ZIMBABWE ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION

COMPANY
PROTECTION SERVICES SECTION
DESIGN OFFICE

TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR A POST-GRADUATE TRAINEE

NAME OF TRAINEE

DEPARTMENT

ATTACHMENT PERIOD

TRANSMISSION
:

SUMMARY OF TRAINING PROGRAMME AREAS

Introduction to Protection
Fault level calculations & fault Calculations using a microcomputer as an
aide
Protection coordination and grading
Overcurrent Settings for substations up to 132kV
Protection & Control Schemes for 33kV Substations
Protection philosophy for EHV network (up to 400kV)
Liasing with manufacturers in connection with relay modifications

Training Programme Areas in detail

Item

Description
Introduction to Protection
qualities of a protection system
know what is main and backup protection
Explain the difference between unit protection and non-

unit protection and give examples

Know How are zones of the protection system derived
Define the terms: i) protection system
ii) Protection equipment
iii) Protection scheme
Know the components of a protection system
Know relay families (technologies) and give examples
e.g. electromech, static, numeric, digital
Liase with manufacturers in connection with relay
modifications
Preparation of technical specifications for protection
equipment
Know your excel
Fault level calculations
purposes of fault level calculations
methods of calculating fault levels: i). the per unit
system
o ii).the MVA method
tools used for fault level calculations: i. Microsoft Excel
o ii. FCAL
o iii. CYME
o iv. DIGSILENT
Data required to carry-out fault level calculations
Testing & Commissioning
Define commissioning and the purposes of
commissioning
Describe the equipment to be tested during
commissioning, works to be carried out
1. On the following equipment below can you list how many
tests can be carried on each of them and the significance
of each test on the equipment?
i)
CT
ii)
Power transformer
iii)
VT, CVT
iv)
CB
v)
Generator
vi)
Isolator
Operating principles of VTs n CTs
2. Define the following terms as applied to CTs:
a) Accuracy limit factor
b) CT ratio Burden
c) Instrument limit factor
d) Knee point of a CT
e) BH curve

f) Saturation
g) Ratio error
h) Phase error
i) Class: P, X, Metering
j) Instrument security factor
Determine the CT specs from the equipment data

Over Current Protection

define the term pickup and time multiplier
Differentiate between the overload and the short circuit
protection
calculate the overcurrent and overload settings from the
equipment data
be able to use Grading by current
Grading by time
Time-current grading
use the IEC normal inverse equation for grading
apply the term grading margin and be able to derive it
be able to use microcomputer as an aided tool to
protection grading and coordination
use of high-sets in prot grading n coordination (I>>,
second stage)
Be able to draw the following:
3 phase O/C
3 phase O/C & E/F
2 phase O/C
2 phase O/C & E/F
Time current grading of E/fault relays
Sensitive earth fault prot
Basic principle of operation of directional and nondirectional E/Fault protection
Define the terms:
RCA relay characteristic angle
MTA max torque angle.
grad the directional O/C & E/F relays on ring mains

Transformer Protection

Types of transformer faults internal & external

Know transformer protection design criteria
Transformer unit protection
Transformer non-unit protection

Transformer mechanical protection

Transformer thermal protection
Draw the three phase convectional diff scheme
Purposes of interposing cts on Transformer diff protection
schemes
Explain the Merz Price principle using drawings
The difference between the high and the low impedance
differential protection schemes
Diff characteristic, the three slopes and their purposes
BEF/REF
Principle of operation of REF
Restricted earth fault (REF) and its application
Calculation of REF protection settings
o Factors taken into consideration in calculating REF
Settings
Use of MOV (metal oxide varistor) in REF schemes
Purpose of a stabilizing resistor in REF schemes
HV instantaneous O/C
Basic principle of operation of Bucholtz Protection
Transformer non-unit protection
i.
HV IDMT o/c protection
ii.
LV IDMT o/c protection
iii.
Tertiary winding IDMT o/c protection
iv.
HV IDMT E/F protection
v.
LV IDMT E/F protection
vi.
NEF protection
vii.
Transformer mechanical protection
BG, BS,
OTT, WTT,
Overpressure,
Transformer protection philosophies

FDR PROTECTION
O/C & E/F protection
Distance protection
basic principle of operation of distance protection
use of zones of in distance protection
Explain the use of distance protection as a special nonunit protection
Know the application of zone 1 and zone 2 on dist
protection
The purpose of the third zone (zone3)
The purpose of reverse looking zone in dist protection
Zone setting recommendations:
Tell & justify how zones are set e.g (z1 why 80-85%)
Know about the intertripping schemes that are applied

on dist prot (PUTT, POTT)

The difference btn PUTT & POTT application of each one
in prot
Be able to tell why and why not use PUTT under different
conditions
Principle of operation of direct transfer inter tripping
scheme
Application of DTT scheme to:
o Transformer ended feeders
o CBF
BB protection schemes
Over voltage protection on long transmission lines as
examples
Transmission line protection philosophies (why we need
main 1&2)
Relative advantages of POTT and PUTT
Draw characteristics of MHO, Quadrilateral, Tomato,
lenticular characteristics
Explain the concept of power swing blocking in distance
protection
What is load encroachment & how it is avoided in
distance protection
Auto Reclosing
Justification for implementation (installation) of autoreclosing schemes
Benefits of auto-reclosing in both transmission and
distribution networks
Define the following as applied to Auto-Reclosing:
i. Dead time
ii. Reclaim time
iii. Discrimination time
iv. Final trip - Lockout
CB closing time/ CB tripping time
Factors that influence dead time in Auto reclosing schemes
High Speed AR on EHV (Extra High Voltage) networks; Single
Phase AR (how the two are married)
Delayed AR on EHV transmission networks
Advantages & disadvantages of each (HSAR, single pole AR,
DAR)
Conditions required for Auto reclosing (this is found under
delayed AR)
Synchronism check and DAR on transmission lines
Define manual closing time

Generator protection
Generator differential
O/C and E/F
Loss of field
Field failure
Negative phase sequence
Neutral displacement
Over-excitation
Under-excitation
Under-frequency
Over-frequency
Voltage controlled overcurrent
Under-voltage
Overvoltage
Under-impedance
Voltage restrained O/C
SEF
Stator E/F
NEF
REF
Protection against inadvertent energisation
Rotor E/F
Protection against diode failure
Stator overheating
Stator over-speeding
Bus Bar Protection
Characteristics of bus bar protection
Philosophy of B/B protection
Use of isolators in B/B protection
Inter-tripping schemes
Marriage between B/B protection & CB Fail. You have to
know the strong link between the two
Justification for implementing the B/B protection scheme
Justification for not implementing the B/B protection
scheme
How security is ensured in B/B protection scheme
Check zones, discriminating zones
REACTOR protection

is basically similar to transformer protection