May 3, 2006

Assignment 2 Solution
Problem 2.1
a)

Linear because + = 0 .

b)

Linear because + = 0 .

c)

Circular because Ex = Ey and + = 2 ,

CCW because Ey leads Ex , AR = 1 , and = 90D .

d)

Circular because Ex = Ey and + = 2 ,

CW because Ey lags Ex , AR = 1 , and = 90D .

e)

Elliptical because is not multiples of 2 ,

CCW because Ey leads Ex , AR = OA / OB .
Letting Ex = Ey = E 0 , we have:
1/ 2

OA = E 0 [ 0.5 ( 1 + 1 + 2 ) ]

1/ 2

OB = E 0 [ 0.5 ( 1 + 1 2 ) ]
AR =

= 1.30656 E 0

= 0.541196 E 0

1.30656
= 2.414
0.541196

and
1
1
2 1 cos ( 45D )
= 90D tan1
= 90D ( 90D ) = 45D
2
11
2

f)

Elliptical because is not multiples of 2 ,

CW because Ey lags Ex , AR = OA / OB .
Using similar procedure as in the previous problem, we have:
OA = 1.30656 E 0

1.30656

= 2.414
AR =
0.541196
OB = 0.541196 E 0

and
1
= 90D ( 90D ) = 45D
2

1/8

May 3, 2006
g)

Elliptical because: 1) Ex Ey , and 2) is not zero nor multiples of .

CCW because Ey leads Ex , AR = OA / OB .

=2
AR =
0.5
= 0.5 Ey

OA = Ey [ 0.5 ( 0.25 + 1 + 0.75 ) ]1/ 2 = Ey

OB = Ey [ 0.5 ( 0.25 + 1 0.75 ) ]1/ 2
and

1
1
0
D
D
D
= 90D tan1
= 90 ( 180 ) = 0

2
0.75
2

h)

Elliptical because: 1) Ex Ey , and 2) is not zero nor multiples of .

CW because Ey lags Ex , AR = OA / OB .
From above:

OA = Ey

=2
AR =
0.5
OB = 0.5 Ey

and
1
= 90D ( 180D ) = 0D .
2

Problem 2.2
a)

G
G
G
w = ax cos 1 + ay sin 1
G
G
G
a = ax cos 2 + ay sin 2
G G
PLF = wT a

2
G
G
G
G
T
= ( ax cos 1 + ay sin 1 ) ( ax cos 2 + ay sin 2 )

PLF = cos 1 cos 2 + sin 1 sin 2

= cos ( 1 2 ) 2

b)

G
G
G
G
w = ax sin 1 cos 1 + ay sin 1 sin 1 + az cos 1
G
G
G
G
a = ax sin 2 cos 2 + ay sin 2 sin 2 + az cos 2

2/8

May 3, 2006
G G 2
PLF = wT a
G
G
G
T
= (ax sin 1 cos 1 + ay sin 1 sin 1 + az cos 1 )
2
G
G
G
(ax sin 2 cos 2 + ay sin 2 sin 2 + az cos 2 )
= sin 1 cos 1 sin 2 cos 2 + sin 1 sin 1 sin 2 sin 2 + cos 1 cos 2
= sin 1 sin 2 ( cos 1 cos 2 + sin 1 sin 2 ) + cos 1 cos 2
= sin 1 sin 2 cos ( 1 2 ) + cos 1 cos 2

Problem 2.3
G
G
a x + ay
G
w =
;
2
PLF =

G
G
4ax + jay
G
a =
17
2
1 1 1 4
=
,

2 1 17 j

G G
w , a*

2
1
[ (1 4 ) + (1 j ) ]
34

where the scalar product is defined as: a, b = a1b1* + a2b2*

PLF =

4+j
34

16 + 1
= 0.5 = 3 dB
34

By using the approach described in Balanis, we obtain the same result

G G
PLF = wT a
PLF =

G
G
G
G
ax + ay T 4ax + jay

2
17

1
16 + 1
(1 4 ) + (1 j ) 2 =
= 0.5 = 3 dB
34
34

Problem 2.4*
a)

D0 =

4U max
Prad

1
E ( , ) 2
2
1
sin cos 0D 180D, 90D 90D
U = 2

0
elsewhere

U =

Problem taken from a previous exam.

3/8

May 3, 2006

U max =

1
@ = 90D & = 0D
2

Prad =

Prad

U sin d d = 2 sin2 cos d d

= 0 =

Prad

1
=
2

= 0 =

sin2 d

=0

cos d = 2 2 2

=
2

Thus:
4
D0 =

1
2

=4

2
D0 = 10 log 4 = 6.02 dB

b)
Azimuthal plane ( = 90D ):

U1 = 1

1 = 0D

()

1
1
@ 0.5 = cos 2 2 = cos1
= 60D
2
2
HPBW azimuthal = 2 60D = 120D

U2 =

Elevation plane ( = 0D ):

U1 = 1

1 = 90D

()

1
1
@ 0.5 = sin 2 2 = sin1
= 30D
2
2
HPBW elevation = 2 ( 90D 30D ) = 120D

U2 =

c)

The polarization unit vector of the plane wave is given by:

G
G
G
2a y + ja z
w =
5
The polarization vector of the CW circularly polarized antenna along the +x direction is given by:
G
G
G
a y ja z
a =
2
Therefore, PLF is given as:
4/8

May 3, 2006

G G
PLF = a w

G
G
G
G
a y ja z 2a y + ja z
=

5
2

2+1 2
9
=
10
10

Problem 2.5
a)

To calculate the directivity, we need the radiation intensity. The radiation

intensity is related to the far-zone electric field by:

U ( , ) =
U max =

r2
E ( r, , ) 2
2

r2
2
2

Prad =

w Ud = U sin d d =

0 0

D
45

180

1
r

=
=

sin

+
sin

d
d
d

2
4
D
0

0
90
2
2

1
r
D

180D D ) = r 2 2 + +1 +
=
+

2 cos 45
cos
(
D

0
90
2
4
2 2

2 2

D0 =

b)

4U max
=
Prad

r2
2

r2
0.5428 2
2

= 3.684 .

When the field is equal to 10 V/m (rms) for = 0D we have:

10 V/m 0D 45D

E = 0 V/m 45D 90D

5 V/m 90D 180D

Thus,
Prad =

2
r2
2 ( 0.54289 ) 10 2 = 2002 ( 0.54289 )
W = 36 193 W
120

By definition:

Prad =
Rr =

1 2
I Rr = I rms 2 Rr
2
Prad
36 193
= 1 447.72 .
2 =
25
I rms

5/8

May 3, 2006

Problem 2.6
Rg = 50 , X g = 25 , RL = 1 , Rr = 73 , X = 42.5
Ig =

2
2
A=
A
( 50 + 1 + 73 ) + j ( 25 + 42.5 )
124 + j 67.5
D

I g = ( 12.442 + j 6.7724 ) mA = 14.166 e j 28.56 mA

a)

1
1
Re {Vg I g * } = Re { 2 ( 12.442 + j 6.7724 ) 103 }
2
2
3
PS = 12.442 10 W
PS =

b)
Pr =

1
2
I g Rr = 7.325 103 W
2

PL =

1
2
I g RL = 0.1003 103 W
2

c)

The remaining supplied power is dissipated as heat in the internal resistor of

the generator, or
Pg =

1
2
I g Rg = 5.0169 103 W
2

Thus,

Pr + PL + Pg = ( 7.325 + 0.1003 + 5.0169 ) 103 W

Pr + PL + Pg = 12.4422 103 W = PS

Problem 2.7
The impedance transfer equation reduces to

Z in = Z L
for l = / 2 . Therefore, the equivalent load impedance at the terminals of the
generator is the same as that for Problem 2.6. Thus the supplied, radiated, and
dissipated powers are the same as those of Problem 2.6.

6/8

May 3, 2006

Problem 2.8
The equivalent circuit of the antenna is given in the figure below:
Rloss

VS

RS

Rr

XA

f = 150 MHz

c
3 108
=
= 2m
f
150 106

1 m long dipole is / 2 in electrical length, thus

Rr = 73 , Z in = Rr + jX A = 73 + j 42.5 ,
RS = 50 , VS = 100 V
a)
VS
= 0.765 18.97 D A
50 + 73 + 0.625 + j 42.5

I ant =

b)
Pdissip = PLoss =

1
I 2 RLoss = 189 mW
2 ant

c)
Prad =

1
I 2 Rr = 21.36 mW
2 ant

d)
ecd =

Rr
73
100 =
100 = 99% .
Rr + RLoss
73 + 0.625

7/8

May 3, 2006

Problem 2.9
a)
2
Aem = ecd
4

2
2
D0 = 0.011335 m  0.011m

Rr

ecd =
= 0.9; D0 = 10
+
R
R
r
L

b)

12dBi

10

= 15.848

The following variables are used:

Prad

radiated power

Wt

power density

Vg

peak generator voltage

Rr

radiation resistance

RL

loss resistance

Rg

internal generator resistance

XA

antenna reactance

Xg

generator reactance

D0

directivity of antenna

distance from antenna

free space impedance (377 )

The E-field and the radiated power are connected through the power density
Wt = Prad D0

1
E2
=
,
4 R 2 2

where
2

Vg
Rr

 34.62 mW
Prad =
2 ( R + R + R ) 2 + ( X + X )2
L
g
A
g
r

E=

Prad D0 2
V
mV
= 5.737 103  5.7
2
4 R
m
m

c)

 

t r = 0.5
2

8/8