Practical Applications Of Electromagnetism

Apparatus

Applications

Electric Bell

As Long as disk is spinning there is change in

magnetic field in the coil and Electric current
is created.
Magnetic Resonance Imagining
Material Required
It consists of a, tangent galvanometer of
the Stewart and Gee type, a strong
battery, a rheostat, a reversing key and
connective wires

Objective

The main objective of the

experiment is to study the
concept of Electromagnetism
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The body is largely composed of water molecules. Each water molecule has two
hydrogen nuclei or protons. When a person goes inside the powerful magnetic field of
the scanner, the magnetic moments of some of these protons change and align with the
direction of the field. A radio frequency transmitter is briefly turned on, producing a
further varying electromagnetic field. The photons of this field have just the right
energy, known as the resonance frequency, to be absorbed and flip the spin of the
aligned protons in the body. The frequency at which the protons resonate depends on
the strength of the applied magnetic field. After the field is turned off, those protons
which absorbed energy revert back to the original lower-energy spin-down state. They
release the difference in energy as a photon, and the released photons are detected by
the scanner as an electromagnetic signal, similar to radio waves.

Circuit Breaker - A safety device that

switches off the electric supply when
excessive current flows through the
circuit. It uses an electromagnet to open
the circuit.

Practical applications of Diffraction

Diffraction

Diffraction in atmosphere

When light of a single wavelength ,

from laser , strikes a diffraction
grating it is diffracted to each side in
multiple orders. orders 1 and 2 are
shown to each side of the direct beam.
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When light travels through thin clouds made up of

nearly uniform sized water droplets, diffraction of
light at the edges of the particles. This degree of
bending of light depends on the frequency (color)
of light. The result is a pattern of rings, which seem
to emanate from the sun, moon, planet or other
astronomical object.

Applications of Diffraction
Braggs Law
Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)

Bragg diffraction occurs when electromagnetic

radiation with known wavelength() and
comparable to atomic spacing(d) are incident upon
a crystalline sample, the waves are scattered from
lattice planes, The path difference between two
waves undergoing constructive interference is given
by 2dsin=n , where is the scattering angle. This
is used to find interatomic distance d

This is based on the

wave nature of electrons.
The Transmission Electron
microscopy or (TEM) is
a microscopy technique
whereby a beam of electrons
is transmitted through an
ultra thin specimen, and
they interact with the
specimen as
it passes
through. An image is thus
formed from the diffraction
of electrons after passing
through the specimen.

Practical Applications of LASER

Laser Action

LASER printer

Practical Applications of LASER

The principle used in a laser printer is static electricity. Initially, the photoreceptor drum
is charged positively by corona wire by applying an electrical current on it. Then the
printer shines a tiny laser beam across the surface according to the data sent by the
computer, one horizontal line at time. The light discharge certain points on the
photoreceptor drum and form an electrostatic image. The positively charged toner clings
to the discharged areas of the drum but not to the positively charged background (area
with no light shine on). A sheet of paper (with strong negative charges) is moving along the
belt and rolls over the drum with affixed toner powder pattern. The paper pulls the toner
powder away from the drum and picks up the image pattern fixed by the fuser. Then the
finished copy is rolled to the exit tray .

LASER in drilling
A laser beam does not deform flexible
materials as a mechanical drill would, so it
can drill holes in materials such as soft
rubber nipples for baby bottles. Likewise,
Laser beams can drill or cut into extremely
hard materials without dulling bits or
blades. For example, lasers have drilled
holes in diamond dies used for drawing wire.
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Medical Applications of LASER

Laser wavelengths near one micrometer can penetrate
the eye, welding a detached retina b ack into place, or
cutting internal membranes that often grow cloudy after
cataract surgery. One important example involves
threading a fibre through the urethra and into the
kidney so that the end of the fibre can deliver intense
laser pulses to kidney stones. The laser energy splits the
stones into fragments small enough to pass through the
urethra without requiring surgical incisions..

Practical Applications of Michelsons Interferometer

Apparatus
Michelson Interferometer

Precise Distance Measurements

Piezoelectricity

The Michelson interferometer produces interference fringes by splitting beam

of monochromatic light so that one beam strikes a xed mirror and the other a
Movable mirror. When the reected beams are brought back together, an
interference pattern results. Precise distance measurements can be made with
the Michelson interferometer by moving the mirror and counting the
interference fringes that move by a reference point. The distance d associated
with the mth fringe and wavelength l is d=m /2

Differential-phase shift keying

Apparatus : Michelson Interferometer,

sodium lamp, tin sheet with fine hole. The
Michelson Interferometer is based on
Laser Interference
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They convert a phase-keyed signal into an amplitude keyed signal. In this

application, an incoming differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) optical signal
is first split into two equal-intensity beams in two arms of a Michelson
interferometer, in which one beam is delayed by an optical path difference
corresponding to 1 bit time delay. After recombination, the two beams interfere
with each other constructively or destructively. The resultant interference
intensity is the intensity-keyed signal. In DPSK, data information is carried by
the optical phase difference between adjacent bits. DPSK demodulator is
needed to convert the phase-coded signal into an intensity coded signal.

When charge is applied there are

changes in the dimensions of
crystal this phenomena is called
anti piezoelectricity. These small
change in the dimensions can be
easily assured by using Michelson
Interferometer,
by
replacing
movable mirror with piezoelectric
crystal.

Practical Applications Of Optical Fibre

OPTICAL FIBRE

Core is transparent dielectric material,

surrounded by one more dielectric
material with a lower refractive index
called cladding. (N1 >N2 where N1= the
index of refraction of the core glass), and
N2=(the index of refraction of the
cladding glass). Numerical
Aperture is given by
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Fiber Optic Communications

Fiber optic sensors

Its principle of operation is based on the interference of light which

has passed through a coil of optical fibre ,two beams from a laser are
injected into the same fibre but in opposite directions, the beam
Each fiber link consists of a transmitter on one
travelling against the rotation experiences a slightly shorter path
end of a fiber and a receiver on the other end.The
delay than the other beam. The intensity of the combined beam then
optical fibre transmits without attenuation.
depends on the rotation rate of the device.

Medical Industry

In arthroscopic surgery, surgeon uses a fiber

optic instrument, to see the inside of a joint. After
making an incision about the size of a buttonhole
in the patient's skin, the arthroscope is injected
inside the skin ,it has a lens and a lighting system
through which the structures inside the joint are
transmitted to a miniature television camera
attached to the end of the arthroscope.

Practical Application of Electric Viberator

Apparatus and Objective of
Electric viberator

The apparatus consists of electric

vibrator, a friction less pulley, a
light weight pan, a meter rod, a balance,
a weight box, a string of uniform
thickness. the main objective of an
experiment is to be observe the concept
of electromagnetism .The string moves
due to torque acted by two magnetic
fields 1.Electromagnet by moving coil
2.Permanent magnet implied inside the
apparatus
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Tattoo machine

Seismic Measurement-Systems

Vibratory feeder
A vibratory feeder is a device that uses
vibration to feed material to a process
or machine. Vibratory feeders use both
vibration and gravity to move material.
gravity is used to determine the direction
and then vibration is used to move the
material. An example would be a pill
bottling system.

Electric vibrator therapy

A tattoo machine is a hand-held device is used
to create a tattoo, on the skin with indelible
ink. Modern tattoo machines use alternating
electromagnetic coils that can control needle
depth, speed, and force of application, which
has allowed tattooing to become a very precise
art and helps to move a needle bar up
and down, driving pigment into the skin

The electric vibrator helps

to produce
coordination
in the nervous systems
and the circulatory systems.
This is used for osteopathy
treatment to people.

Seismic sources can provide continuous

sweeps of energy that generate seismic
waves, which travel through a medium
such as water or layers of rocks. Some of
the waves then reflect and refract and is
recorded by receivers, as geophones.
Seismic sources are used to investigate
shallow subsoil structure, for engineering
site work, or deeper structures, usually
in the search for petroleum or mineral
deposits.

Practical Applications of susceptibility

Apparatus

Magnetic Resonance Imagining

Storage digital

The body is largely composed of water molecules.

Each water molecule has two hydrogen nuclei or
protons. When a person goes inside the powerful
magnetic field of the scanner, the magnetic moments

of some of these protons change and align with the

direction of the field i.e. the protons will align
Apparatus consists of a travelling
microscope, power supply u tube, water
funnel cylinder, weighing bottle, weight
box, search meter connected with search

coil, electromagnet.
is the Magnet
susceptibility of substance.

MH

Where
M is induced magnetisation and
H is applied Magnetic field
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according to their magnetic susceptibility. Thus the

difference b/w tissues can be made.

Audio magnetic recording system

There are two parts to any audio magnetic recording system: the recorder itself and the
tape it uses as the storage medium. The tape consists of a thin plastic base material, and
bonded to this base is a coating of ferric oxide powder. This oxide is a ferromagnetic
material, meaning that if you expose it to a magnetic field it is permanently magnetized
by the field. The information that makes up the video and sound is encoded on the
magnetic coating on the tape. The oxide permanently "remembers" the flux it sees.
More the susceptibility of material better will be magnetic properties.

The spinel structure is named after the

mineral spinel (MgAl2O4 ); the general
composition is AB2O4..The

completely

saturated state denoted 1 and

unsaturated denoted 0 They are used in
memories in computers.

Klystron power supply, Reflex klystron isolator,

Frequency meter, variable attenuator, slotted section, VSWR meter, detector mount & CRO.

Applications of Rectangular Wave Guide

Apparatus

Klystron power supply, Reflex klystron isolator, Frequency

meter, variable attenuator, slotted section, VSWR meter,
detector mount & CRO.

Microwave oven
In a microwave oven a waveguide leads power from the magnetron
where waves are formed to the cooking chamber. In microwave ovens
the waveguide leads to a radio frequency-transparent port into the
cooking chamber. The cavity magnetron is a high-powered vacuum
tube that generates microwaves using the interaction of a stream of
electrons with a magnetic field.
Guided Wave testing (GWT)

The main Objective of experiment is that the Reflex

Klystron makes the use of velocity modulation to transform
continuous electron beam energy into microwave power
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Stethoscope

The phenomenon of sound waves guided

through a taut wire have been known for
a long time, as well as sound through a
hollow pipe such as medical stethoscope .

GWT is widely used to inspect and screen many engineering structures, particularly for the inspection
of metallic pipelines around the world. The method employ mechanical stress waves that propagate
along an elongated structure while guided by its boundaries. This allows the waves to travel a long
distance with little loss in energy. In Guided Wave Testing of pipelines, an array of low frequency
transducers is attached around the circumference of the pipe to generate an axially symmetric
wave that propagate along the pipe in both the forward and backward directions of the transducer
array. The equipment operates in a pulse-echo configuration where the array of transducers is used for
both the excitation and detection of the signals. At location where there is a change of cross-section or a
change in local stiffness of the pipe, an echo is generated. Based on the arrival time of the echoes, and
the predicted speed of the wave mode at a particular frequency, the distance of a feature in relation to
the position of the transducer array can be accurately calculated.

Applications polerizability of a dielectric substance

Apparatus
It consists of a, p-n junction diode,
standard variable air capacitor, Variable
frequency r.f
oscillator,
dielectric
material of known thickness, connecting
wires etc.

Van de Graff generator

Pendragon Medical

The company has developed a unique, non-invasive sensor

technology based on dielectric spectroscopy to monitor blood
glucose levels continuously.it gives the reading A medical
procedure is strictly defined as non-invasive when no break in
the skin is created and there is no contact with the mucosa, or
skin break, or internal body cavity beyond a natural or
artificial body orifice.
Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM)

Dielectric polarization(How it occurs)

There is shift in charges inside the atom.

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Dynamic random-access memory

(DRAM) is a type of randomaccess memory that stores each
bit of data in a
separate
capacitor within an integrated
circuit. The capacitor can be
either charged or discharged;
these two states are taken to
represent the two values of a bit,
conventionally called 0 and 1.

Because dielectrics resist the flow of

electricity, the surface of a dielectric may
retain stranded excess electrical charges.
This may occur accidentally when the
dielectric is rubbed (the turboelectric
effect). This can be useful, as in a Van de
Graff generator

Practical applications of hologram

Basics of Hologram

Applications of Hologram
Security

Entertainment

The presence of holograms

indicates the authenticity of
these items. The security
holograms are used in
customizing ticket protection
identification of documents
including credit and phone
cards, drivers licenses etc.

Holograms have also proven

effective in the entertainment
industry. Various Hollywood
movies, specially the science
fiction films, have used
holographic special effects.
even movie posters are
made holographic. Holograms
are also used as promotional
tools on records.

Medical Applications

Making up of a hologram

To record a hologram, some of the light scattered from an object or a set

of objects falls on the recording medium. A second light beam, known as
the reference beam, also illuminates the recording medium, so that
interference occurs between the two beams.
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Endoscopic holography has

potential of providing a
powerful tool for noncontact
high resolution 3D imaging
and
nondestructive
measurements inside natural
cavities of human body or in
any difficult to access the
environment.

Magnification of microscope
increases by viewing hologram
with longer wavelength when we
produce hologram with x-ray
laser, and view it with visible
light m ~ 1000000 ,3-d images of
microscopic objects DNA,
viruses