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22. Is the stage at which the grade approximately conforms to the approved
plan
23 Is an inclined ground surface the inclination of which is expressed as a
. ratio of vertical distance to horizontal distance
24 Is a method of proportioning structural elements such that computed
. stresses produced in the elements by the allowable tress load
combinations by the allowable stress load combinations do not exceed
specified allowable stress
25 Consist of the weight of all materials and fixed equipment incorporated in
. the building or other structure
26 Are buildings and other structures that are intended to remain operational
. in the event of extreme environmental loading from wind or earthquakes
27 Is a condition in which a structure or component is judged either to be no
. longer useful for its intended function or to be unsafe
28 Are forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building
. materials, occupants, and their possessions, environmental effects,
differential movements and restrained dimensional changes
29 Any metal or wood stud wall that supports .5 KN or masonry
. or concrete wall that supports more than 1.0 KN per linear
meter superimposed loads or any such wall supporting its own weight for
more than one storey
30.
Is any wall that is not a bearing wall
31. Is a wall designed to resist the later displacement of soil or other
materials
32. Is a structure having all walls at least 80% open
33.Are elements that do not qualify as part of the main wind force resisting
system
34 F is the equivalent static force to be used in the determination of wind
. loads for open buildings and structure
35 p is the equivalent static pressure to be used in the determination of wind
. loads of the building
36 Is a factor accounts for the degree of hazard to human life and damage to
. property
37 Is an assemblage of structural elements assigned to provide support and
. stability for the overall structure
38 Is the level at which the earthquake motions are considered to
. be imparted to the structure or the level at which the structure as a
dynamic vibrator is supported
39. V is the total design lateral force or shear at the base of the structure
40. Is a structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space
frame
41 Is an element at the edges or openings or at perimeter of shear walls or
. diaphragms
42 Is an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type
. that is provided to resist lateral forces
43. Is an essentially complete space frame that provides support on gravity
loads
44 Is a member or element provide to transfer lateral forces from a portion of
. a structure top vertical elements of the lateral forces resisting system
45. Is a braced frame in which the members are subjected primarily to axial
forces
46 Is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces
. to the vertical resisting elements
47 Is the element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load that collects
. and transfers diaphragm parallel to the applied load that collects and
transfers diaphragm shear to the vertical resisting elements or distributes
loads within the diaphragm
48. Is a combination of moment resisting and shear walls or braced frames
49 Are those structures that are necessary for emergency operations
. subsequent to a natural disaster?
50. Is a horizontal truss system that serves the same function as
a diaphragm
51 Is a frame in which members and joints are capable
. of resisting forces primarily by flexure
52. Is a masonry wall frame experientially detailed to provide
ductile behavior
53 Is a moment resisting frame not meeting a special detailing requirements
. for ductile behavior
54 Are the earthquake load affects on structural elements common to the
. lateral force resisting system along two orthogonal axes
55 Is the secondary effect on shears axial forces and moments of frame
. members induced by the vertical loads acting on the laterally displaced
building system
56. Is a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall.
57 Uses combinations of shear walls and frames designed to resist lateral
. forces in proportion to their relative rigidities considering interaction
between shear walls and frames on all levels
58. Is one in which the lateral stiffness than 70% of the stiffness of the story
above
59.
Is the story of between levels
60. Is the lateral displacement of one level relative to the level above or
below
61. Is the story drift divided by the story height
62. Is the capacity of an element or a member to resist factor load
63 Is an assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads
. and resist lateral loads.
64 Is a portion of a larger wood diaphragm designed to anchor and transfer
. local forces to primary diaphragm struts and the main diaphragm
65 Is the system of elements anchoring the wall to the diaphragm and those
. elements within the diaphragm
66 Is material other than water, aggregate, or hydraulic cement used as an
. ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixing
. concrete is placed
89 Is structural concrete reinforced with no less than the min amounts or
. prestressing tendons or nonprestressed reinforcement
90. Is material excluding prestressing tendons unless specifically included
91 Is a material encasing a prestressing tendon to prevent bonding the
. tendon with the surrounding concrete, to provide corrosion protection and
to contain the corrosion inhibiting concrete
92 Are vertical or inclined support members designed to carry the weight of
. the formwork, concrete and construction loads above
93. Is continuously wound reinforcement in the form of a cylindrical helix
94 Is reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion stresses in a structural
. member. term for flexural members
95. The nominal strength multiplied by a strength reduction factor
96 Is the strength of a member or cross section calculated in accordance
. with provisions & assumptions the strength design method before
application any strength reduction factor
97.
Is the intensity of force per unit area
98 Is all concrete used for structural purposes including plain and reinforced
. concrete
99 Is a steel element such as wire cable, bar, rod or strand or a bundle of
. such elements used to impart prestress force to concrete
100. Is a loop of reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement.
101. Is a member usually vertical used to enclose or separate spaces
102 Is a level at witch earthquake motions are assumed to be imparted to a
.
building. this level does not necessarily coincide with the ground level
103.
Is the intensity of force per unit area
104 Are portions along structural wall and structural diaphragm edges
.
strengthened by longitudinal and transverse reinforcement
105. Is a horizontal element in plane with the connecting two shear walls
106 Is the lateral displacement expected for the design basis earthquake, as
.
required by the governing code for earthquake resistant design
107.
Is a close tie or continuously wound tie
108. Is the geometric volume common to intersecting members
The procedures and limitations for the design of structures shall be
determined by the following factors.
Zoning, site characteristics Occupancy, configuring structural system, and
height
Minimum number of stories recommended to be provided with at least 3
approved recording accelerographs.
14
200
The slenderness ratio, kl/r of compression members shall not exceed______.
25%
In the determination of seismic dead load with a minimum of ___% of floor,
live load shall be applicable for storage and warehouse occupancies.
Vertical Geometric Irregularity
Story dimension greater than 130% of the dimension of adjacent story.
60 times
Spacing for a lateral support for a beam shall not exceed _____ times the
least width b of compression flange or face.
0.40
Deep continuous flexural members have overall depth to clear span ratio
greater than _____.
1.4 Dead Load + 1.7 Live Load
Factored load for strength design method.
Rigid Component
A component including its attachments having fundamental period less
than or equal to 0.06 sec.
Bearing Wall System
It is a structural system without complete vertical local carrying space
frame.
Allowable Stress
The maximum safe stress that a material can withstand.
0.75
Deep simple span flexural members has overall depth to clear span ratio
greater than______.
Moment Resisting Frame
A frame with rigid joints, in which the members and joints are capable of
resisting vertical and horizontal forces primarily by flexure. it is also called
a RIGID FRAME.
Bearing Stress
Contact pressure developed between two bodies.
Portal Method
Method of analyzing indeterminate modular building frames by assuming
hinges at the center of beam spans and column heights.
1.50db
In spirally reinforced or tied reinforcement compression members, clear
distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than _____.
Braced Frame
An essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type that
is provided to resist lateral forces.
10mm
The minimum nominal diameter of steel bolts when wood plates or sill shall
be bolted to foundation wall in zone 4 seismic area in the Philippines.
0.70
USD strength reduction factor for bearing on concrete.
0.90
USD strength reduction factor for axial tension and axial tension without
flexure.
0.85
USD strength reduction factor for post tensioned anchorage zones.
0.70
USD strength reduction factor for axial compression and axial
compression with flexure: spiral reinforced.
0.75
USD strength reduction factor for axial compression and axial
compression with flexure: tie and other reinforcement members.
0.85
USD strength reduction factor for shear and torsion.
0.90
USD strength reduction factor for flexure without axial load.
Minimum Diameter of Main Bars: 12 mm
Minimum Diameter of Temp Bars: 10 mm
Minimum Covers: 20mm for Indoors
50mm if exposed to weather
74mm if in contact with soil
One-way Slab Bars (Cover and Sizes)
-Main Bars
-Temp Bars
-Minimum Covers
Essential Facilities
Structures that are necessary for emergency operations subsequent to a
natural disaster.
3mm
Minimum size of fillet weld.
4700 f'c
Modulus of elasticity of concrete.
Thermal Stress
The stress induced as a result of restrained deformations due to changes in
temperature.
Inflection Point
It is a point in a beam or column where there is no moment developed.
Essential Facilities
Aviation control towers fall to what type of occupancy?
0.01 - 0.08
Steel ratio for spiral columns ranges from _____.
L/240
The allowable deflection for any structural member loaded with dead load
and live load only.
100mm
When grillage footings of structural steel shapes are used on soils, they
shall be completely embedded in concrete. Concrete cover shall be at least
_____ on the bottom.
0.60m
The minimum distance that the toe of fill slope made to the site boundary
line.
10 days
Before commencing the excavation work, the person making the
excavation shall notify, in writing, the owner of the adjoining building not
less than _____ days before such excavation is to be made.
L/2
A simply supported beam, L meters long, carrying a uniformly distributed
load of in N/m, produces a maximum shear force of _____.
Flanged Bolt Coupling
Used to connect shafts.
Torque
It is a twisting force that rotates or tends to rotate a shaft.
Bond
Adherence between materials such as bricks, mortar or plies of felt or
between felts and other elements of roof systems which use bitumen or
other materials as the cementing agent.
0.003
The actual strain by which a concrete fails is 0.004. For safety purposes,
the ACI code allowas designers to use _____.
Bundled Bars:
-Minimum dia: 16mm
-Maximum dia: 36mm
-Minimum hoop/stirrup dia: 12mm
-Minimum cover: 50mm (indoor)
Two to four parallel reinforcing bars put in contact as a unit.
-Minimum diameter
-Maximum diameter
-Minimum hoop/stirrup
-Minimum Cover
a=b+c-2bcCosA
Cosine Law (formula)
Girder
Large beam supporting a smaller beam.
7850kg/m or 490lb/ft
Weight of steel.
WSD - Working Stress Design
USD - Ultimate Strength Design
Methods of concrete design
1/4 to 1/3 of the height of the building
Excavation of floating foundation.
Weight/Mass Irregularity
Story mass greater than 150% of the mass of adjacent story.
Weak Story
Story strength less than 80% of the story strength above.
Diaphragm
A Horizontal or nearly horizontal system including horizontal bracing
system that act to transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements.
Stress
Force per unit area.
Punching Shear
The failure of a base when heavily loaded columns strike a hole through it.
Working Stress
Actual stress due to load applied.
Retaining Wall
Supports soil pressure.
Dikes
Supports hydrostatic pressure along rivers.
Development length (less than 300mm for deformed bars in tension)
An extension of the length in the reinforcement used to develop strength
required by the code.
Curing
Sprinkling of water to improve the hydration process.
Settlement
Gradual downward movement of an engineering structure due to
compression of the soil below the foundation.
Compaction
Densification of soil every 200mm.
200mm
Minimum thickness of road.
375mm
Minimum thickness of runway
aggregates
Inert materials used in concrete which occupy more than 75% of the
volume of the hardened concrete.
Hooke's Law
A law stating that, in a linear system, the restoring force is proportional to
the displacement of the body acting in a direction as to restore equilibrium.
Uplift Pressure
Pressure coming from soil and water., The pressure in an upward direction
against the bottom of a structure or a basement floor or a road slab with
the presence of water.
Critical Path
Series of interconnected activities through the network for which an
activity has a zero float time and it tells the least time needed to complete
the project.
Pedestal
An upright compression member with a ratio of unsupported height to
average least lateral dimensions of less than three.
10mm-25mm : 6db
28mm - 36mm : 8db
Minimum bend diameters.
25% of scaffolding can be removed at the slab area after 2 days of
pouring and 100% of scaffolding after 28 days
What criterion conforms to good construction practice for the earliest time
to remove scaffolding for concrete if no anticipated load is expected over
poured floor.
Tensile Stress
The stress per square unit area of the original cross section of a material
which resists its elongation.
Storage Warehouse
In national building code, live load reduction is never allowed for _____.
= As/bd
The steel ratio, , is determined from the formula _____.
=
=
=
=
simply supported
one end continuous
both ends continuous
cantilevered
Planted Column
A column that is not aligned to a lower floor column.
2 years
A complete record of test of materials and of concrete shall be available for
inspection during the progress of work and _____ years after completion of
the project and shall be preserved by the inspecting engineer or architect
for that purpose.
Batter Piles
Piles placed at an inclination to resist forces that are not critical.
Minimum bar: 6-16mm
Minimum spiral: 10mm spiral for 16mm to 32mm
12mm spiral for longitudinal larger than 32mm
Minimum spacing: 25mm
Maximum spacing: 75mm
Spiral Column:
-Minimum bar
-Minimum spiral
-Minimum/Maximum spacing
L/360
The allowable deflection for any structural member loaded with live load
only is _____.
6-16mm bars
Minimum reinforcing steel for spiral columns allowed by the ACI code is
____.
L/8
Maximum moment of a simply supported beam whose span length is L, in
meters, carrying a uniformly distributed load of in N/m is _____.
Span
Distance between two supports.
200mm
Concrete filled driven piles of uniform section shall have a nominal outside
diameter of not less than _____.
50%
The slope of cut surfaces shall be no steeper than _____% slope.
40db
Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural
members shall terminate at different points with at least _____ stagger.
4 pieces
Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as one unit
shall be united to ____ pieces in one bundle.
1:3 to 1:7 or 0.30 to 0.70
Water-cement ratio.
4th power
The moment of inertia of any plane figure can be expressed in unit of
length to the _____.
Impact Load
What do you call the loads brought about by elevators and machinery or
equipment's sudden movements.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Wind Load
Seismic Load
Ice Load
Snow Load
Soil Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure
6 environmental loads.
Flexural Rigidity
What resists bending?
Early Setting Cement
Rapid hardening cement is actually called _____.
Jacking Force
Temporary force exerted by a device that introduce tension into a prestressing tendon.
Soft Story or Stiffness Irregularity
It is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70% of the stiffness of the
story above or less than 80% of the average stiffness of the three stories
above.
2400kg/m or 150lb/ft
Weight of concrete.
Flat Slab
Type of concrete floor which has no supporting beams.