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Structural Design Questions and Answers

1. Is an extension or increase in floor area or height of a building or structure


2 Is a method of proportioning structural elements such that computed
. stresses produced in the elements by the allowable stress load
combinations do not exceed specified allowable stress (also called working
stress design)
3. Is any change, addition or modification in construction or occupancy
4 As to materials and type of construction, refers to approval by the building
. official as the result of investigation and tests conducted by the building
official, or by reason of accepted principles or tests by recognized
authorities, technical or scientific organizations
5. Is any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or
occupancy
6 Is a building erected prior to the adoption of this code, or one for which a
. legal building permit has been issued
7 Is the officer or other designated authority charged with the administration
. and enforcement of this code, or the building official's duly authorized
representative
8 Is a method of proportioning structural elements using load and resistance
. factors such that no applicable limit state is reached when the structure is
subjected to all appropriate load combinations, this terms also used in the
design of steel and wood structures
9 Is a method of proportioning structural elements such that the computed
. forces produced in the elements by the factored load combinations do not
exceed the factored element strength this term is used in the design of
concrete and masonry structures
10 Is that which is built or constructed, an edifice or building of any kind or
. any piece of work artificially built up or composed of parts joined
together in some definite manner
11 Is a registered civil engineer with special qualification in the practice of
. structural engineering
12. Is the extent of surface conditions on completion of grading
13.
Is in place solid rock
14 Is a relatively level step excavated into earth material on which fill is to
. be placed
15. Is earth material acquired from an offsite location for use of grading on a
site
16. Is a professional engineer licensed to practice in the field of civil
engineering
17 Is the application of the knowledge of the forces of nature, principles of
. mechanics and the properties of materials to the evaluation, design and
construction of civil works
18. Is the densification of a fill by mechanical means
19. Is the mechanical removal of earth material
20. Is the vertical location of the ground surface
21. Is the final grade of the site that conforms to the approved plan

22. Is the stage at which the grade approximately conforms to the approved
plan
23 Is an inclined ground surface the inclination of which is expressed as a
. ratio of vertical distance to horizontal distance
24 Is a method of proportioning structural elements such that computed
. stresses produced in the elements by the allowable tress load
combinations by the allowable stress load combinations do not exceed
specified allowable stress
25 Consist of the weight of all materials and fixed equipment incorporated in
. the building or other structure
26 Are buildings and other structures that are intended to remain operational
. in the event of extreme environmental loading from wind or earthquakes
27 Is a condition in which a structure or component is judged either to be no
. longer useful for its intended function or to be unsafe
28 Are forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building
. materials, occupants, and their possessions, environmental effects,
differential movements and restrained dimensional changes
29 Any metal or wood stud wall that supports .5 KN or masonry
. or concrete wall that supports more than 1.0 KN per linear
meter superimposed loads or any such wall supporting its own weight for
more than one storey
30.
Is any wall that is not a bearing wall
31. Is a wall designed to resist the later displacement of soil or other
materials
32. Is a structure having all walls at least 80% open
33.Are elements that do not qualify as part of the main wind force resisting
system
34 F is the equivalent static force to be used in the determination of wind
. loads for open buildings and structure
35 p is the equivalent static pressure to be used in the determination of wind
. loads of the building
36 Is a factor accounts for the degree of hazard to human life and damage to
. property
37 Is an assemblage of structural elements assigned to provide support and
. stability for the overall structure
38 Is the level at which the earthquake motions are considered to
. be imparted to the structure or the level at which the structure as a
dynamic vibrator is supported
39. V is the total design lateral force or shear at the base of the structure
40. Is a structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space
frame
41 Is an element at the edges or openings or at perimeter of shear walls or
. diaphragms
42 Is an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type
. that is provided to resist lateral forces
43. Is an essentially complete space frame that provides support on gravity

loads
44 Is a member or element provide to transfer lateral forces from a portion of
. a structure top vertical elements of the lateral forces resisting system
45. Is a braced frame in which the members are subjected primarily to axial
forces
46 Is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces
. to the vertical resisting elements
47 Is the element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load that collects
. and transfers diaphragm parallel to the applied load that collects and
transfers diaphragm shear to the vertical resisting elements or distributes
loads within the diaphragm
48. Is a combination of moment resisting and shear walls or braced frames
49 Are those structures that are necessary for emergency operations
. subsequent to a natural disaster?
50. Is a horizontal truss system that serves the same function as
a diaphragm
51 Is a frame in which members and joints are capable
. of resisting forces primarily by flexure
52. Is a masonry wall frame experientially detailed to provide
ductile behavior
53 Is a moment resisting frame not meeting a special detailing requirements
. for ductile behavior
54 Are the earthquake load affects on structural elements common to the
. lateral force resisting system along two orthogonal axes
55 Is the secondary effect on shears axial forces and moments of frame
. members induced by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced
building system
56. Is a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall.
57 Uses combinations of shear walls and frames designed to resist lateral
. forces in proportion to their relative rigidities considering interaction
between shear walls and frames on all levels
58. Is one in which the lateral stiffness than 70% of the stiffness of the story
above
59.
Is the story of between levels
60. Is the lateral displacement of one level relative to the level above or
below
61. Is the story drift divided by the story height
62. Is the capacity of an element or a member to resist factor load
63 Is an assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads
. and resist lateral loads.
64 Is a portion of a larger wood diaphragm designed to anchor and transfer
. local forces to primary diaphragm struts and the main diaphragm
65 Is the system of elements anchoring the wall to the diaphragm and those
. elements within the diaphragm
66 Is material other than water, aggregate, or hydraulic cement used as an
. ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixing

to modify its properties


67 Is a granular material such as sand, gravel or crushed stones and iron
. blast furnace slag and when used with a cementing medium forms a
hydraulic cement concrete or mortar
68. Is aggregate with a dry, loose weight of 1120 kg/ cu.m. or less
69 Is the unit of weight of a light weight concrete specimen cured for seven
. days with neither loss nor gain of moisture at 15 deg C to 27 deg C and
dried for 21 days in 50 +- 7 percent relative humidity at 23 deg C +- 1.1
deg C.
70 Is a member with ratio of height to least lateral dimension of 3 or greater
. used primarily to support axial compressive load
71 Are concrete flexural members of precast and cast in place concrete
. elements, or both, constructed is separate placements but so
interconnected that all elements responds to load as a unit
72 Is a cross section in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension
. steel at nominal strength is less than or equal to the compressioncontrolled strain unit
73. Is the net tensile strain at balanced strain conditions
74. Is a concrete containing lightweight aggregate and has a air dry unit
weight
75 Is a formed, sawed or tooled groove in a concrete structure to create a
. weakened plane and regulate the location of cracking resulting from the
dimensional change of different parts of the structure
76 Is deformed reinforcing bars, bars and rod mats, deformed wire welded
. smooth wire fabric and welded deformed wire fabric
77 Is the length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design
. strength of reinforcement at a critical section
78 Is the distance measured from extreme compression fiber to centroid of
. tension reinforcement
79. Is the length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical
section
80. Is a separation between adjoining parts of concrete structure
81 Is the temporary force exerted by device that introduces tension into
. prestressing tendons in prestressed concrete
82 Is the ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or
. compressive stresses below proportional limit of material.
83 Is an upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to
. average least lateral dimension not exceeding of 3
84. Is a structural concrete with no reinforcement or with less reinforcement
85.Is reinforcement that does not conform to definition of deformed
reinforcement
86 Is a structural concrete element cast in other than its final position in the
. structure
87 Is structural concrete in which internal stresses have been introduced to
. reduced potential tensile stresses in concrete resulting from loads
88 Is a method of prestressing in which tendons are tensioned before

. concrete is placed
89 Is structural concrete reinforced with no less than the min amounts or
. prestressing tendons or nonprestressed reinforcement
90. Is material excluding prestressing tendons unless specifically included
91 Is a material encasing a prestressing tendon to prevent bonding the
. tendon with the surrounding concrete, to provide corrosion protection and
to contain the corrosion inhibiting concrete
92 Are vertical or inclined support members designed to carry the weight of
. the formwork, concrete and construction loads above
93. Is continuously wound reinforcement in the form of a cylindrical helix
94 Is reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion stresses in a structural
. member. term for flexural members
95. The nominal strength multiplied by a strength reduction factor
96 Is the strength of a member or cross section calculated in accordance
. with provisions & assumptions the strength design method before
application any strength reduction factor
97.
Is the intensity of force per unit area
98 Is all concrete used for structural purposes including plain and reinforced
. concrete
99 Is a steel element such as wire cable, bar, rod or strand or a bundle of
. such elements used to impart prestress force to concrete
100. Is a loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement.
101. Is a member usually vertical used to enclose or separate spaces
102 Is a level at witch earthquake motions are assumed to be imparted to a
.
building. this level does not necessarily coincide with the ground level
103.
Is the intensity of force per unit area
104 Are portions along structural wall and structural diaphragm edges
.
strengthened by longitudinal and transverse reinforcement
105. Is a horizontal element in plane with the connecting two shear walls
106 Is the lateral displacement expected for the design basis earthquake, as
.
required by the governing code for earthquake resistant design
107.
Is a close tie or continuously wound tie
108. Is the geometric volume common to intersecting members
The procedures and limitations for the design of structures shall be
determined by the following factors.
Zoning, site characteristics Occupancy, configuring structural system, and
height
Minimum number of stories recommended to be provided with at least 3
approved recording accelerographs.
14

Maintenance and service of accelerographs shall be provided by the___.


Owner
Who shall be responsible for keeping the actual live load below the
allowable limits and shall be liable for any failure on the structure due to
overloading.
Occupant of the building
The period of continuous application of a given load or the aggregate of
periods of intermittent application of the same load.
Load duration
Minimum area in square meters a member supports which the design live
load may be reduced.
14 sqm.
Minimum height of any wall requiring structural design to resist loads
onto which they are subjected.
1.50 mts.
Maximum deflection of a brittle finished wall subjected to a load of 250
Pascal applied perpendicular to said wall.
1/240 of wall span
Maximum deflection of a flexible finished wall subjected to a load of 250
Pascal applied perpendicular to said wall.
1/120 of wall span
Maximum floor area for a low-cost housing unit.
60 sqm.
The level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted
to the structure or the level at which the structure, as a dynamic vibrator,
is supported.
Base

A member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a


portion of a structure to vertical elements of the lateral force resisting
system.
Collector
A horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces
to the vertical resisting elements, it includes horizontal bracing system.
Diaphragm
The total designed lateral force or shear at the base of a structure.
Base Shear, V
An element at edge of opening or at perimeters of shear walls or
diaphragm.
Boundary Element
An essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type
which is provided to resist lateral forces.
Braced Frame
An essentially complete space frame which provides supports for gravity
loads.
Building Frame System
A combination of a Special or Intermediate Moment Resisting Space
Frame and Shear Walls or Braced Frames.
Dual System
That form of braced frame where at least one end of each brace
intersects a beam at a point away from the column girder joint.
Eccentric Braced Frame (EBF)
The entire assemblage at the intersection of the members.
Joint

The horizontal member in a frame system, a beam.


Girder
An element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load which collects and
transfers diaphragm shear to vertical resisting elements or distributes
loads within the diaphragm.
Diaphragm Strut
The boundary element of a diaphragm or a shear wall which is assumed
to take axial stresses analogous to the flanges of a beam
Diaphragm Chord
Those structures which are necessary for emergency post-earthquake
operations.
Essential facilities
That part of the structural system assigned to resist lateral forces.
Lateral Force Resisting System
Moment resisting space frame not meeting special detailing requirements
for ductile behavior.
Ordinary Moment Resisting Space Frame
The displacement of one level relative to the level above or below.
Story Drift
The usable capacity of a structure or its members to resist loads within
the deformation limits prescribed in this document.
Strength
The lower rigid portion of a structure having a vertical combination of
structural system.
Platform

Horizontal truss system that serves the same function as a diaphragm.


Horizontal Bracing System
An assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads
and resist lateral forces.
Structure
A structural system without complete vertical load carrying space frame.
This system provide support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is
provided by shear walls or braced frames.
Bearing Wall System
A structural system with essentially complete space frame providing
support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear
walls or braced frames.
Building Frame System
A structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing
support for gravity loads. Moment resisting space frames provide
resistance to lateral load primarily by flexural action of members.
Moment Resisting Frame System
Is one in which the story strength is less than 80% of that of the story
above.
Weak Story
An elastic or inelastic dynamic analysis in which a mathematical model of
the structure is subjected to a ground motion time history. The structure's
time-dependant dynamic response to these motion is obtained through
numerical integration of its equations of motions.
Time History Analysis
The effects on the structure due to earthquake motions acting in
directions other than parallel to the direction of resistance under
consideration.
Orthogonal Effect

The secondary effect on shears and moments of frame members induced


by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced building frame.
P-delta Effect
Material other than water, aggregate, or hydraulic cement, used as an
ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixing
to modify its properties.
Admixture
Concrete that does not conform to definition of reinforced concrete.
Plain Concrete
Upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to
average least lateral dimension of less than three.
Pedestal
Ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive
stresses below proportional limit of material.
Modulus of Elasticity
In prestressed concrete, temporary force exerted by device that
introduces tension into prestressing tendons.
Jacking Force
Length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section.
Embedment Length
Stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses have occurred,
excluding effects of dead load and superimposed loads.
Effective Prestress
Length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design
strength of reinforcement at a critical section.
Development Length

Friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified prestressing


tendon profile.
Curvature Friction
Concrete containing lightweight aggregate.
Structural Lightweight Concrete
prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or through
grouting.
Bonded Tendon
ASTM A36
Structural Steel
Bond Stress
The force adhesion per unit area of contact between two bonded surface.
450mm
In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural
reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart than 3 times wall or slab
thickness not farther than _____.
d/2
Spacing of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to axis of nonprestressed member shall not exceed _____.
Flexible Components
Is a component including its attachments having fundamental period
greater than 0.60 sec.
25mm
The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer must not be db
not less than_____.

200
The slenderness ratio, kl/r of compression members shall not exceed______.
25%
In the determination of seismic dead load with a minimum of ___% of floor,
live load shall be applicable for storage and warehouse occupancies.
Vertical Geometric Irregularity
Story dimension greater than 130% of the dimension of adjacent story.
60 times
Spacing for a lateral support for a beam shall not exceed _____ times the
least width b of compression flange or face.
0.40
Deep continuous flexural members have overall depth to clear span ratio
greater than _____.
1.4 Dead Load + 1.7 Live Load
Factored load for strength design method.
Rigid Component
A component including its attachments having fundamental period less
than or equal to 0.06 sec.
Bearing Wall System
It is a structural system without complete vertical local carrying space
frame.
Allowable Stress
The maximum safe stress that a material can withstand.

0.75
Deep simple span flexural members has overall depth to clear span ratio
greater than______.
Moment Resisting Frame
A frame with rigid joints, in which the members and joints are capable of
resisting vertical and horizontal forces primarily by flexure. it is also called
a RIGID FRAME.
Bearing Stress
Contact pressure developed between two bodies.
Portal Method
Method of analyzing indeterminate modular building frames by assuming
hinges at the center of beam spans and column heights.
1.50db
In spirally reinforced or tied reinforcement compression members, clear
distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than _____.
Braced Frame
An essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type that
is provided to resist lateral forces.
10mm
The minimum nominal diameter of steel bolts when wood plates or sill shall
be bolted to foundation wall in zone 4 seismic area in the Philippines.
0.70
USD strength reduction factor for bearing on concrete.
0.90
USD strength reduction factor for axial tension and axial tension without
flexure.

0.85
USD strength reduction factor for post tensioned anchorage zones.
0.70
USD strength reduction factor for axial compression and axial
compression with flexure: spiral reinforced.
0.75
USD strength reduction factor for axial compression and axial
compression with flexure: tie and other reinforcement members.
0.85
USD strength reduction factor for shear and torsion.
0.90
USD strength reduction factor for flexure without axial load.
Minimum Diameter of Main Bars: 12 mm
Minimum Diameter of Temp Bars: 10 mm
Minimum Covers: 20mm for Indoors
50mm if exposed to weather
74mm if in contact with soil
One-way Slab Bars (Cover and Sizes)
-Main Bars
-Temp Bars
-Minimum Covers
Essential Facilities
Structures that are necessary for emergency operations subsequent to a
natural disaster.
3mm
Minimum size of fillet weld.

4700 f'c
Modulus of elasticity of concrete.
Thermal Stress
The stress induced as a result of restrained deformations due to changes in
temperature.
Inflection Point
It is a point in a beam or column where there is no moment developed.
Essential Facilities
Aviation control towers fall to what type of occupancy?
0.01 - 0.08
Steel ratio for spiral columns ranges from _____.
L/240
The allowable deflection for any structural member loaded with dead load
and live load only.
100mm
When grillage footings of structural steel shapes are used on soils, they
shall be completely embedded in concrete. Concrete cover shall be at least
_____ on the bottom.
0.60m
The minimum distance that the toe of fill slope made to the site boundary
line.
10 days
Before commencing the excavation work, the person making the
excavation shall notify, in writing, the owner of the adjoining building not
less than _____ days before such excavation is to be made.

L/2
A simply supported beam, L meters long, carrying a uniformly distributed
load of in N/m, produces a maximum shear force of _____.
Flanged Bolt Coupling
Used to connect shafts.
Torque
It is a twisting force that rotates or tends to rotate a shaft.
Bond
Adherence between materials such as bricks, mortar or plies of felt or
between felts and other elements of roof systems which use bitumen or
other materials as the cementing agent.
0.003
The actual strain by which a concrete fails is 0.004. For safety purposes,
the ACI code allowas designers to use _____.
Bundled Bars:
-Minimum dia: 16mm
-Maximum dia: 36mm
-Minimum hoop/stirrup dia: 12mm
-Minimum cover: 50mm (indoor)
Two to four parallel reinforcing bars put in contact as a unit.
-Minimum diameter
-Maximum diameter
-Minimum hoop/stirrup
-Minimum Cover
a=b+c-2bcCosA
Cosine Law (formula)
Girder
Large beam supporting a smaller beam.

7850kg/m or 490lb/ft
Weight of steel.
WSD - Working Stress Design
USD - Ultimate Strength Design
Methods of concrete design
1/4 to 1/3 of the height of the building
Excavation of floating foundation.
Weight/Mass Irregularity
Story mass greater than 150% of the mass of adjacent story.
Weak Story
Story strength less than 80% of the story strength above.
Diaphragm
A Horizontal or nearly horizontal system including horizontal bracing
system that act to transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements.
Stress
Force per unit area.
Punching Shear
The failure of a base when heavily loaded columns strike a hole through it.
Working Stress
Actual stress due to load applied.
Retaining Wall
Supports soil pressure.

Dikes
Supports hydrostatic pressure along rivers.
Development length (less than 300mm for deformed bars in tension)
An extension of the length in the reinforcement used to develop strength
required by the code.
Curing
Sprinkling of water to improve the hydration process.
Settlement
Gradual downward movement of an engineering structure due to
compression of the soil below the foundation.
Compaction
Densification of soil every 200mm.
200mm
Minimum thickness of road.
375mm
Minimum thickness of runway
aggregates
Inert materials used in concrete which occupy more than 75% of the
volume of the hardened concrete.
Hooke's Law
A law stating that, in a linear system, the restoring force is proportional to
the displacement of the body acting in a direction as to restore equilibrium.

Uplift Pressure
Pressure coming from soil and water., The pressure in an upward direction
against the bottom of a structure or a basement floor or a road slab with
the presence of water.
Critical Path
Series of interconnected activities through the network for which an
activity has a zero float time and it tells the least time needed to complete
the project.
Pedestal
An upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to
average least lateral dimensions of less than three.
10mm-25mm : 6db
28mm - 36mm : 8db
Minimum bend diameters.
25% of scaffolding can be removed at the slab area after 2 days of
pouring and 100% of scaffolding after 28 days
What criterion conforms to good construction practice for the earliest time
to remove scaffolding for concrete if no anticipated load is expected over
poured floor.
Tensile Stress
The stress per square unit area of the original cross section of a material
which resists its elongation.
Storage Warehouse
In national building code, live load reduction is never allowed for _____.
= As/bd
The steel ratio, , is determined from the formula _____.

S = M/f (divided by the allowable bending stress)


To determine the required section modulus S, the maximum moment
should be _____.
Yield
What usually happens to reinforcing steel in a reinforced concrete slab or
beam if such member is about to collapse.
75mm
Maximum spacing of spirals.
Pier
It is an isolated column of masonry or a bearing wall not bonded at the
sides into associated masonry when its horizontal dimension, measured at
the right angle to the thickness, does not exceed four times its thickness.
Crippling
The sharp bending or buckling when a column is loaded heavily is called
_____.
Shear Wall
The wall that resists horizontal forces applied in a plane of the wall.
Two-way
When the ratio of the short to the long direction of a slab is 0.5 then the
slab is _____.
L/20
L/24
L/28
L/10

=
=
=
=

simply supported
one end continuous
both ends continuous
cantilevered

Minimum thickness of One-way slab.


200 GPa or 200x10 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity of Steel.

Planted Column
A column that is not aligned to a lower floor column.
2 years
A complete record of test of materials and of concrete shall be available for
inspection during the progress of work and _____ years after completion of
the project and shall be preserved by the inspecting engineer or architect
for that purpose.
Batter Piles
Piles placed at an inclination to resist forces that are not critical.
Minimum bar: 6-16mm
Minimum spiral: 10mm spiral for 16mm to 32mm
12mm spiral for longitudinal larger than 32mm
Minimum spacing: 25mm
Maximum spacing: 75mm
Spiral Column:
-Minimum bar
-Minimum spiral
-Minimum/Maximum spacing
L/360
The allowable deflection for any structural member loaded with live load
only is _____.
6-16mm bars
Minimum reinforcing steel for spiral columns allowed by the ACI code is
____.

Size of ties: 10mm for 16mm to 32mm bars


:12mm for main bars larger than 32mm
Min. of main bars: 16mm
Min. no. of bars: 4
*If S is larger than 150mm(6") provide additional ties.
Min. cover: 40 (not exposed to weather)
:75 (in contact with soil/exposed to weather)
Tied Column:
-Size of ties
-Minimum of main bar
-Minimum no. of bars
-If more than 4 bars
-Minimum cover
Length
In a column whose slenderness ratio is greater than 160, which has the
greatest influence on its tendency to buckle under a compressive load.
0.70
As per ACI code, the capacity reduction factor of concrete members
according to type of stress bearing is _____.
Min. of bot bars: 12mm
Min. of top bars: 12mm
Min. cover: 20mm (indoor)
50mm (exposed to weather)
75mm (in contact with soil)
Two-way slab:
-Minimum of bottom bars
-Minimum of top bars
-Minimum cover
Shear
A force or load acting across a beam near its support.

L/8
Maximum moment of a simply supported beam whose span length is L, in
meters, carrying a uniformly distributed load of in N/m is _____.
Span
Distance between two supports.
200mm
Concrete filled driven piles of uniform section shall have a nominal outside
diameter of not less than _____.
50%
The slope of cut surfaces shall be no steeper than _____% slope.
40db
Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural
members shall terminate at different points with at least _____ stagger.
4 pieces
Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as one unit
shall be united to ____ pieces in one bundle.
1:3 to 1:7 or 0.30 to 0.70
Water-cement ratio.
4th power
The moment of inertia of any plane figure can be expressed in unit of
length to the _____.
Impact Load
What do you call the loads brought about by elevators and machinery or
equipment's sudden movements.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Wind Load
Seismic Load
Ice Load
Snow Load
Soil Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure

6 environmental loads.
Flexural Rigidity
What resists bending?
Early Setting Cement
Rapid hardening cement is actually called _____.
Jacking Force
Temporary force exerted by a device that introduce tension into a prestressing tendon.
Soft Story or Stiffness Irregularity
It is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the
story above or less than 80% of the average stiffness of the three stories
above.
2400kg/m or 150lb/ft
Weight of concrete.
Flat Slab
Type of concrete floor which has no supporting beams.

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