They contain similar
protein to soybean but less fat. As a food source, they are gluten-free and

high in dietary fiber, amino acids, and antioxidants, and they are considered
to be prebiotic. About 85% of the world's lupin seeds are grown in Western
Australia.[8]

Three Mediterranean species of lupin,

blue (narrow-leafed) lupin, white lupin, and yellow lupin, are widely
cultivated for livestock and poultry feed.
Like other legumes, they can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into ammonia
via a rhizobiumroot nodule symbiosis, fertilizing the soil for other plants.
This adaption allows lupins to be tolerant of infertile soils and capable of
pioneering change in barren and poor-quality soils. The genus Lupinus is
nodulated by Bradyrhizobium soil bacteria.

Horticulture
Lupins are popular ornamental plants in gardens. Numerous hybrids and
cultivars are available. Some species, such as garden lupin (L. polyphyllus)
and hybrids like the rainbow lupin (L. regalis) are common garden flowers.
Lupins can be good companion plants in gardens, increasing the soil nitrogen
for vegetables and other plants.

Ecology
Canadian tiger swallow tail on wild perennial lupine, Gatineau, Quebec
Certain species, such as the yellow bush lupin (L. arboreus), are considered
invasive weeds when they appear outside their native ranges. In New
Zealand, L. polyphyllus has escaped into the wild and grows in large
numbers along main roads and streams on the South Island. A similar spread
of the species has occurred in Finland after the non-native species was first
deliberately planted in the landscaping along the main roads. Lupins have
been planted in some parts of Australia with a considerably cooler climate,

particularly in rural Victoria and New South Wales.

Lupins are important larval food plants for many lepidopterans, the
butterflies and moths. These include:
Aricia icarioides missionensis (Mission blue butterfly), larvae limited to
Lupinus[10]
Callophrys irus (Frosted Elfin), recorded on L. perennis

Toxicity and allergenicity

Main article:

Lupin poisoning

Lupins contain some amounts of certain secondary compounds, including

isoflavones and alkaloids such as lupinine and sparteine which is removed
through processing. Early detection means that lupins that contain these
elements are not selected for food grade products.
Cross-allergenicity of peanut and lupine: the risk of lupine allergy in patients
allergic to peanuts. Most lupin reactions reported have been in people with
peanut allergy. As of 2006 the European Commission requires food labels to
indicate the presence of "lupin and products thereof" in food.
animalConsumed throughout the Mediterranean region and the Andean
mountains, lupins were eaten by the early Egyptian and pre-Incan people
and were known to Roman agriculturalists to contribute to the fertility of
soils.
In the late eighteenth century lupins were introduced into northern Europe as
a means of improving soil quality and by the 1860s the Garden Yellow Lupin
was seen across the sandy soils of the Baltic coastal plain.
The first steps to truly transform the lupin into a contemporary,
domesticated cropping plant were taken in the early twentieth century.
Pioneered by German scientists, their goal was to cultivate a sweet variety

of lupin that didnt have the bitter taste (due to a mixture of alkaloids in the
seed) making it more suitable for both human consumption and feed.
The successful development of lupin varieties with the necessary "sweet
gene," paved the way for the greater adoption of lupins across Europe and
later Australia.
Further work carried out by the Western Australian Department of Agriculture
and Food during the 1950s and 60s now sees more sweet lupin crops
produced in Western Australia than anywhere else in the world.
TaxonomyThe genus Lupinus L. and, in particular, its North-American species,
were divided by Sereno Watson (1873) into three sections: Lupinus,
Platycarpos, and Lupinnelus. Differences in habitat and in the number of
ovules were the basis for this classification. A majority of the perennial and
annual species from the American continent described by Watson were
referred to Lupinus. Some annual species with two ovules in the ovary and
two seeds in the pod (L. densiflorus, L. microcarpus, etc.) were attributed to
the Platycarpos section. Section Lupinnelus consisted of one species (L.
uncialis), with axillary and solitary flowers, scarcely reflexed banner, and also
with two ovules in the ovary. Presently, the existence of such species seems
doubtful.[vague]
While Watson's work was predominantly based on study of North American
species, the later research of Ascherson and Graebner (1907) extended his
principle of classification to cover all lupins from the eastern and western
hemispheres, also using number of ovules (seedbuds) in the ovary (and thus
of seeds in the pod) as the criterion for this division. They described two
subgenera, Eulupinus and Platycarpos. Most of the described species from
the eastern and western hemispheres were referred to subgen. A. Eulupinus.
Subgen. B. Platycarpos included several annual species from the eastern
hemisphere with two seedbuds and seeds in the bean (the same species, as
the one specified by S. Watson). M

A current schema retains this distinction, but uses the nomenclature for the
subgenera of Platycarpos and Lupinus. In this schema, subgenus Platycarpos
(S.Wats.) Kurl. contains perennial and annual species from the Western
Hemisphere, with a minimum two or more ovules or seedbuds. Subgenus
Lupinus consists of 12 species from Africa and the Mediterranean, with a
minimum of 4 ovules or seedbuds.
The taxonomy of Lupinus has always been confusing. It is not clear how
many distinct species there are or how they might be organized within the
genus. The plants are variable and the taxa are not always distinct from one
another. Some American taxa have been described as complexes rather than
separate species. Estimates of the number of lupine species generally fall
between 200 and 500.One authority places the estimate at approximately
267 species worldwide. There are currently two subgenera recognized.

Lupins (Lupinus) Uses, Benefits, Nutritional Value, Growing and

Care
Color of lupines.
Lupins can be of many colors. Wild Lupins are usually purple or rich blue in
color. There are also tall Russell Lupins that bring forth red, white, blue,
cream, carmine and pink flowers. In some types of Lupine yellow flowers are
also seen.
A dwarf variety of Lupin known as Minarette consists of a number of colors.

Lupins Uses
Lupins are used for various reasons. They can be used for human
consumption and also served as food to livestock and poultry.

Lupins as Food
Lupinus has been used as food for a long time. The bean pods of Lupins have

been cultivated since early days to use as food. Lupin dishes were popular in
the heydays of the Roman Empire. Members of native tribes in South and
Native America used to soak Lupin beans in salt water before eating them.
These are grown even today as a Soy substitute.

Lupine flour,
used in bread products and pasta, is high in protein and is highly nutritious
for human body. This is one of the main health benefits of Lupins. Lupine oil
is edible oil extracted from Lupin seeds and used to manufacture technical as
well as edible refined oil.

Lupins as Livestock
Several varieties of Lupin plants are cultivated to feed livestock and poultry.
However, Wild Lupins can be harmful for the health of cattle.

Are Lupins Green Manure?

Lupins are rightly regarded as a Green Manure or a crop that makes soil
richer. The plants use the nodules of their long taproots to catch nitrogen
which is necessary for its survival as a leguminous plant. The roots supplies
with oxygen the soil it breeds in. This enriches the soil and makes it more
beneficial for other plants growing nearby.

Are Lupins Poisonous?

Wild varieties of Lupins are poisonous in nature. Both sweet and bitter Lupins
contain toxic alkaloids that cause Lupin Poisoning, a nervous condition. It is
similar to Neurolathyrism, which is produced from the ingestion of seeds of
Sweet Peas.
Lupins infected with fungus Diaporthe Toxica can also be very harmful for
health. This fungus produces Phytotoxins known as Phomopsins and causes a
disease known as Mycotoxic Lupinosis. This disorder damages the liver and

can even lead to death. Poisonous seeds of Lupin cause death of many sheep
and other cattle every year on hill ranges of the western part of America.
People owning or planning to own livestock in these areas should remain
careful about the possible damages from eating bean pods. It is important for
them to check their pastures and find out if there are wild Lupins to avoid
liver damage in their cattle.
Blue Lupins are also highly damaging to animals. This particular type of Lupin
has the highest biomass as well as a lower density of alkaloid substances.
This makes it vulnerable to attacks from pests such as Nematodes. These
unsegmented worms can cause damage to the internals of livestock.

Lupins Benefits
Some of the main benefits of Lupins are :

Supplies Soil with Oxygen

Lupins have deep taproots which make it highly useful in aerating soil, or
supplying it with oxygen. It helps create a better environment for growth and
survival of other plants. These are excellent to be used as Green Manures.

Prevents Weed Growth

Planting Lupins in an acidic soil region can prevent growth and spread of
weeds. It helps that Lupins can grow in most kinds of soil.

Nutritional Value of Lupins

In Lupins nutritional value is high. Lupin seeds are high in fiber in fiber and
protein. These are low in fat. The seeds contain bioactive compounds which
are reported to be helpful in preventing cancer and cardiovascular disease.
The high protein content of Lupins makes it perfect to be added in protein
shakes and bars.

Lupins Growing Conditions

Before you try creating a Lupins garden, it is essential for you to know the
ideal conditions for thriving of this plant.
Lupins require a cool climate to grow. Lupins are suited to cool Mediterranean
climate and grow in regions with temperatures under 90 degree Fahrenheit.
April or middle of spring season is the best time for planting Lupins.
Harvesting Lupins take place from late summer season to mid-September.
The plant loves well-watered areas and soil with slight acidity. The plant
grows best in regions that have coarse, well-drained soil preferably with an
acidic value between 6 and 7. That said, these can grow in any area that has
loose, light-colored fertile soil.
It is best to water Lupins for 10-20 minutes every day. Lupins need direct
sunlight daily for at least four hours.

Lupins Planting Tips

Growing Lupins from seeds can be tough if you are not aware about the
proper ways of doing it. Check out these steps to know how to grow Lupins
from seeds.
Sow lupine seeds during early spring or autumn. Choose an area that
receives sunlight for at least four hours every day. The soil should best be
loose, light in texture, a little sandy and with a moderate acidic value.
Soak the Lupine seeds in water for a full day before planting. Cut the seed
coats slightly before you sow them.
Add some manganese into the spot where you are going to sow the Lupine
seeds. This will ensure that you get a higher Lupins yield.
Plant each of the Lupine seeds a minimum 7 to 10 inches apart. This will
prevent overcrowding and provide each plant with ample space to grow and

develop. This will also avoid weeds from taking over the plants.
Lupines usually grow long taproots while they develop. Do not disturb
growing Lupines as it can damage their long taproots. A fully mature Lupine
has a taproot nearly 12 inches long.
When mature, it is recommended that you harvest Lupines immediately or
within the first two weeks.
How To Take Care of Lupins
When fully grown, Lupines can be a stunning addition to your garden. These
plants need very little care though it is important to nurture it to get the best
results. Here are some ways to take care of the plant while it is growing.
water the soil.
For Lupins growing from seeds water is very necessary. Lupines love wellwatered areas to grow properly. Water the soil everyday for about 10 minutes
to keep the seeds moist. On peak summer days, you should water for double
this time as the soil can dry out too quickly.
Deadhead
In Lupins flowering, it is essential to Deadhead or remove dead blooms.
Pruning Lupins promote the growth of new blossoms. Use good pruning
shears to snip off the Lupine flowers. It is necessary to Deadhead Lupins
after flowering.
Fertilize
When the Lupine is in bloom, use a good all-purpose fertilizer to fertilize the
plant at least once a month.
Control Aphids
Aphids or plant-sucking insects are highly dangerous for the health of a plant

and unless killed, can destroy your Lupines completely. Use a Soap Spray
containing insecticides on Aphids from time to time to keep them in check.
The soap must completely envelop the aphids.
Lupin Flowers
Lupin flowers belong to the legume family. As aforesaid, these can be of
many colors such as white, yellow, blue, red, pink and apricot. Many Lupin
flowers are bi-colored and are generally white contrasted with some other
color.

When Do Lupins Flower Bloom?

Lupin flowers generally arise in early summer in shades of white, blue, pink
or purple. In Lupins, flower stalks usually arise in late May or early June.
These appear annually. The upright flower spikes are typically surrounded by
many pea-like blossoms which attract bees for pollination.

Lupins Diseases
Lupins can be at risk from a number of plant diseases.

Fungal Diseases
Lupines can fall prey to several fungal diseases like Downy Mildew
(Peronospora), Rust (Puccinia), Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe) and Root Rot
(Pythium). These fungal disorders make these plants brownish-black in color.
The roots droop and rusty spores develop on the leaves and stems of the
plants. In Downy Mildew (Peronospora), grayish or whitish patches are
formed over the leaves. Plants affected with Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe) have
a whitish or grayish dusty coating forming on their surface.

Viral Diseases
Lupin plants are commonly affected by virus of the Mosaic and Ringspot

variety. Viral infection reduces plant growth, affects development of buds and
flowers and makes the leaves yellow in color.

Pest Attacks
Lupines are susceptible to infections from pests like Arden Millipedes
(Macrosiphum Albifrons), Aphids (Macrosiphum albifrons) and Nematodes. A
Nematode attack is considered highly dangerous as it causes wilting of the
foliage and ingests the plant roots.

Leaf Spots
In wet conditions, Lupines are often attacked by different kinds of pathogens.
This leads to the formation of spots or blots on the leaves.

Lupine Anthracnose
.