Testbank Chapter 18.

The Endocrine System

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following is NOT a function of a hormone?

a. Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment
b. Regulates metabolism
c. Regulates glandular secretions
d. Produces electrolytes
e. Controls growth and development
Ans: D
Difficulty: easy
Feedback: 18.2

2. When a hormone is present in excessive levels, the number of target-cell receptors

may decrease. This is called:
a. Receptor recognition
b. Circulating hormone
c. Paracrine
d. Up regulation
e. Down regulation
Ans: E
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.3

3. These hormones act on neighboring cells without entering the bloodstream.

a. Local hormones
b. Paracrines
c. Autocrines
d. Both b and c
e. All of the above
Ans: E
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.3

4. These are lipid soluble hormones derived from cholesterol.

a. Steroids
b. Thyroid hormones
c. Nitric Oxide
d. Amine hormones
e. Peptide hormones
Ans: A
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.3

5. Which of the following is a major eicosanoid?

a. A. Prostaglandins
b. B. Leukotrienes
c. C. Glycoproteins
d. Both a and b
e. All of the above
Ans: D
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.3

6. What is a major difference in the action of a water soluble hormone versus a lipid
soluble hormone?
a. How they diffuse through blood
b. How the mRNA is transcribed
c. The use of a second messenger
d. Only one type needs a hormone receptor
e. Lipid hormones are not found in the bloodstream
Ans: C
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.4

7. When one hormone opposing the action of another hormone is it called:

a. Synergistic effects
b. Permissive effects
c. Antagonistic effects

d. Circulating
e. Local
Ans: C
Difficulty: easy
Feedback: 18.4

8. Which of the following is not a way hormone secretion is regulated.

a. A. Signals from the nervous system
b. B. Chemical changes in the blood
c. C. Signals from the peripheral nervous system
d. D. The action of other hormones
e. Both a and b
Ans: C
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.5

9. What controls the anterior pituitary gland?

a. Chemical signals from the blood
b. The peripheral nervous system
c. Action of hypothalamic hormones
d. Action potentials from the thalamus
e. Chemical changes in CSF
Ans: C
Difficulty: easy
Feedback: 18.6

10. Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates growth.

a. Human growth hormone
b. Prolactin
c. Thyrotropin
d. Follicle stimulating hormone
e. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Ans: A
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.6

11. Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates milk production.
a. Leutinizing hormone
b. Prolactin
c. Thyrotropin
d. Melanocyte stimulating hormone
e. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Ans: B
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.6

12. Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates Cortisol

production.
a. Leutinizing hormone
b. Prolactin
c. Insulin like growth factors
d. Melanocyte stimulating hormone
e. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Ans: E
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.6

13. Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates sex cell production.
a. Leutinizing hormone
b. TSH
c. Corticotropin
d. Melanocyte stimulating hormone
e. Growth hormone
Ans: A
Difficulty: medium
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14. The pars distalis and the pars tuberalis comprise:

a. The anterior pituitary
b. The hypothalamus
c. The posterior pituitary

d. The adrenal gland

e. The thyroid gland
Ans: A
Difficulty: medium
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15. How many hormones do the five types of anterior pituitary cells secrete?
a. 5
b. 7
c. 10
d. 12
e. unlimited
Ans: B
Difficulty: medium
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16. Which type of anterior pituitary cell secretes human growth hormone?
a. Thyrotrophs
b. Gonadotrophs
c. Somatotrophs
d. Lactotrophs
e. Corticotrophs
Ans: C
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.6

17. Which hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?

a. Prolactin and Human Growth hormone
b. Melatonin stimulating hormone and Oxytocin
c. Oxytocin and Antidiruetic hormone
d. Follicle stimulating hormone and Thyroid stimulating hormone
e. Prolactin and ACTH
Ans: C
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.6

18. The amount of ADH that is secreted varies with

a. Blood osmotic pressure
b. Blood calcium levels
c. Oxygen content of blood
d. Blood levels of glucose
e. All of the above
Ans: A
Difficulty: hard
Feedback: 18.6

19. Which of the following hormones opposes the action of parathyroid hormone?
a. Thyroid stimulating hormone
b. Testesterone
c. Insulin
d. Calcitonin
e. Calcitriol
Ans: D
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.7

20. Which of the following is not a means of synthesizing and secreting T3 and T4.
a. Iodide trapping
b. Oxidation of iodide
c. Coupling of T1 and T2
d. Hydrolysis of calcium
e. Iodination of tyrosine
Ans: D
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.7

21. Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of which ions in the blood?
a. Calcium
b. Sodium
c. Potassium
d. Chloride

e. Manganese
Ans: A
Difficulty: easy
Feedback: 18.8

22. Complete loss of the Aldosterone will lead to death due to:
a. Decreased heart rate
b. Decreased airway dilation
c. Dehydration
d. No oxygen to the brain
e. Kidney failure
Ans: C
Difficulty: hard
Feedback: 18.9

23. Which of the following is not a glucocorticoid effect?

a. Protein and fat breakdown
b. Glucose formation
c. Immune suppression
d. Reduction of inflammation
e. Increase in blood cell production
Ans: E
Difficulty: easy
Feedback: 18.9

24. Which blood glucose lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cells?
a. Insulin
b. Plasma proteins
c. Blood cotting factors
d. Thyroid hormones
e. Calcitonin
Ans: A
Difficulty: easy
Feedback: 18.10

25. Which hormone is promotes metabolic rate?

a. Insulin
b. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
c. Glucagon
d. Thyroid hormone
e. Calcitonin
Ans: D
Difficulty: easy
Feedback: 18.7

26. Which hormone is stimulated by decreases in blood glucose?

a. Insulin
b. Leutinizing hormone
c. Glucagon
d. Parathyroid hormone
e. Calcitonin
Ans: C
Difficulty: easy
Feedback: 18.10

27. Which of the below hormones is part of the bodys long term response to stress?
a. Insulin, Glucagon, Thyroid hormone
b. hGH, Insulin, Aldosterone
c. Cortisol, hGH, Thyroid hormone
d. Parathyroid hormone, Cortisol, hGH
e. Calcitonin, Thyroid hormone, Insulin
Ans: C
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.15

28. The responses of the body to long term stress does NOT include which one of the
following responses.
a. Lipolysis
b. Glycogenesis
c. Gluconeogenesis
d. Increased heart rate

e. Breakdown of proteins
Ans: D
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.15

29. This is an amine hormone derived from seratonin.

a. Melatonin
b. Melanin
c. Glucose
d. Glucocorticoid
e. Eicosanoid
Ans: A
Difficulty: easy
Feedback: 18.12

30.

This gland secretes hGH, TSH and FSH among other hormones.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. I
e. D
Ans: B
Difficulty: medium
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31.

The hormones from this gland help regulate metabolism.

a. C
b. D
c. A
d. G
e. I
Ans: A
Difficulty: medium
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32.

This glands hormones help regulate blood calcium levels.

a. B
b. A
c. H
d. D
e. I
Ans: E
Difficulty: medium
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33.

This gland produces stress reducing steroid hormones.

a. D
b. G
c. H
d. I
e. F
Ans: C
Difficulty: medium
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34.

Which step represents the synthesis of TGB?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 6
e. 7
Ans: B
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.7

35.

Which step represents coupling of T1 and T2?

a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6
e. 7
Ans: C
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.7

36.

Which level secretes mainly aldosterone?

a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
Ans: A
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.9

37.

Which layer secretes androgens?

a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
Ans: C
Difficulty: medium
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38.

Which cell secretes glucagon?

a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
Ans: B
Difficulty: medium
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39.

Which cell secretes the blood glucose-reducing hormone?

a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
Ans: C
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.10

40.

Which cell secretes somatostatin?

a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
Ans: D
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.10

Essay

41. Compare and contrast the mechanisms of action of lipid-soluble vs. water-soluble
hormones.

Ans: Upon reaching their targets, lipid-soluble hormones diffuse through the
phospholipid bilayer of the target cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cytosol or
nucleus. The activated receptor turns a gene on or off, thus regulating synthesis of a
protein. Water-soluble hormones bind to membrane receptors, activating a G protein,
which activates adenylate cyclase, which converts ATP to the second messenger cAMP,
which activates a protein kinase to regulate enzyme action.
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.4

42. Describe the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of the pituitary gland.
Ans: The hypothalamus is the integrating center for much sensory input. It
secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones which diffuse into the hypophyseal portal
system to regulate secretion of all hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. It also
contains receptors that monitor blood osmotic pressure and neural input from
reproductive structures. Integration of this input leads to production of ADH and OT by
neurosecretory cells. These hormones are then transported through the
hypothalamohypophyseal tract to be secreted by exocytosis from the posterior pituitary in
response to nerve impulses.
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.6

43. Enuresis, or bedwetting, may be caused by psychological, anatomical or

physiological factors. In the latter case, vasopressin is often prescribed and is a very
effective treatment. What is vasopressin? How can it prevent enuresis?
Ans: Vasopressin is also called antidiuretic hormone or ADH. In addition to its
vasoconstrictive effects, ADH causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water. Someone who
does not make enough ADH may not be able to contain all of the urine produced while
they are sleeping. If they are not awakened by the pressure in their urinary bladder, they
may wet the bed instead of getting up and going to the toilet. Since vasopressin helps the
body reabsorb more water, a persons bladder should not get so full that they end up
wetting the bed while sleeping.
Difficulty: medium
Feedback: 18.6

44. Describe and explain the similarities between starvation and diabetes mellitus.

Ans: A starving person is lacking energy-providing nutrient sources, and so, must
use structural components of the body as energy sources. The diabetic consumes
adequate nutrients, but due to the lack of insulin, is unable to move glucose into cells, and
so, cannot use the nutrients. In both cases, energy generation is dependent on non-glucose
sources, such as fatty acids and amino acids. Mobilization and metabolism of fats and
proteins for energy production purposes leads to ketoacidosis, weight loss, and hunger.
Difficulty: hard
Feedback: 18.10