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WhyEngineeringGraphics?

WhyLearnSketching?

Themosteffectivemeansofcommunicatingtechnical
ideasandproblemsolutions.

Communicateconceptsandideas

Engineeringgraphicsisalanguagewithclearprecise
rulesthatmustbemasteredifyouaretobesuccessful
inEngineeringdesign

Sketchingisusedmorethantraditionalboarddrafting
techniquesinIndustry.

Upto92%ofthedesignprocessisgraphicallybased
(remaining8%dividedbetweenmathematicsand
written/verbalcommunication)

Apropersketchcanreflecttheintegrityand
professionalismoftheengineerwhocreatedit

Appliestovirtuallyallengineeringdisciplines

Teachesskillsofproportionandscaling

Alphabetoflines

Alphabetoflines

Thelinesusedindraftingarereferredtoasthe
Alphabetoflines.

Everylineonyourdrawinghasameaning. In

Linetypesandconventionsformechanical
drawingsarecoveredinANSIStandardY14.2M.
Therearefourdistinctthicknessesoflines:Very
Thick,Thick,MediumandThin.

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Alphabetoflines
Visiblelines/Feature

lines:Visiblelines(object
lines)arecontinuouslines
usedtorepresentthevisible
edgesandcontours
(features)ofanobject.
Sincevisiblelinesarethe
mostimportantlines,they
muststandoutfromall
othersecondarylinesonthe
drawing.

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otherwords,linesaresymbolsthatmeana
specificthing.
Thelinetypedeterminesifthelineispartof
theobjectorconveysinformationaboutthe
object.
Letsreviewthemostcommonlinetypesand
widthsusedinOrthographicprojection.

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Alphabetoflines
Hiddenlines:Hidden

linesareshortnarrow
dashedlines.They
representthehidden
featuresofanobject.
Hiddenlinesshould
alwaysbeginandend
withadash,exceptwhen
adashwouldforma
continuationofavisible
line.

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Alphabetoflines
Dimensionlines:
Dimensionlinesareusedto
showtheextentandthe
directionofdimensions.If
possible,dimensionlinesare
alignedandgroupedfor
uniformappearance.All
dimensionlinesterminatewith
anarrowheadonmechanical
engineeringdrawings;aslash,
oradotinarchitecture.The
preferredendingisthe
arrowhead.

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Alphabetoflines
Leaderlines: Aleaderlineisa
continuousstraightlinethatextendsat
ananglefromanote,adimension,or
otherreferencetoafeature.An
arrowheadtouchesthefeatureatthat
endoftheleader.Atthenoteend,a
horizontalbar(6mm)longterminates
theleaderapproximately(3mm)away
frommidheightofthenote'slettering,
eitheratthebeginningorendofthe
firstline.

Alphabetoflines
Extensionlines: Extensionlines

areusedtoindicatetheterminationof
adimension.Anextensionlinemust
nottouchthefeaturefromwhichit
extends,butshouldstartapproximately
(2 3mm)fromthefeaturebeing
dimensionedandextendedthesame
amountbeyondthearrowsideofthe
lastdimensionline.Whenextension
linescrossotherextensionlines,
dimensionlines,leaderlines,orobject
lines,theyareusuallynotbroken.
Whenextensionlinescrossdimension
linesclosetoanarrowhead,breaking
theextensionlineisrecommendedfor
clarity.

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Alphabetoflines
Leadersshouldnotbebenttounderlinethenote or

dimension.Unlessunavoidable,leadersshouldnot
bebentinanywayexcepttoformthehorizontal
terminatingbaratthenoteendoftheleader.
Leadersusuallydonotcross.Leadersorextension
linesmaycrossanoutlineofapartorextensionlines
ifnecessary,buttheyusuallyremaincontinuousand
unbrokenatthepointofintersection.Whenaleader
isdirectedtoacircleoracirculararc,itsdirection
shouldberadial.

Note:InSolidWorks,controltheleaderdisplayfromthedimensionoptions.

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Alphabetoflines
Breaklines: Breaklinesareappliedtorepresentanimaginarycutinan
object,sotheinterioroftheobjectcanbeviewedorfittedtothesheet.Line
weightisthick(0.5 0.6mm).

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Alphabetoflines
Centerlines: Centerlines
arethin,longandshortdashes,
alternatelyandevenlyspaced,
withlongdashesplacedateach
endoftheline.Centerlinesare
usedtorepresenttheaxesof
symmetricalpartsoffeatures,
boltcircles,pathsofmotion,and
pitchcircles.Everycircle,and
somearcs,shouldhavetwo
centerlinesthatintersectattheir
centeroftheshortdashes.

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Alphabetoflines
Phantomlines:Phantomlinesconsistofmediumthin,longand
shortdashes.Theyareusedtorepresentalternatepositionsofmoving
parts,adjacentpositionsofrelatedparts,andrepeateddetails.Theyare
alsousedtoshowthecast,ortheroughshape,ofapartbefore
machining.Thelinestartsandendswiththelongdashof(15mm)with
about(1.5mm)spacebetweenthelongandshortdashes.Lineweightis
usually(0.45mm).

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Alphabetoflines
Sectionlines: The

sectionpatternis
determinedbythe
materialbeing"cut"or
sectioned.Sectionlines
arecommonlyreferredto
as"crosshatching."

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PrecedenceofLineTypes
Wheneverlinescoincideinaview,certainonestakeprecedence.Sincethe
visiblefeaturesofapart(objectlines)arerepresentedbythicksolidlines,
theytakeprecedenceoverallotherlines.
Ifacenterlineandcuttingplanecoincides,themoreimportantoneshould
takeprecedence.Normallythecuttingplaneline,drawnwithathicker
weight,willtakeprecedence.Thefollowinglistgivesthepreferred
precedenceoflinesonyourdrawing:

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Alphabetoflines
Sectionlines: Sectionlinesare

thin,uniformlyspacedlinesthat
indicatetheexposedcut
surfacesofanobjectina
sectionalview.Spacingshould
beapproximately(3mm)andat
anangleof45.Thesection
patternisdeterminedbythe
materialbeing"cut"or
sectioned.Sectionlinesare
commonlyreferredtoas"cross
hatching."

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Alphabetoflines
CuttingPlanelines:
CuttingPlanelinesshow
whereanimaginarycuthas
beenmadethroughan
objectinordertoviewand
understandtheinterior
features.Linetypeis
phantom.Arrowsare
locatedattheendsofthe
cuttingplanelineandthe
directionindicatestheline
ofsightintotheobject.

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PrecedenceofLineTypes
1.Visible/Feature(object)Lines
2.Hidden(dashed)Lines
3.CuttingplaneLines
4.Centerlines

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PrecedenceofLineTypes
5.BreakLine
6.Dimension
7.ExtensionLines/LeaderLines
8.SectionLines/CrosshatchLines

WhatisOrthographicProjection?
Twodimensionalrepresentationofathree
dimensionalobject.
Systemofdrawingsthatrepresentdifferentsidesofan
object.
Drawingsareformedbyprojectingtheedgesofthe
objectperpendiculartothedesiredplanesof
projection.

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Classic Orthographic Projection

An Orthographic projection represents different
sides of an object.

Classic Orthographic Projection

The SIX principle

views are created

by looking at the
object, straight on,
and in the
indicated
directions.

Each view is created by looking directly at the object

in the indicated direction.

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Classic Orthographic Projection

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Classic Orthographic Projection

The Glass box is a

very traditional
drafting method of
placing an object in
an imaginary glass
box to view the six
principle views.

From each point on the object, imagine a ray, or projector

perpendicular to the wall of the box forming the view of the
object on that wall or projection plane.
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Then unfold the sides of the imaginary glass box to create

the orthographic projection of the object. Note: Third Angle Projection
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Classic Orthographic Projection

Note: Third Angle Projection United States

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Classic Orthographic Projection

Classic Orthographic Projection

Note: First Angle Projection Europe and Asia

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FirstandThirdAngleProjections

ThirdangleProjection

FirstangleProjection

Transferring dimensions:
Why must views be arranged so that they align? To make it possible for
someone to interpret the drawing.

FirstAngle
ThirdAngle

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Planes

3D Visualization Incline and Normal Faces

Normal

Inclined

Oblique
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WhatisSpatialVisualization?
Theabilitytomentallymanipulate2Dor3Dfigures.

WhylearnSpatialVisualization?
SpatialskillsareanimportantroleinEngineering
profession.

Theabilitytomentallytranslateanobjectdrawnin2D
formto3D

Studieshaveproventhatimprovingspatial
visualizationskillshaveapositiveimpacton
OverallGPAandRetentionrates
Highergradesincalculuscourses
Increasedabilityandconfidenceinlearningsolids
modeling software
Skillscanbeimprovedwithpractice

Whatcontributestospatial
visualizationdevelopment?

Howarespatialvisualizationskills
evaluated?

Severalstudieshavebeenconductedtodeterminespatial

visualizationskills,consistentactivitiesinprecollegeage
studentsare:
Playingwithconstructiontoysasayoungchild
Participatinginclassessuchasshop,draftingormechanics

MentalCuttingTests
PurdueSpatialVisualizationRotationTests
3DimsionalCubeTest

Playing3dimensionalvideogames

MentalRotationTest

Participatinginsometypeofsports

DifferentialAptitudeTest

HavingwelldevelopedMathmetical skills

Childhooddevelopmentisthemaincontributortospatialskills
Skillscanbeimprovedevenbeyondchildhoodw/practice
Sketching,especiallyintheformofisometricdrawingandhand

heldphysicalmodelsisbestatdevelopingspatialskills

PictorialViews
Pictorialsketchrepresentsa3Dobjectonasheetof2D
paperbyorientingtheobjectsoyoucanseeitswidth,
heightanddepthinasingleview
ThreecommonmethodsareusedinEngineering:
Isometric,ObliqueandPerspective

ISOMETRICS
Isometricmeansequalin

measureandreferstothe
factthatthethreereceding
axesaretiltedat30.
Isometricdrawingsare
constructedwithparallel,
nonconverginglineswhich
aredrawninexactproportion
torenderathreedimensional
representationofanobject.n
ofmultipleviewsofanobject.
Inordertofullyand
accuratelyrepresentthe
object,morethanoneviewis
typicallyrequired.

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Comparison of
Cavalier and Cabinet Obliques

OBLIQUE VIEWS
Obliquedrawingsprovidea

quickwaytosketchanobject
andrepresentthethree
dimensionsofheight,width
anddepth.
Obliquedrawingshaveonlyone
recedingaxis.Thisaxiscanbe
drawnatanyangle,butis
typicallydrawnata30 or45
angle.

CAVALIER OBLIQUE

PerspectiveSketch
Representsthemostrealisticlookingview.
Showsanobjectasitwouldappearinaphotograph
Portionsfartherawayfromvieweraresmallerandlines
recedeintothedistance.

CAVALIER OBLIQUE

CABINET OBLIQUE

MultiViewDrawings
StandardDrawingis3view,Front,TopandRightside
Combinationofviewsmustgivealldetailsofpartina
clear,correctandconciseway
Somepartsrequiremoreorlessdetailstoaccurately
communicatethedesign,thisincludes:

OneorTwoViewDrawing
Usedwhenoneviewisenoughtoaccuratelydepictthe
part.
Oftenusedforcylindricalorsheetmetalparts

SectionView
Sectionviewsareusedtoclarifytheinteriorofapart
thatcantclearlybeseenbyhiddenlinesinaview
Sectionlinescanoftenidentifythetypeofmaterial
beingused

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DetailView

BreakorBrokenView

Depictsaportionofthepartatalargerscale

Providesabilitytodepictalargeuniformitemata
largerscalebyremovingportionsusingbreaklines.

BrokenOutView

AuxiliaryView

Materialisremovedtoaspecifieddepthtoexpose
innerdetails

Providestheabilitytodepictanobliqueorinclined
planewithtruedimensions

ConstructiveSolidGeometry
Typeofconstructionthatcombines3Dsolidprimitivesto

stitchtogetheranunambiguousmathematical
representationofapreciselyenclosedsolid
SolidPrimitivesinclude:
Blocks
Cylinders,
Cones,
Spheres,
SolidPrimitivesarestitchedtogetherusingBoolean

Operations
AlsoknownasthemachinistsApproachbecausethe

methodisparalleltoamachineshop

ExampleofStandardBooleanOperations

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Dimensions
Dimensionsareusedtodescribetheshape ofthe
partorassemblyshowninadrawingview.
DimensionsinaSolidWorks drawingare
associatedwiththemodel,andchangesinthe
modelarereflectedinthedrawing.

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Dimension Types
Therearetwomaintypesofdimensions:
Modeldimensions:dimensionscreatedasyou
createeachpartfeature.Youtheninsertthose
dimensionsintothevariousdrawingviews.
Referencedimensions:canbeaddedinadrawing
document(drivendimensions).Youcanteditthe
valueofreferencedimensionstochangethemodel.

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PartDimensioning Systems

PartDimensioning Systems

Therearebasicallythreetypesof

Therearebasicallythreetypesof

dimensioningsystemsusedincreating
partsanddrawings:

dimensioningsystemsusein
creatingpartsanddrawings:

U.S. ANSIstandardforU.S.dimensioning

Metric ASMEstandardsfortheuseof

usethedecimalinchvalue.Whenthe
decimalinchsystemisused,azeroisnot
usedtotheleftofthedecimalpointfor
valueslessthanoneinch,andtrailing
zeros areused.
TheU.S.unitsystemisalsoknownasthe
Inch,Pound,Second(IPS)unitsystem.

metricdimensioningrequiredallthe
dimensionstobeexpressedinmillimeters
(mm).The(mm)isnotneededoneach
dimension,butitisusedwhena
dimensionisusedinanotation.No
trailingzerosshould beused.
TheMetricorInternationalSystemof
Units(S.I.)unitsystemindraftingisalso
knownastheMillimeter,GramSecond
(MMGS)unitsystem.

Leadingzeros,trailingzeros,andnumberofzerostotherightofthe
decimalpointareimportantindimensionandtolerancedisplay.
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PartDimensioning Systems

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PartDimensioning Goal

Therearebasicallythreetypesof

dimensioningsystemsusein
creatingpartsanddrawings:
DualDimensioning Working

drawingsareusuallydrawnwithall
U.S.orallmetricdimensions.
Sometimestheobjectmanufactured
requiresusingboththeU.S.and
metricmeasuringsystem.Inthis
illustration,thesecondaryunits(mm)
aredisplayedinparenthesis.The
Primaryunitsareinches.

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Therearedifferentrulesforthedisplayofdecimaldimensionsand
tolerancesbasedonmillimeterandinchunits.
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PartDimensioning Goal
Whatisourgoalwhendimensioningapart?
Dimensionsshouldbegiveninaclearandconcisemanner
andshouldincludeeverythingneededtomanufactureand
inspect thepartexactlyasintendedbythedesigner.
AddReferencedimensions ifneeded
AddNotes(LocalandGlobal) ifneeded
DoNOToverdimension theview!
Eachfeatureisdimensionedonce,andonlyonce
Dimensionsshouldbeplacedinthemostdescriptive

PartDimensioning General
Dimensionsofsize
Howbigisit?
Height,Width,Depth,
diameter,etc.
Dimensionsforlocation
Whereisitinspace?

(X,Y,Z)

viewofthefeaturebeingdimensioned.
Dimensionsshouldbelocatedoutsidetheboundariesof
anobjectwheneverpossible
Donotcrossdimensionlinesorleaders
Shouldbealignedandgroupedwheneverpossible

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PartDimensioning Cylinder

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PartDimensioning CylinderwithaHole
HiddenLinesVisible

CylindricalpartintheHorizontalPosition Rectangularview

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Cylindricalpart Rectangularview.Holesaredimensionedbygiving
theirdiameterandlocationinthecircularview.RememberGaps!!!!

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ANSIY14.5Standards

Tolerance

ThetwomostcommonToleranceStandardagencies
are:

Allfeaturesmustbedimensioned
Alldimensionsmusthaveatolerance
Drawingsshallnotbeoverdimensioned
Dimensionsshallbearranged foroptimumreadability

AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI)/
(ASME)
InternationalStandardsOrganization(ISO). Wewill
onlycovertheANSI(US)standards.

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Tolerance

DimensionalTolerance

Therearetwotypesoftolerances:
DimensionalTolerances

Thedimensionsgivenonadrawingareanindication
ofwhatthelimitsofaccuracyare.

GeometricandDimensionalTolerances

Theselimits arecalledtolerances
Tolerancescanbespecifiedinvariousunitsystems,
butforANSI,itisspecifiedinEnglish(IPS).

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DimensionalTolerance

DimensionalTolerance

Whydowewantapartssizetobecontrolledbytwo
limits?

Choosingthetoleranceforyourdesign
Specifyatolerancewithwhateverdegreeofaccuracy
thatisrequiredforthedesigntoworkproperly.
Chooseatolerancethatisnotunnecessarily accurate
orexcessivelyinaccurate.
RememberCOST!

Itisimpossibletomanufacturepartswithoutsome
variation.
Thelimits(UpperandLower)areaformofquality
control.

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DimensionalTolerance Types

DimensionalTolerance Types

Thethreemostcommon
ToleranceTypesare:
Limit
Bilateral/Unilateral
PlusandMinus(Title
Block)

Limitsarethe

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maximum and
minimum sizethat
apartcanobtain
andstillpass
inspection.
Forexample,the
diameterofashaft
mightbespecified
asfollows.
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DimensionalTolerance Types

DimensionalTolerance Types
Adimensionissaidtohave

Thehighlimit is
placedabovethelow
limit.Whenboth
limitsareplacedon
oneline,thelowlimit
precedesthehigh
limit.

aUnilateral (single)
tolerancewhenthetotal
toleranceisinonedirection
only,either(+)or().
Meetsstandardsof
accuracywhenthebasic
dimensionvariesinone
directlyonlyandisbetween
3"and3.025"

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Tolerance Accumulation
Themaximumvariationbetweentwo

featuresisequaltothesumofthetolerances
placedonthecontrollingdimensions.

TypesofFits
Therearefourmajortypesoffits.Fitisthegeneral
rangeoftightness resultingfromtheapplicationofa
specificcombinationofallowanceandtolerancesin
thedesignofmatingparts.
ClearanceFit
InterferenceFit
TransitionFit
LineFit

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TypesofFits

TypesofFits
ClearanceFit
Alwaysaspaceforthefit.
Min.Clearance>0
InterferenceFit
Neveraspace.
Max.Clearance 0

TransitionFit
LockandKey
DoorandDoorframe

Dependingonthesizes(shaftand

hole)theremaybeaspaceornot.
Max.Clearance> 0
Min.Clearance<0

Hingepin
Pininabicyclechain

LineFit
Aspaceoracontact(holediameter

=shaftdiameter)
Max.Clearance> 0
Min.Clearance=0

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WhatisGD&T
Itisasystemofsymbols,rules anddefinitions usedto
definetheshape (Roundness,Flatness,
Cylindricity,etc.)anddesignIntent (parallel,
perpedicular,concentric,et.)ofthemodel.

ObjectivesofGD&T
Definepartsbasedonfunction
Includegeometric aswellassizetolerances
Facilitateinspection andqualitycontrol
Reduceneedfornotes
Capturedesignintent

Dimensioning

.38" (10MM) MIN FROM VISIBLE

LINE TO DIMENSION LINE

LEADER
1.00 THRU

TheoverridingprincipleofdimensioningisCLARITY.
Eachfeatureisdimensionedonce,andonlyonce
Dimensionsshouldbeselectedtosuitthefunctionof
thepart
Dimensionsshouldbeplacedinthemostdescriptive
viewofthefeaturebeingdimensioned.
Dimensionsshouldbelocatedoutsidetheboundaries
ofanobjectwheneverpossible
Donotcrossdimensionlinesorleaders
Shouldbealignedandgroupedwheneverpossible

.25" (6MM) MIN BETWEEN

DIMENSION LINES

2.00
SPACE

1.00
2X R.25
4.00
EXTENSION LINE

2.00

SPACE
DIMENSION LINE

.03 (1MM)
2.00
1.00

.12 (3MM)

2 21 - 3W (NORMALLY
EQUAL TO HEIGHT
OF NUMBERS)

11

5.5

OR
OR

13.50
2

2.5

ARROW MUST TOUCH

EXTENSION LINE

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1.00

.50

SolidWorks

1.50

TWO VIEW DRAW ING

1.13

.5

1.50
.84

SolidWorks isa3Dmechanicaldesignapplication
utilizedtocreate:
Parts
Assemblies
Drawings
Documentsarerelated.
Makeachangetothepartandtheassemblyand
drawingsalsochange.

DIMENSIONING DIAMETERS
ON END VIEW

2.00

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SolidWorksDocuments

Features
Partsaremadeupoffeatures.

Part

Featuresaddorremovematerial.
Therearetwotypesoffeatures:
Sketched requiresasketchedprofile
Applied requiresanexistingedgeorface

ExtrudedBoss/Baseisasketchedfeaturethatadds

BATTERYPLATE

materialandrequiresa2Dsketch.

CAPLENS
FLASHLIGHT

Drawing

Assembly
LENSBULB

Filletfeatureadds/removesmaterialalonga

selectededgeorface.
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SketchedandAppliedFeatures
SketchFeature

AppliedFeature

DimensionsandParameters
Dimensions
determinetheoverall
sizeofapart,suchas
lengthorradius.
Changeadimension
valuetomodifythe
part.

2DSketch

ExtrudedFeature
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FilletFeature
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DimensionsandParameters

DefaultReferencePlanes

Featuresare

FrontPlane

drivenby
parametersthat
determine
different
characteristics
ofafeature,
suchasthe
numberofholes
inapattern,or
thedepthofthe
hole.
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TopPlane
RightPlane
WhatPlanewouldyou
sketchthisL
shapedprofileon?

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GeometricRelationsFundamentals
GeometricRelations
Geometricrestrictionsthatcanbeappliedtogeometric
entities
Horizontal,parallel,perpendicularandtangent
DimensionalConstraints
Describethesizeandlocationofindividualgeometricshapes
AddedusingtheSmartDimensioncommand
ParametricRelations
Linksareusedwhenmultipledimensionshavethesamevalue
Equationsareuserdefinedmathematicalrelationsbetween
modeldimensions.

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