Plane Stress & Plane Strain

Problems
IMSC002 Theory of Elasticity and Plasticity

IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Validities of Stresses and Strains

A valid stress field ij must satisfy the
Equilibrium Equations [i.e. Eq. (1.11) ], and the
traction boundary conditions.
A valid strain field ij must be related to the
displacements through the Strain-Displacement
Relation [i.e. Compatibility Equations, Eq. (2.9) ].
A stress field ij should be related to the
corresponding strain field ij by a valid StressStrain Relationship [i.e. Constitutive Law, Eq.
(2.8) for Elasticity & Eqs for Plasticity]
IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Problem Solving for a 3-D Elastic

Stress Analysis
For a 3-D elastic structure subjected to a given load & boundary
conditions, we want to determine the following quantities (15 unknowns)
at each material point within the structure:
Stresses 6 components (x, y, z, xy, yz, xz)
Strains 6 components (x, y, z, xy, yz, xz)
Displacements 3 components (u, v, w)
The solution of these 15 unknowns, should make the following
conditions (totally 15 independent equations) satisfied:
The Boundary Conditions and the Stress Equilibrium Equations are
satisfied.
The strains are compatible with the displacements (i.e. Compatibility
Conditions).
The stresses are related to the strains through the elastic stress-strain
relation (i.e. Generalized Hookes Law).
IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Problem Solving for a 3-D Elastic

Stress Analysis
These 15 independent equations for a 3-D elastic solid are resulted from:
a. Stress Equilibrium Equations (3 eqs.):
x xy xz
c. Generalized Hookes Law (6 eqs.):
x
y
y

y
xy
x

z
yz
z

+ Fx = 0

+ Fy = 0 .. (1.11)

z xz yz
+
+ Fz = 0
+
x
y
z

b. Compatibility Equations (6 eqs.):

2 xy

2
2 x y
,
+
=
xy
x 2
y 2

2 yz
yz

2 y
z 2

2 z
+ 2 ,
y

2 xz 2 z 2 x
=
+ 2 ,
zx
x 2
z

xy
1
(
)
x = x y + z , xy =
E
G

1
y ( x + z ) , yz = yz .. (2.28)
E
G

1
z = z ( x + y ) , xz = xz
E
G
y =

Note:
2 x 1 yz xz xy

+
+
=
z
y
yz 2 x x
1 ui u j

=
+
ij
2
2 j
i
y 1 yz xz xy
.. (2.9)

+
=
y
z
zx 2 y x
i , j = x, y , z
u x = u , u y = v, u z = w
2 z 1 yz xz xy

=
2006
y
z
xIMSC002
y 2 z byW.M.Quach,
x

Problem Solving for a 2-D Elastic

Stress Analysis
For a 2-D elastic structure subjected to a given load & boundary
conditions (i.e. Plane Stress or Plane Strain), there are only 8 unknowns
for each material point within the structure:
Stresses 3 components (x, y, xy)
Strains 3 components (x, y, xy)
Displacements 2 components (u, v)
The solution of these 8 unknowns, should make the following conditions
(totally 8 independent equations) satisfied:
The Boundary Conditions and the Stress Equilibrium Equations are
satisfied.
The strains are compatible with the displacements (i.e. Compatibility
Conditions).
The stresses are related to the strains through the elastic stress-strain
relation (i.e. Generalized Hookes Law).
IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Plane Strain Problems

Frictionless nature of the fixed end constraint
permits x, y deformation, but precludes z
displacement (w = 0, at z = EL/2).

Strain-Displacement Relations

Plane strain in a cylindrical

body under in-planar
loading (i.e. internal &
external pressures)

1 ui u j
,
ij =
+
j
i

General
3-D
i , j = x, y , z
u x = u , u y = v, u z = w

z = yz = zx = 0 (Plane Strain
Condition)

u
v
u v
.. (3.1)
+ ,
, y = , xy =
x
y x
y
w
w u
v w
z =
= 0, xz =
+
= 0, yz =
+
= 0 .. (3.2)
z
x z
z y

x =

Plane Strain

.. (2.3)

IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Plane Strain Problems

Stress-Strain Relationships

x = 2G x + ( x + y + z ), xy = G xy

General
3-D

A cylindrical body
under in-planar loading

y = 2G y + ( x + y + z ), yz = G yz .. (2.30)
z = 2G z + ( x + y + z ), xz = G xz

z = yz = zx = 0
x = 2G x + ( x + y )

y = 2G y + ( x + y )

Plane Strain

(Plane Strain
Condition)

.. (3.3)

xy = G xy
&

xz = yz = 0, z = ( x + y ) = ( x + y ) .. (3.4)
where =

)(

2
1 + by 1W.M.Quach,
IMSC002
2006

Plane Strain Problems

Strain-Stress Relations
x =

1
x ( y + z ) , xy = xy
E
G

yz
General
1
(
)
y = y x + z , yz =
3-D
E
G

z =
A cylindrical body
under in-planar loading

1
z ( x + y ) , xz = xz
E
G

(Plane Strain
Condition)

1 2
x =
E

z = yz = zx = 0

xz = yz = 0, z = ( x + y ) = ( x + y )

y
x
1

1 2

Plane Strain y =
x .. (3.5)
y
E
1

xy =

.. (2.28)

xy
G

IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Plane Strain Problems

Equilibrium Equations

A cylindrical body
under in-planar loading

x xy xz
+
+ Fx = 0
+
x
z
y
General y xy yz
+
+
+ Fy = 0
3-D
y
x
z
z xz yz
+ Fz = 0
+
+
y
z
x
(Plane Strain
Condition)

Plane Strain

.. (1.11)

xz = yz = 0, z = ( x + y )
& Fz = 0

x xy
+ Fx = 0
+
y
x
y xy
+
+ Fy = 0
y
x

.. (3.6)

IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Plane Strain Problems

Boundary condition -- The conditions of equilibrium
with respect to external forces or stresses acting on
the boundary of a body.
Boundary Conditions
A cylindrical body
under in-planar loading

p x = x l + xy m + xz n
General
3-D

p y = xy l + y m + yz n
p z = xz l + yz m + z n

(Plane Strain
Condition)

Plane Strain
Surface forces acting on the
boundary of a body

.. (1.22)

xz = yz = 0,
pz = 0

p x = x l + xy m
p y = xy l + y m

IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

.. (3.7)

Plane Strain Problems

Compatibility Conditions
Plane x y xy
+
=
2
Strain y 2
xy
x
2

Strain-Stress Relations

.. (3.8)

xy
2
2
(1 ) x y + 2 (1 ) y x = 2
xy
y 2
x

Differentiation
of Eq.(3.6)

Equilibrium Eqs.
x xy
+
+ Fx = 0
x
y
(3.6)
y xy
+
+ Fy = 0
y
x

1 2

x =
y
x
1
E

1 2

y =
x ..(3.5)
y
1
E

xy =

xy
G

Equation of Compatibility in terms of Stresses

2
1
2
2 + 2 ( x + y ) =
1
y
x
IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Fx Fy

.. (3.9)
+
y
x

Plane Strain Problems:

Solutions of Stresses
3 Governing Equations

Equilibrium Eqs.

Equation of
Compatibility

x xy
+ Fx = 0
+
y
x
y xy
+
+ Fy = 0
y
x
2
2
2 + 2
y
x

.. (3.6)

1
( x + y ) =
1

Fx Fy

.. (3.9)
+
y
x

Provide the boundary condition

through Eq. (3.7)

3 Unknown Stresses

, y , xy )

Note: The direct stress in zdirection, is then given by Eq.(3.4):

xz = yz = 0, z = ( x + y )
IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

.. (3.4)

Plane Strain Problems:

Solutions of Strains & Displacements
Strain-Stress Relations
1 2
x =
E

Stresses

, y , xy )

y
x
1

1 2

y =
x .. (3.5)
y
1
E

xy =

Strains
x

, y , xy )

xy
G

Strain-Displacement Relations
Displacements

(u, v )

& w=0

u
v
u v
.. (3.1)
, y = , xy =
+ ,
x
y
y x
w
w u
v w
= 0, xz =
+
= 0, yz =
+
z =
= 0 .. (3.2)
z
x z
z y

x =

IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Plane Stress Problems

Strain-Stress Relations
x =

1
x ( y + z ) , xy = xy
E
G

yz
General
1
(
)
y = y x + z , yz =
3-D
E
G

z =

A thin plate under

Plane Stress

.. (2.28)

1
z ( x + y ) , xz = xz
E
G

(Plane Stress
Condition)

z = xz = yz = 0

1
( x y )
E
.. (3.10)
Plane Stress = 1 ( ), = xy
y
y
x
xy
E
G

( x + y ) = ( x + y )
& xz = yz = 0, z =
1
E

x =

IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

.. (3.11)

Plane Stress Problems

Strain-Displacement Relations
1 u

ij = i + j ,
i
2 j
General
3-D
A thin plate under
Plane Stress

i , j = x, y , z
u x = u , u y = v, u z = w

(Plane Stress
Condition)

yz = zx = 0
but z 0

u
v
u v
.. (3.1)
, y = , xy =
+ ,
y x
x
y
w
w u
v w
z =
0, xz =
+
= 0, yz =
+
=0
x z
z y
z

x =

Plane Stress

.. (2.3)

Its value can be

given by Eq.(3.11)

IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Plane Stress Problems

Equilibrium Equations

A thin plate under

Plane Stress

x xy xz
+
+ Fx = 0
+
x
z
y
General y xy yz
+
+
+ Fy = 0
3-D
y
x
z
z xz yz
+ Fz = 0
+
+
y
z
x
(Plane Stress
Condition)

.. (1.11)

z = xz = yz = 0
& Fz = 0

x xy
+ Fx = 0
+
y
x
.. (3.6)
Plane Stress
y xy
+
+ Fy = 0
y
x
IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

The same Equilibrium

Equations used for
Plane Strain

Plane Stress Problems

Boundary condition -- The conditions of equilibrium
with respect to external forces or stresses acting on
the boundary of a body.
Boundary Conditions

p x = x l + xy m + xz n
A thin plate under
Plane Stress

General
3-D

p y = xy l + y m + yz n
p z = xz l + yz m + z n

(Plane Stress
Condition)

Plane Stress
Surface forces acting on the
boundary of a body

.. (1.22)

z = xz = yz = 0
& pz = 0

p x = x l + xy m .. (3.7)
p y = xy l + y m
The same equations of

IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Boundary Conditions
used for Plane Strain

Plane Stress Problems

Compatibility Conditions
2
2
2 x y xy .. (3.8)
Plane Stress
+
=
xy
y 2
x 2

Differentiation
of Eq.(3.6)

The same equation used

for Plane Strain

Strain-Stress Relations
1
( x y )
E
1
y = ( y x ) .. (3.10)
E

Equilibrium Eqs.

x =

x xy
+
+ Fx = 0
x
y
.. (3.6)
y xy
+
+ Fy = 0
y
x

xy =

xy
G

Equation of Compatibility in terms of Stresses

2
2
2 + 2
y
x

Fx Fy

.. (3.12)
( x + y ) = (1 + )
+
y

x
IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Plane Stress Problems:

Solutions of Stresses
3 Governing Equations

Equilibrium Eqs.

Equation of
Compatibility

x xy
+
+ Fx = 0
x
y
y xy
+ Fy = 0
+
x
y
2
2
2 + 2
y
x

.. (3.6)

Fx Fy

.. (3.12)
( x + y ) = (1 + )
+
y

x
Provide the boundary condition
through Eq. (3.7)

3 Unknown Stresses

, y , xy )

IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Plane Stress Problems:

Solutions of Strains & Displacements
Strain-Stress Relations
Stresses

, y , xy )

1
( x y ),
E
(3.10)
xy
1
y = ( y x ), xy =
,
E
G

( x + y ) = ( x + y ), .. (3.11)
& z =
E
1
xz = yz = 0

x =

Strains
x

, y , xy )

& z

Strain-Displacement Relations
Displacements

(u, v )

u
v
u v
, y = , xy =
+ ,
x
y
y x
w u
v w
w
z =
0, xz =
+
= 0, yz =
+
=0
z
x z
z y

x =

IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Airys Stress Function

3 Governing Equations
(with body forces)

3 Governing Equations
(without body forces)

y xy
Equilibrium x xy
+ Fy = 0
+
+ Fx = 0,
+
Eqs.
x
x
y
y
Fx Fy

x
y

Plane Strain
[Eq.(3.9)]

2
2
2 + 2
y
x
or

1
( x + y ) =
1

Plane Stress
[Eq.(3.12)]

2
2
2 + 2
y
x

F
F

( x + y ) = (1 + ) x + y
y

Compatibility Equation in terms of

4
4
4
=
+2 2 2 + 4 =0
.. (3.14)
x 4
x y
y
4

2
2
where = 2 + 2
x
y
2

y xy
x xy
=0
+
= 0,
+
x
x
y
y
2
2
2 + 2
y
x

( x + y ) = 0

with Fx = Fy = Fz = 0
Introduce a
stress function

Stress function ( x, y ), for which :

2
2
2
x = 2 , y = 2 , xy =
xy
y
x

.. (3.13)
IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Airys Stress Function:

Plane Stress Problems
Plane Stress Conditions:

z = xz = yz = 0,
xz = yz = 0, z = w z 0

x , y , xy = functions(x, y ), & are independent of z.

x , y , z , xy = functions(x, y ), & are independent of z.
3-D Compatibility Equation
2 xy 2 x 2 y
2 x 1 yz
xy
2 yz
yz

y 2
2 y
z

x 2

2 z
+ 2 ,
y

2 xz 2 z 2 x
=
+ 2 ,
zx
x 2
z

xy

+ xz +
y
z
yz 2 x x
2 y 1 yz xz xy

+
z
zx 2 y x
y
2 z 1 yz xz xy

=
+

y
z
xy 2 z x
=

( x + y )
E

( x + y )
=
1

z =

For Plane Stress Problems,

in addition to the Governing
Equation (3.12) or (3.14), the
following conditions should
also be satisfied:

2 z
2 z
2 z
= 0,
= 0,
=0
2
2
xy
y
x

The solution of the stress function , obtained from Eq.(3.12) or (3.14), may
provide the approximation only, since the above additional compatibility
conditions for may not
always
be satisfied
by a given stress function .
IMSC002
by W.M.Quach,
2006

Airys Stress Function:

Polynomial Solutions
For Plane Stress or Plane Strain Problems in absence of body forces,
the governing equations is given as a Biharmonic Equation as follows:
Compatibility Equation in terms of , in absence of body forces

4
2
2
4
4
2
=
+ 2 2 2 + 4 = 0, where = 2 + 2
4
x
x y
y
x
y
4

.. (3.14)

The solution of the above biharmonic equation is thus:

( x, y ) = i
i =0

where i is the polynomial of the " i th" deg ree.

a
b
c
d
a2 2
c
x + b2 xy + 2 y 2 , 3 = 3 x 3 + 3 x 2 y + 3 xy 2 + 3 y 3 ,
2
2
6
2
2
6
d
e
The values of these
x 2 y 2 + 4 xy 3 + 4 y 4 ,
constants (as, bs, cs, etc.)
6
12
are obtained for a given
d
e
f
x 3 y 2 + 5 x 2 y 3 + 5 xy 4 + 5 y 5 ,
boundary condition.
IMSC002
by W.M.Quach,
6
12
202006

with 0 = a 0 , 1 = a1 x + b1 y, 2 =

a 4 4 b4 3
c
x + x y+ 4
12
6
2
a
b
c
5 = 5 x5 + 5 x4 y + 5
20
12
6
LL
4 =

Airys Stress Function:

Polynomial Solutions
The solution of the biharmonic equation is :

( x, y ) = i
i =0

where i is the polynomial of the " i th" deg ree.

The approximation for the solution can be obtained by
a single polynomial i
or the linear combination of several selected polynomials is.
Note:

Eq.(3.13) :
2
2
x = 2 , y = 2
y
x

xy

2
=
xy

a2 2
c
x + b2 xy + 2 y 2 :
2
2
Eq.(3.13) x = c 2 , y = a 2 , xy = b2

For examples:

For ( x, y ) = 2 =

a3 3 b3 2
c
d
x + x y + 3 xy 2 + 3 y 3 :
6
2
2
6
Eq.(3.13) x = c3 x + d 3 y , y = a3 x + b3 y, xy = b3 x c3 y
For ( x, y ) = 3 =

IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Airys Stress Function:

Polynomial Solutions
For examples:

a 4 4 b4 3
c
d
e
x + x y + 4 x 2 y 2 + 4 xy 3 + 4 y 4 :
12
6
2
6
12
2
2
Eq.(3.13) x = c 4 x + d 4 xy (2c 4 + a 4 ) y
With e4 = (2c 4 + a 4 ),
= a x 2 + b xy + c y 2

For ( x, y ) = 4 =

xy
For ( x, y ) = 5 =
Note:

2
2
x = 2 , y = 2
y
x

xy

b
d
= 4 x 2 2c 4 xy 4 y 2
2
2

the governing equation

Eq.(3.14) is satisfied .

a5 5 b5 4
c
d
e
f
x + x y + 5 x 3 y 2 + 5 x 2 y 3 + 5 xy 4 + 5 y 5 :
20
12
6
6
12
20

c5 3
x + d 5 x 2 y (3a5 + 2c5 )xy 2 + f 5 y 3
3
d
y = a5 x 3 (3 f 5 + 2d 5 )x 2 y + c5 xy 2 + 5 y 3
3
1
1
xy = (3 f 5 + 2d 5 )x 3 c5 x 2 y d 5 xy 2 + (3d 5 + 2c5 ) y 3
3
3

Eq.(3.13) x =

Eq.(3.13) :

2
=
xy

IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Airys Stress Function:

Example

IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Airys Stress Function:

Example

IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Airys Stress Function:

Example

IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Airys Stress Function:

Example

IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Airys Stress Function:

Example

IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Airys Stress Function:

Example

IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Airys Stress Function:

Example

IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006

Airys Stress Function:

Example

IMSC002 by W.M.Quach, 2006