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WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 /LN/01

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

CHAPTER 1 ADVANCED DIFFERENTIATION

Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
i. differentiate the implicit function containing products and quotients.
ii. find and evaluate a partial derivative (1st order)
iii. determine the higher-order partial derivative (2nd order & mixed 2nd order)
iv. verify that a function satisfies the given equation
v. determine the total differential of the given function.
vi. use l' Hopital' s rule to compute the indeterminate forms

0
,
etc.
0

vii. apply the gradient function for optimization in the life sciences
viii. find the rate of change of volume/area etc
ix. determine the approximate error of a quantity caused by small changes in the
variables associated with the quantity.

1.1 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION


Procedure for Implicit Differentiation

Suppose an equation defines y implicitly as a differentiable function of x . To find

dy
:
dx
Step 1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x . Remember that y is
really a function of x for part of the curve and use the chain rule when
differentiating terms containing y .

Step 2. Solve the differentiated equation algebraically for

dy
.
dx

Example 1
If y = f (x) is a differentiable function of x such that

x 2 y + 2 y 3 = 3x + 2 y
find

dy
.
dx

Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

Page 1 of 25

Wednesday, January 16, 2008

WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 /LN/01

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

Solution
Differentiate both sides of this equation term by term with respect to x :

d 2
d
x y + 2y3 =
(3x + 2 y )
dx
dx

( )

( )

d 2
d 3
d
d
x y +2
y = 3 (x ) + 2 ( y )
dx
dx
dx
dx

( )

d
( y ) + y d x 2 + 2 3 y 2 d ( y ) = 3(1) + 2 dy
x2
dx4424dx
dx44
dx
14
443 1 4
42
3
Product rule

x2

Extended Power rule

dy
dy
dy
+ 2 xy + 6 y 2
= 3+ 2
dx
dx
dx

Finally, solve this equation for

(x

+ 6y2 2

Example 2
a)

dy
:
dx

) dy
= 3 2 xy
dx

dy
3 2 xy
= 2

dx x + 6 y 2 2

Differentiate the following functions with respect to x :


b) sin 3t

2y4

Solution
a) Let u = 2 y , then, by the function of a function rule:
4

du du dy d
dy
=

=
(2 y 4 )
dx dy dx dy
dx
dy

= 8y3
dx

It is possible to differentiate
an implicit function by
using the function of a
function rule, which may be

du du dy
=

.
dx dy dx
i.e. u = f(y) .

stated as

b) Let u = sin 3t , then, by the function of a function rule:

du du dt d
dt
=

= (sin 3t )
dx dt dx dt
dx
dt
= 3 cos 3t
dx

Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

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Wednesday, January 16, 2008

WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 /LN/01

Example 3
a)

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation MTH1134/LN/01

Differentiate the following functions with respect to x :

4 ln 5 y

b)

1 3 2
e
5

Solution
a) Let u = 4 ln 5 y , then, by the function of a function rule:

du du dy d
dy
=

=
(4 ln 5 y )
dx dy dx dy
dx
4 dy

=
y dx
b) Let u =

1 3 2
e
, then, by the function of a function rule:
5

du du d d 1 3 2 d
=

=
( e )
dx d dx d 5
dx
3
d
= e 3 2
5
dx

Differentiating implicit functions containing products and quotients


Example 4

Determine

d
(2 x 3 y 2 ).
dx

Solution
In the product rule of differentiation let u = 2x 3 and v = y 2 . Thus

d
d
d
(2 x 3 y 2 ) = (2 x 3 ) ( y 2 ) + ( y 2 ) (2 x 3 )
dx
dx
dx
dy
= (2 x 3 ) 2 y + ( y 2 )(6 x 2 )
dx
dy
= 4x3 y + 6x2 y 2
dx
dy

= 2 x 2 y 2 x + 3 y
dx

Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

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WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 / SN/01

Example 5

Find

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

d 3y
( ).
dx 2 x

Solution
In the quotient rule of differentiation let u = 3 y and v = 2 x . Thus

d 3y
( )=
dx 2 x

(2 x)

d
d
(3 y ) (3 y ) (2 x)
dx
dx
2
(2 x)

dy
(2 x) 3 (3 y )(2)
dx
=
4x 2
dy
6x 6 y
dx
=
4x2
3 dy

= 2 x y
2 x dx

Do it yourself
1. In Problems (a) (e) differentiate the given functions with respect to x .
a) 3 y 5
b) 2 cos 4
c)
d)

e)

5
ln 3t
2

f)

2. Differentiate the following with respect to y .


a) 3 sin 2
b) 4 x

c)

3 2 y +1
e
4
2 tan 3 y

2
et

3. Differentiate the following with respect to u .

2
(3 x + 1)
b) 3 sec 2

c)

a)

2
y3

4. Determine

d
(3 x 2 y 3 )
dx
d 3u
b)
( )
du 4v

a)

5. Find

c)

dz
given z = 2 x 3 ln y
dy

d 2y
( )
dx 5 x

Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

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Wednesday, January 16, 2008

WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 / SN/01

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

1.2 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION


1.2.1 FIRST ORDER PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
For z = f ( x, y ), the partial derivatives f x and f y are denoted by

f x ( x, y ) =

f z
=
=
f ( x, y ) = z x = D x ( f )
x x x

f y ( x, y ) =

f z

=
=
f ( x, y ) = z y = D y ( f )
y y y

and

The values of the partial derivatives of f ( x, y ) at the point (a, b) are denoted by

f
x

f
y

and

( a ,b )

= f y ( a, b)
( a ,b )

If f ( x, y ) = x 3 y + x 2 y 2 , find

Example 6
a)

= f x ( a, b)

fx

b)

fy

Solution
a) For f x , hold y constant and find the derivative with respect to x :

f x ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 y + 2 xy 2
b) For f y , hold x constant and find the derivative with respect to y :

f y ( x, y ) = x 3 + 2 x 2 y
Example 7
Finding and evaluating a partial derivative
2
Let z = x sin(3 x + y 3 ). Evaluate:
a)

z
x

b)

z y at (1, 1).

( ,0 )
3

Solution
a)

z
= 2 x sin(3 x + y 3 ) + x 2 cos(3 x + y 3 )(3)
x
= 2 x sin(3 x + y 3 ) + 3 x 2 cos(3 x + y 3 )

Thus,

z
x

( ,0)
3

2
2
2

( 0) +
(1) =
= 2 sin + 3 cos =

3
3
3
3
3

Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

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Wednesday, January 16, 2008

WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 / SN/01

b)

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

z y = x 2 cos(3x + y 3 )(3 y 2 ) = 3x 2 y 2 cos(3x + y 3 ) so that


z y (1,1) = 3(1) 2 (1) 2 cos(3 + 1) = 3 cos 4

Example 8

Partial derivative of a function of three variables

Let f ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + 2 xy 2 + yz 3 ; determine:
a)

fx

b)

fy

c)

fz

Solution
a) For f x , think of f as a function of x alone with y and z treated as constants:

f x ( x, y , z ) = 2 x + 2 y 2
b)

f x ( x, y, z ) = 4 xy + z 3

c)

f z ( x, y, z ) = 3 yz 2

Example 9

Partial derivative of an implicitly defined function

Let z be defined implicitly as a function of x and y by the equation

x 2 z + yz 3 = x
Determine

z
z
and
.
x
y

Solution
Differentiate implicitly with respect to x , treating y as a constant:

2 xz + x 2
Then solve the equation for

z
:
x

z
z
+ 3 yz 2
=1
x
x

z
1 2 xz
= 2
x x + 3 yz 2

Similarly, holding x constant and differentiating implicitly with respect to y , we find

x2

z
z
+ z 3 + 3 yz 2
=0
y
y

so that

z
z3
=

y x 2 + 3yz 2

Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

Page 6 of 25

Wednesday, January 16, 2008

WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 / SN/01

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

Do it yourself
1. If z = 5 x 4 + 2 x 3 y 2 3 y find
a)

z
and
x

b)

z
.
y

b)

y
.
t

2. Given y = 4 sin 3 x cos 2t , find


a)

y
and
x

3. If z = sin xy show that

1 z 1 z
=
.
y x x y

4. In Problems (a) (f), find


a)

z
z
and
.
x
y

z = 2 xy

z = x 3 2 xy + y 2
x
c) z =
y
d) z = sin( 4 x + 3 y )
y 1
e) z = x 3 y 2 2 +
y
x
f) z = cos 3 x sin 4 y
b)

1.2.2 HIGHER-ORDER PARTIAL DERIVATIVES (2ND ORDER & MIXED 2ND ORDER)
Given z = f ( x, y ).
2nd order partial derivatives

2 f
f
= = ( f x ) x = f xx
2
x x
x
2 f
f
= = ( f y ) y = f yy
2
y y
y
Mixed 2nd order partial derivatives

2 f
f
= = ( f y ) x = f yx
xy x y

2 f
f
= = ( f x ) y = f xy
yx y x

Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

Page 7 of 25

Wednesday, January 16, 2008

WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 / SN/01

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

Example 10
Higher-order partial derivatives of a function of two variables
For z = f ( x, y ) = 5 x 2 2 xy + 3 y 3 , determine these higher-order partial derivatives.
a)

2z
xy

b)

2 f
yx

2z
x 2
d) f xy (3, 2)
c)

Solution
a) First differentiate with respect to y ; then differentiate with respect to x.

z
= 2 x + 9 y 2
y
2
z
z
= =
2 x + 9 y 2 = 2
xy x y x

b) Differentiate first with respect to x and then differentiate with respect to y :

z
= 10 x 2 y
x
2z
z
= = (10 x 2 y ) = 2
yx y x y
c) Differentiate first with respect to x twice:

2 z z
= = (10 x 2 y ) = 10
x 2 x x x
d) Evaluate the mixed partial found in part (b) at the point (3, 2):
f xy (3, 2) = 2
Example 11
Partial derivatives of functions of two variables
Determine f xy , f yx , f xx , and f xxy , where f ( x, y) = x 2 ye y .
Solution
We have the partial derivatives

f x = 2 xye y

f y = x 2 e y + x 2 ye y

The mixed partial derivatives (which must be the same by the previous theorem) are
f xy = ( f x ) y = 2 xe y + 2 xye y
f yx = ( f y ) x = 2 xe y + 2 xye y
Finally, we compute the second- and higher-order partial derivatives:
f xx = ( f x ) x = 2 ye y and
f xxy = ( f xx ) y = 2e y + 2 ye y

Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

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WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 / SN/01

Example 12

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

Verifying that a function satisfies the heat equation

Verify that T ( x, t ) = e t cos

x
T
2T
satisfies the heat equation,
= c2 2 .
c
t
x

Solution

T
x
= e t cos
t
c
and

x
2T
1
= e t sin
2
c
x c
x
x
1
= 2 e t cos
c
c
2
T
2 T
=c

Thus, T satisfies the heat equation


t
x 2

1.3 TOTAL DIFFERENTIAL


The total differential of the function f ( x, y ) is

df =

f
f
dx + dy = f x ( x, y )dx + f y ( x, y )dy
x
y

where dx and dy are independent variables. Similarly, for a function of three variables
w = f ( x, y, z ) the total differential is

df =

f
f
f
dx +
dy +
dz
x
y
z

.( )

Example 13
Determine the total differential of the given functions:
a) f ( x, y , z ) = 2 x 3 + 5 y 4 6 z
b) f ( x, y ) = x 2 ln(3 y 2 2 x )
Solution

f
f
f
dx + dy + dz = 6 x 2 dx + 20 y 3 dy 6dz
x
y
z
f
f
b) df =
dx + dy
x
y
a)

df =

2
2
6y
= 2 x ln(3 y 2 2 x) + x 2 2
dx + x
dy
2
3 y 2x

3y 2x

2x 2
6x 2 y
= 2 x ln(3 y 2 2 x) 2
dx
+
dy

3 y 2x
3y 2 2x

Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

Page 9 of 25

Wednesday, January 16, 2008

WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 / SN/01

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

If z = f ( x, y ) and z = x 2 y 3 +

Example 14

2x
+ 1, determine the total differential, dz.
y

Solution
The total differential is the sum of the partial differentials, i.e.

z
z
dx + dy
x
y
2
= 2 xy 3 +
y
2x
= 3x 2 y 2 2
y

dz =
z
x
z
y

(i.e. y is kept constant)


(i.e. x is kept constant)

2x

Hence dz = 2 xy 3 + dx + 3 x 2 y 2 2 dy
y
y

Example 15

If z = f (u , v, w) and z = 3u 2 2v + 4 w 3 v 2 find the total differential, dz.

Solution
The total differential

dz =

z
z
z
du + dv +
dw
u
v
w

z
= 6u
u
z
= 2 + 8w 3 v
v
z
= 12 w 2 v 2
w
Hence dz = 6udu + (8vw 3 2)dv + (12v 2 w 2 )dw

(i.e. v and w are kept constant)


(i.e. u and w are kept constant)
(i.e. u and v are kept constant)

Do it yourself
1. In Problems (a) (f), find the total differential dz.
a) z = x 3 + y 2
b) z = 2 xy cos x

x y
x+ y
d) z = x ln y

c)

z=

x
4
y
2. If z = f (a, b, c) and z = 2ab 3b 2 c + abc, find the total differential dz.
e)

z = xy +

Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

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WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 / SN/01

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

1.4 LHOPITALS RULE


Let f and g be differentiable functions with g ( x ) 0 on an open interval containing

c (except) possibly at c itself). Suppose lim


xc

f ( x)
0
produces an indeterminate form
or
g ( x)
0

and that

lim
x c

f ( x)
=L
g ( x)

where L is either a finite number, + , or . Then

lim
x c

f ( x)
=L
g ( x)

The theorem also applies to one-sided limits and to limits at infinity (where x + and
x ).

Example 17

Using lHopitals rule to compute a familiar trigonometric limit

sin x
.
x0
x

Evaluate lim

Solution
Note that this is an indeterminate form because sin x and x both approach 0 as x 0. This
means that lHopitals rule applies:

d
(sin x)
sin x
cos x 1
lim
= lim dx
= lim
= =1
x 0
x 0
x 0
d
1
1
x
( x)
dx
Example 18

lHopitals rule with a 0/0 form

x 128
.
x3 8
7

Evaluate lim
x2

Solution
For this example, f ( x) = x 7 128 and g ( x) = x 3 8 , and the form is 0/0.

d 7
( x 128)
x 7 128
lim 3
= lim dx
x2 x 8
x2
d 3
( x 8)
dx

Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

Page 11 of 25

lHopitals rule

Wednesday, January 16, 2008

WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 / SN/01

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

7x6
x2 3x 2
7x4
= lim
x2 3
7(2) 4 112

=
=
3
3
= lim

Example 19

Simplify
Limit of a quotient

Limit is not an indeterminate form

1 cos x
.
x0
sec x

Evaluate lim

Solution
You must always remember to check that you have an indeterminate form before applying
lHopitals rule. The limit is

(1 cos x) 0
1 cos x lim
= x 0
= =0
x0
sec x
lim sec x
1

lim

x 0

ATTENTION: If you blindly apply lHopitals rule in Example 19, you obtain the WRONG
answer:

lim
x 0

Example 20
Evaluate lim
x 0

1 cos x
sin x
= lim
x

0
sec x
sec x tan x
cos x 1
= lim
= =1
x 0 sec x
1

lHopitals rule applied more than once

x sin x
.
x3

Solution
This is a 0/0 indeterminate form, and we find that

lim
x 0

x sin x
1 cos x
= lim
3
x 0
x
3x 2

This is still the indeterminate form 0/0, so lHopitals rule can be applied once again:

lim
x 0

Example 21

1 cos x
( sin x) 1
sin x 1
1
= lim
= lim
= (1) =
2
x

0
x

0
6x
6
x
6
6
3x

lHopitals rule with an form

2 x 2 3x + 1
.
x + 3 x 2 + 5 x 2

Evaluate lim

Solution
We could compute this limit by multiplying by 1 x 2
the form and apply lHopitals rule:

) (1 x ) . Instead, we note that this is of


2

2 x 2 3x + 1
4x 3
= lim
lim
x + 3 x 2 + 5 x 2
x + 6 x + 5

Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

Page 12 of 25

Apply lHopitals rule


again

Wednesday, January 16, 2008

WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 / SN/01

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

4 2
=
x + 6
3

= lim
Example 22

Using lHopitals rule with other limit properties

(1 cos x) sin 4 x
Evaluate lim
.
x 0
x 3 cos x

Solution
The limit has the form 0/0, but direct application of lHopitals rule leads to a real mess.
Instead, we compute the given limit by using the product rule for limits first, followed by two
simple applications of lHopitals rule. Specifically, using the product rule for limits, we have

(1 cos x) sin 4 x
(1 cos x)
sin 4 x
1
lim
lim
= lim
3
2
x 0 x x 0 cos x
x 0
x cos x
x
x 0

lim

sin x
4 cos 4 x
1

= lim
lim
lim

x 0 2 x x 0
x

0
1
cos x

cos x 4(1) 1

= lim


x 0 2 1 1
1
= (4 )(1) = 2
2
Example 23

Hypothesis of lHopitals rule are not satisfied

x + sin x
Evaluate lim
.
x + x cos x

Solution
This limit has the indeterminate form . If you try to apply lHopitals rule, you find

lim

x +

x + sin x
1 + cos x
= lim
.
x

+
x cos x
1 + sin x

The limit on the right does not exist, because both sin x and cos x oscillate between -1 and 1
as x +. Recall that lHopitals rule applies only if lim
x c

f ( x)
= L or is . This does
g ( x)

not mean that the limit of the original expression does not exist or that we cannot find it; it
simply means that we cannot apply lHopitals rule. To find this limit, factor out an x from the
numerator and denominator and proceed as follows:

sin x
sin x
x1 +

1+
x + sin x
x
x = 1+ 0 = 1
lim
= lim
= lim
x + x cos x
x +
x

+
cos x 1 0
cos x
1
x 1

x
x

OTHER INDETERMINATE FORMS


Example 24

Limit of the form 1

Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

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WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 / SN/01

x +

Show that lim 1 +

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

1
= e.
x

Solution
Note that this limit is indeed of the indeterminate form 1 . Let

1
L = lim 1 +
x +
x

Take the logarithm of both sides:


x

1
ln L = ln lim 1 +
x +
x

1
= lim ln1 +
x +
x

1
= lim x ln1 +
x +
x

1
ln1 +
x
= lim
x +
1
x
1
1+1

= lim

x +

Property of logarithms

Form 0/0

1

x x2
1
2
x

= lim

x +

ln x is continuous

1+

lHopitals rule

Simplify

1
x

1
1+ 0
=1
=

Thus, ln L = 1 and L = e1 = e

Example 25

lHopitals rule with the form 0

Evaluate lim x
x 2

tan x.
2

Solution
The limit has the form 0 , because

lim x = 0
x 2
2
Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

and

lim tan x = +

x 2

Page 14 of 25

Wednesday, January 16, 2008

WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 / SN/01

Write tan x =

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

1
to obtain
cot x

2
Form 0/0
lim x tan x = lim
x 2
x 2 cot x
2
1
lHopitals rule
= lim
2
x 2 csc x
= lim ( sin 2 x) = 1
x

x 2

Example 26
Limit of the form 0 0
Find lim+ x sin x .
x0

Solution
This is a 0 0 indeterminate form. We begin by using properties of logarithms.

L = lim+ x sin x
x 0

ln L = ln lim+ x sin x
x 0

= lim+ ln x sin x

ln x is continuous

= lim+ (sin x) ln x

This is 0. form

x 0
x 0

= lim+
x 0

ln x
csc x

1x
x 0 csc x cot x
sin 2 x
= lim+
x 0 x cos x
sin x sin x
= lim+

x 0
x cos x
= (1)(0) = 0
= lim+

Thus,

L = e0 = 1

This is form
lHopitals rule

Example 27
Limit of the form 0
Find lim x1 x .
x +

Solution
This is a limit of the indeterminate form 0 .
If L = lim x1 x , then
x +

Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

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WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 / SN/01

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

ln L = ln lim x 1 x
x +

= lim ln x1 x

The limit of a log is the log of the


limit

x +

1
ln x
x + x
ln x
= lim
x + x
1
= lim x
x + 1
=0
Thus, we have ln L = 0; therefore, L = e 0 = 1
= lim

Example 28

This is

lHopitals rule

lHopitals rule with the form

1
1
Evaluate lim+
.
x0 x
sin x
Solution
As it stands, this has the form , because

1
1
+ and
+ as x 0 from
x
sin x

the right. However, using a little algebra, we find

1
sin x x
1
lim+
= lim+
x0 x
sin x x 0 x sin x
This limit is now of the form 0/0, so the hypotheses of lHopitals rule are satisfied.
Thus,

lim+

x0

sin x x
cos x 1
This is 0/0 form
= lim+
x 0 sin x + x cos x
x sin x
sin x
0
= lim+
= =0
x 0 cos x + x ( sin x ) + cos x
2

ATTENTION: Not all limits that appear indeterminate actually are indeterminate. For
example,

lim+ (sin x)1 x = 0

0 form

lim (csc x ln x) = +

+ - (-) form

x0

x0 +

tan x
=0
ln x

0
form
x0

Other such false indeterminate forms include + + (+), 0 , and ., which are all
actually infinite.
lim+

Do it yourself
1. An incorrect use of lHopitals rule is illustrated in the following limit computations. In
each case, explain what is wrong and find the correct value of the limit.
Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

Page 16 of 25

Wednesday, January 16, 2008

WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 / SN/01

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

1 cos x
sin x
= lim
=0
x
x
x
1
sin x
cos x
= lim
=0
b) lim
x 2
x 2
x
1
a)

lim

2. Find each of the limits in Problems (a) (g).


x3 1
a) lim 2
x 1 x 1
x10 1
b) lim
x 1 x 1
x 2 + 3x 4
c) lim 2
x 1 x 7 x + 6
1 cos 2 x
d) lim
x0
sin 3 x
x sin x
e) lim
x 0 tan x x
sin x x
f) lim
x 0
x2

3 sec x
x 2 2 + tan x
1

h)
lim
+ tan x
x( 2 ) 2 x

g)

i)
j)
k)
l)

lim

lim 1 +
x +
2x
ln(ln x)
lim
x +
x

lim+ e x + x

x0

3x

1x

lim+ 2 ln x
x0 x

1.5 APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION


1.5.1 GRADIENT FUNCTIONS (OPTIMIZATION IN THE LIFE SCIENCES)

Example 29 Maximization Applied to Enzymes


An enzyme is a protein that acts as a catalyst for increasing the rate of a chemical
reaction that occurs in cells. In a certain reaction, an enzyme is converted to another
enzyme called the product. The product acts as a catalyst for its own formation. The
rate R at which the product is formed (with respect to time) is given by
R = kp (l p ),
where l is the total initial amount of both enzymes, p is the amount of the product
enzyme, and k is a positive constant. For what value of p will R be a maximum?
Solution
We can write R = k ( pl p 2 ). Setting dR dp = 0 and solving for p gives
dR
l
= k (l 2 p ) = 0, p = .
dp
2
2
2
Now, d R dp = 2k . Since k > 0, the second derivative is always negative. Hence,
p = l 2 gives a relative maximum. Moreover, since R is a continuous function of p,
we conclude that we indeed have an absolute maximum when p = l 2

Example 30 Modeling Problem: Maximum concentration of a drug


Let C (t ) denote the concentration in the blood at time t of a drug injected into the
body intramuscularly. In a classic paper by E. Heinz (Probleme bei der Diffusion
Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

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WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 / SN/01

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

kleiner Substanzmengen innerhalb des menschlichen Ko&&rpers , Biochem., Vol. 319


(1949), pp. 482-492), it was observed that the concentration may be modeled by
k
C (t ) =
(e at e bt )
t0
ba
where a, b (with b > a ), and k are positive constants that depend on the drug. At
what time does the largest concentration occur? What happens to the concentration as
t + ?
Solution
To locate the extrema, we solve C (t ) = 0.
C (t ) =

d k

(e at e bt )

dt b a

k
k
( a )e at (b)e bt =
(be bt ae at )
ba
ba

We see that C (t ) = 0 when

be bt = ae at
at
b
= e bt e at = e bt
a
b
bt at = ln
a
1
b
t=
ln
ba a
k
(e at e bt )
t +
t + b a
k
1
1
=
lim bt
tlim
at

+
t

+
ba
e
e
k
=
(0 0)
ba
=0
lim C (t ) = lim

Example 31 The production of blood cells plays an important role in medical


research involving leukemia and other so-called dynamical diseases. In 1977, a
mathematical model was developed by A. Lasota that involved the cell production
function
P ( x) = Ax s e sx r
where A, s, and r are positive constants and x is the number of granulocytes (a type
of white blood cell) present. Find the granulocytes level x that maximizes the
production function P .
Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

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Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

Solution
P( x) = Ax s e sx r

s
P( x) = Ax s e sx r + e sx r .sAx s 1 = 0

r
sA s sx r
xe
= sAx s 1e sx r
r
xs
= x s 1
r
xs
=r
x s 1
x s s +1 = r
x = r

Example 32 Beehives are formed by packing together cells that may be modeled as
regular hexagonal prisms open at one end. It can be shown that a cell with hexagonal
side of length s and prism height h has surface area
S () = 6 sh + 1.5s 2 ( cot + 3 csc )

for 0 < < . What is the angle (to the nearest degree) that minimizes the surface
2
area of the cell (assuming that s and h are fixed)?
Solution
S () = 6 sh + 1.5s 2 ( cot + 3 csc )
S () = 1.5s 2 ( csc 2 3 csc cot ) = 0

csc 2 = 3 csc cot


csc = 3 cot
1
cos
= 3
sin
sin
1
cos =
3
= 54.7 o 55 o

1.5.2 RATES OF CHANGE


Sometimes it is necessary to solve problems in which different quantities have
different rates of change. From equation (the total differential)
f
f
f
dx + dy + dz ,
df =
x
y
z
df
is given by:
the rate of change of f ,
dt
Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

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WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 / SN/01

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

df f dx f dy f dz
=
+
+
dt x dt y dt z dt

()

Example 33 The height of a right circular cone is increasing at 3 mm/s and its
radius is decreasing at 2 mm/s. Determine, correct to 3 significant figures, the rate at
which the volume is changing (in cm3/s) when the height is 3.2 cm and the radius is
1.5 cm.
Solution
1 2
r h
3
Using equation (), the rate of change of volume,
dV V dr V dh
=
+
dt
r dt h dt
V 2
V 1 2
= rh and
= r
r 3
h 3

Volume of a right circular cone, V =

dh
= + 0 .3
dt
dr
and since the radius is decreasing at 2 mm/s, i.e 0.2 cm/s, then
= 0 .2 .
dt
Hence

Since the height is increasing at 3 mm/s, i.e. 0.3 cm/s, then

dV 2

= rh ( 0.2 ) + r 2 (+ 0.3)
dt 3

0 .4
=
rh + 0.1r 2
3
However, h = 3.2 cm and r = 1.5 cm.
Hence
dV 0.4
=
(1.5)(3.2) + (0.1) (1.5) 2
dt
3
= 1.304 cm 3 / s
Thus the rate of change of volume is 1.304 cm3/s decreasing.
1
ac sin B, where B is the
2
angle between sides a and c. If a is increasing at 0.4 units/s, c is decreasing at 0.8
units/s and B is increasing at 0.2 units/s, find the rate of change of the area of the
triangle, correct to 3 significant figures, when a is 3 units, c is 4 units and B is 6
radians.

Example 34 The area A of a triangle is given by A =

Solution
Using equation(), the rate of change of area,

Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

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WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 / SN/01

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

dA A da A dc A dB
=
+
+
dt a dt c dt B dt
1
A 1
ac sin B,
= c sin B ,
2
a 2
A 1
A 1
= a sin B and
= ac cos B
c 2
B 2
da
dc
dB
= 0.4 units/s,
= 0.8 units/s and
= 0.2 units/s
dt
dt
dt
Hence
dA 1

= c sin B (0.4) + a sin B (0.8) + ac cos B (0.2)


dt 2

When a = 3, c = 4 and B = then:


6
dA 1

1
1
= (4) sin (0.4) + (3) sin (0.8) + (3)(4) cos (0.2)
dt 2
6
6
6
2
2
2
= 0.839 units / s (correct to 3 significant figures)

Since A =

1.5.3 SMALL INCREMENT AND APPROXIMATION


It is often useful to find an approximate value for the change (or error) of a quantity caused by
small changes (or errors) in the variables associated with the quantity. If w = f ( x, y, z ) and
x, y, z denote small changes in x, y, z respectively, then the corresponding
approximate change f in f is obtained from equation ( ) by replacing the
differentials by the small changes.
Thus

f
f
f
x + y + z
z
x
y

.(  )

Example 35 Pressure p and volume V of a gas are connected by the equation


pV 1.4 = k . Determine the approximate percentage error in k when the pressure is
increased by 4% and the volume is decreased by 1.5%.
Solution
Using equation (  ), the approximate error in k,
k
k
k
p +
V
p
V
Let p, V and k refer to the initial values.
Since k = pV 1.4 then

k
k
= V 1.4 and
= 1.4V 0.4 .
p
V

Since the pressure is increased by 4%, the change in pressure p =

4
p = 0.04 p.
100

Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

Wednesday, January 16, 2008

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WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 / SN/01

Since

the volume is
1 .5
V =
V = 0.015V .
100

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

decreased

by

1.5%,

the

change

in

volume

Hence the approximate error in k,

k (V )1.4 (0.04 p ) + (1.4 pV 0.4 )(0.015V )

pV 1.4 [0.04 1.4(0.015)]


1 .9
1 .9
0.019 pV 1.4
pV 1.4
k.
100
100
i.e. the approximate error in k is a 1.9% increase.
Example 36 Modulus of rigidity G = ( R 4 ) L , where R is the radius, the angle
of twist and L the length. Determine the approximate percentage error in G when R is
increased by 2%, is reduced by 5% and L is increased by 4%.
Solution

G
G
G
R +
+
L .
R

L
( R 4 ) G 4 R 3 G R 4
G R 4
Since G =
,
=
,
=
and
=
.
L
R
L

L
L
L2
2
Since
R
is
increased
by
2%,
R =
R = 0.02 R .
100
= 0.05 and L = 0.04 L.
Hence
4 R 3
R4
R 4
(0.02 R ) +
( 0.05 ) + 2 (0.04 L )
G
L
L
L
Using G

Similarly,

R 4
1
0.01
, i.e. G
G
L
100
Hence the approximate percentage error in G a 1% decrease.

1.5.3 DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES AND THE GRADIENT


Definition
Let f be a function of two variables, and let u = u1 i + u2 j be a unit vector. The
directional derivative of f at Po ( xo , yo ) in the direction of u is given by

Du f ( xo , yo ) = lim
h0

f ( xo + hu1 , yo + hu2 ) f ( xo , yo )
h

provided the limit exists.

Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

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Wednesday, January 16, 2008

WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 / SN/01

Example 37

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

Find the directional derivative of f ( x, y ) = 3 2 x 2 + y 3 at the point

P (1, 2) in the direction of the unit vector u = 1 i


2

3
j.
2

Solution
First, find the partial derivatives f x ( x, y ) = 4 x and f y ( x, y ) = 3 y 2 . Then since
u1 =

1
3
and u2 =
, we have
2
2

3
1
Du f (1, 2) = f x (1, 2) + f y (1, 2)

2
2

3
1
= 2 6 3 12.4
= 4(1) + 3(2) 2

2
2

The Gradient
Let f be a differentiable function at ( x, y ) have partial derivatives f x ( x, y ) and
f y ( x, y ). Then the gradient of f , denoted by f (pronounced del eff), is a vector
given by
f ( x, y ) = f x ( x, y )i + f y ( x, y ) j
The value of the gradient at the point Po ( xo , yo ) is denoted by
f o = f x ( xo , yo )i + f y ( xo , yo ) j

Example 38 Find f ( x, y ) for f ( x, y ) = x 2 y + y 3


Solution
Begin with the partial derivatives:
f x ( x, y ) =

( x y + y 3 ) = 2 xy and f y ( x, y ) = ( x 2 y + y 3 ) = x 2 + 3 y 2
x
y

Then f ( x, y ) = 2 xyi + ( x 2 + 3 y 2 ) j

Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

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Wednesday, January 16, 2008

WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 / SN/01

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

Example 39 Find the directional derivative of f ( x, y ) = ln( x 2 + y 3 ) at Po (1, - 3) in the


direction of v = 2i 3 j.
Solution

2
26

f x ( x, y ) =

2x
, so
x + y3

f y ( x, y ) =

3y2
27
, so f y (1, - 3) =
2
3
26
x +y

f o = f (1,3) =

f x (1, - 3) =

2
27
i
j
26 26

A unit vector in the direction of v is


u=

2i 3 j
v
1
=
=
(2i 3 j )
2
2
v
13
2 + (3)

Thus,

2 2 27 3
Du ( x, y ) = f .u =
+

26 13 26 13
=

77 13

338

Example 40 Heat flow application


The set of points ( x, y ) with 0 x 5 and 0 y 5 is a square in the first quadrant
of the xy-plane. Suppose this square is heated in such a way that T ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 is
the temperature at the point P ( x, y ). In what direction will heat flow from the point
Po (3, 4) ?
Solution
The heat flow H = kT where k = the thermal conductivity (a positive constant)
From T ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , we have T = 2 xi + 2 y j .

To is the gradient at Po , therefore To = 6i + 8 j.


Thus, the heat flow at Po satisfies H o = kTo = k (6i + 8 j ) .

Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

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Wednesday, January 16, 2008

WLB 10102 / WLB 10703 / SN/01

Chap 1 Advanced Differentiation

Because the thermal conductivity k is positive, we can say that heat flows from Po in
the direction of the unit vector u given by
u=

Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET

(6i + 8 j )

3 4
= i j
5 5
(6) 2 + (8) 2

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Wednesday, January 16, 2008

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