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Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
i. differentiate the implicit function containing products and quotients.
ii. find and evaluate a partial derivative (1st order)
iii. determine the higher-order partial derivative (2nd order & mixed 2nd order)
iv. verify that a function satisfies the given equation
v. determine the total differential of the given function.
vi. use l' Hopital' s rule to compute the indeterminate forms
0
,
etc.
0
vii. apply the gradient function for optimization in the life sciences
viii. find the rate of change of volume/area etc
ix. determine the approximate error of a quantity caused by small changes in the
variables associated with the quantity.
dy
:
dx
Step 1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x . Remember that y is
really a function of x for part of the curve and use the chain rule when
differentiating terms containing y .
dy
.
dx
Example 1
If y = f (x) is a differentiable function of x such that
x 2 y + 2 y 3 = 3x + 2 y
find
dy
.
dx
Page 1 of 25
Solution
Differentiate both sides of this equation term by term with respect to x :
d 2
d
x y + 2y3 =
(3x + 2 y )
dx
dx
( )
( )
d 2
d 3
d
d
x y +2
y = 3 (x ) + 2 ( y )
dx
dx
dx
dx
( )
d
( y ) + y d x 2 + 2 3 y 2 d ( y ) = 3(1) + 2 dy
x2
dx4424dx
dx44
dx
14
443 1 4
42
3
Product rule
x2
dy
dy
dy
+ 2 xy + 6 y 2
= 3+ 2
dx
dx
dx
(x
+ 6y2 2
Example 2
a)
dy
:
dx
) dy
= 3 2 xy
dx
dy
3 2 xy
= 2
dx x + 6 y 2 2
2y4
Solution
a) Let u = 2 y , then, by the function of a function rule:
4
du du dy d
dy
=
=
(2 y 4 )
dx dy dx dy
dx
dy
= 8y3
dx
It is possible to differentiate
an implicit function by
using the function of a
function rule, which may be
du du dy
=
.
dx dy dx
i.e. u = f(y) .
stated as
du du dt d
dt
=
= (sin 3t )
dx dt dx dt
dx
dt
= 3 cos 3t
dx
Page 2 of 25
Example 3
a)
4 ln 5 y
b)
1 3 2
e
5
Solution
a) Let u = 4 ln 5 y , then, by the function of a function rule:
du du dy d
dy
=
=
(4 ln 5 y )
dx dy dx dy
dx
4 dy
=
y dx
b) Let u =
1 3 2
e
, then, by the function of a function rule:
5
du du d d 1 3 2 d
=
=
( e )
dx d dx d 5
dx
3
d
= e 3 2
5
dx
Determine
d
(2 x 3 y 2 ).
dx
Solution
In the product rule of differentiation let u = 2x 3 and v = y 2 . Thus
d
d
d
(2 x 3 y 2 ) = (2 x 3 ) ( y 2 ) + ( y 2 ) (2 x 3 )
dx
dx
dx
dy
= (2 x 3 ) 2 y + ( y 2 )(6 x 2 )
dx
dy
= 4x3 y + 6x2 y 2
dx
dy
= 2 x 2 y 2 x + 3 y
dx
Page 3 of 25
Example 5
Find
d 3y
( ).
dx 2 x
Solution
In the quotient rule of differentiation let u = 3 y and v = 2 x . Thus
d 3y
( )=
dx 2 x
(2 x)
d
d
(3 y ) (3 y ) (2 x)
dx
dx
2
(2 x)
dy
(2 x) 3 (3 y )(2)
dx
=
4x 2
dy
6x 6 y
dx
=
4x2
3 dy
= 2 x y
2 x dx
Do it yourself
1. In Problems (a) (e) differentiate the given functions with respect to x .
a) 3 y 5
b) 2 cos 4
c)
d)
e)
5
ln 3t
2
f)
c)
3 2 y +1
e
4
2 tan 3 y
2
et
2
(3 x + 1)
b) 3 sec 2
c)
a)
2
y3
4. Determine
d
(3 x 2 y 3 )
dx
d 3u
b)
( )
du 4v
a)
5. Find
c)
dz
given z = 2 x 3 ln y
dy
d 2y
( )
dx 5 x
Page 4 of 25
f x ( x, y ) =
f z
=
=
f ( x, y ) = z x = D x ( f )
x x x
f y ( x, y ) =
f z
=
=
f ( x, y ) = z y = D y ( f )
y y y
and
The values of the partial derivatives of f ( x, y ) at the point (a, b) are denoted by
f
x
f
y
and
( a ,b )
= f y ( a, b)
( a ,b )
If f ( x, y ) = x 3 y + x 2 y 2 , find
Example 6
a)
= f x ( a, b)
fx
b)
fy
Solution
a) For f x , hold y constant and find the derivative with respect to x :
f x ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 y + 2 xy 2
b) For f y , hold x constant and find the derivative with respect to y :
f y ( x, y ) = x 3 + 2 x 2 y
Example 7
Finding and evaluating a partial derivative
2
Let z = x sin(3 x + y 3 ). Evaluate:
a)
z
x
b)
z y at (1, 1).
( ,0 )
3
Solution
a)
z
= 2 x sin(3 x + y 3 ) + x 2 cos(3 x + y 3 )(3)
x
= 2 x sin(3 x + y 3 ) + 3 x 2 cos(3 x + y 3 )
Thus,
z
x
( ,0)
3
2
2
2
( 0) +
(1) =
= 2 sin + 3 cos =
3
3
3
3
3
Page 5 of 25
b)
Example 8
Let f ( x, y, z ) = x 2 + 2 xy 2 + yz 3 ; determine:
a)
fx
b)
fy
c)
fz
Solution
a) For f x , think of f as a function of x alone with y and z treated as constants:
f x ( x, y , z ) = 2 x + 2 y 2
b)
f x ( x, y, z ) = 4 xy + z 3
c)
f z ( x, y, z ) = 3 yz 2
Example 9
x 2 z + yz 3 = x
Determine
z
z
and
.
x
y
Solution
Differentiate implicitly with respect to x , treating y as a constant:
2 xz + x 2
Then solve the equation for
z
:
x
z
z
+ 3 yz 2
=1
x
x
z
1 2 xz
= 2
x x + 3 yz 2
x2
z
z
+ z 3 + 3 yz 2
=0
y
y
so that
z
z3
=
y x 2 + 3yz 2
Page 6 of 25
Do it yourself
1. If z = 5 x 4 + 2 x 3 y 2 3 y find
a)
z
and
x
b)
z
.
y
b)
y
.
t
y
and
x
1 z 1 z
=
.
y x x y
z
z
and
.
x
y
z = 2 xy
z = x 3 2 xy + y 2
x
c) z =
y
d) z = sin( 4 x + 3 y )
y 1
e) z = x 3 y 2 2 +
y
x
f) z = cos 3 x sin 4 y
b)
1.2.2 HIGHER-ORDER PARTIAL DERIVATIVES (2ND ORDER & MIXED 2ND ORDER)
Given z = f ( x, y ).
2nd order partial derivatives
2 f
f
= = ( f x ) x = f xx
2
x x
x
2 f
f
= = ( f y ) y = f yy
2
y y
y
Mixed 2nd order partial derivatives
2 f
f
= = ( f y ) x = f yx
xy x y
2 f
f
= = ( f x ) y = f xy
yx y x
Page 7 of 25
Example 10
Higher-order partial derivatives of a function of two variables
For z = f ( x, y ) = 5 x 2 2 xy + 3 y 3 , determine these higher-order partial derivatives.
a)
2z
xy
b)
2 f
yx
2z
x 2
d) f xy (3, 2)
c)
Solution
a) First differentiate with respect to y ; then differentiate with respect to x.
z
= 2 x + 9 y 2
y
2
z
z
= =
2 x + 9 y 2 = 2
xy x y x
z
= 10 x 2 y
x
2z
z
= = (10 x 2 y ) = 2
yx y x y
c) Differentiate first with respect to x twice:
2 z z
= = (10 x 2 y ) = 10
x 2 x x x
d) Evaluate the mixed partial found in part (b) at the point (3, 2):
f xy (3, 2) = 2
Example 11
Partial derivatives of functions of two variables
Determine f xy , f yx , f xx , and f xxy , where f ( x, y) = x 2 ye y .
Solution
We have the partial derivatives
f x = 2 xye y
f y = x 2 e y + x 2 ye y
The mixed partial derivatives (which must be the same by the previous theorem) are
f xy = ( f x ) y = 2 xe y + 2 xye y
f yx = ( f y ) x = 2 xe y + 2 xye y
Finally, we compute the second- and higher-order partial derivatives:
f xx = ( f x ) x = 2 ye y and
f xxy = ( f xx ) y = 2e y + 2 ye y
Page 8 of 25
Example 12
x
T
2T
satisfies the heat equation,
= c2 2 .
c
t
x
Solution
T
x
= e t cos
t
c
and
x
2T
1
= e t sin
2
c
x c
x
x
1
= 2 e t cos
c
c
2
T
2 T
=c
df =
f
f
dx + dy = f x ( x, y )dx + f y ( x, y )dy
x
y
where dx and dy are independent variables. Similarly, for a function of three variables
w = f ( x, y, z ) the total differential is
df =
f
f
f
dx +
dy +
dz
x
y
z
.( )
Example 13
Determine the total differential of the given functions:
a) f ( x, y , z ) = 2 x 3 + 5 y 4 6 z
b) f ( x, y ) = x 2 ln(3 y 2 2 x )
Solution
f
f
f
dx + dy + dz = 6 x 2 dx + 20 y 3 dy 6dz
x
y
z
f
f
b) df =
dx + dy
x
y
a)
df =
2
2
6y
= 2 x ln(3 y 2 2 x) + x 2 2
dx + x
dy
2
3 y 2x
3y 2x
2x 2
6x 2 y
= 2 x ln(3 y 2 2 x) 2
dx
+
dy
3 y 2x
3y 2 2x
Page 9 of 25
If z = f ( x, y ) and z = x 2 y 3 +
Example 14
2x
+ 1, determine the total differential, dz.
y
Solution
The total differential is the sum of the partial differentials, i.e.
z
z
dx + dy
x
y
2
= 2 xy 3 +
y
2x
= 3x 2 y 2 2
y
dz =
z
x
z
y
2x
Hence dz = 2 xy 3 + dx + 3 x 2 y 2 2 dy
y
y
Example 15
Solution
The total differential
dz =
z
z
z
du + dv +
dw
u
v
w
z
= 6u
u
z
= 2 + 8w 3 v
v
z
= 12 w 2 v 2
w
Hence dz = 6udu + (8vw 3 2)dv + (12v 2 w 2 )dw
Do it yourself
1. In Problems (a) (f), find the total differential dz.
a) z = x 3 + y 2
b) z = 2 xy cos x
x y
x+ y
d) z = x ln y
c)
z=
x
4
y
2. If z = f (a, b, c) and z = 2ab 3b 2 c + abc, find the total differential dz.
e)
z = xy +
Page 10 of 25
f ( x)
0
produces an indeterminate form
or
g ( x)
0
and that
lim
x c
f ( x)
=L
g ( x)
lim
x c
f ( x)
=L
g ( x)
The theorem also applies to one-sided limits and to limits at infinity (where x + and
x ).
Example 17
sin x
.
x0
x
Evaluate lim
Solution
Note that this is an indeterminate form because sin x and x both approach 0 as x 0. This
means that lHopitals rule applies:
d
(sin x)
sin x
cos x 1
lim
= lim dx
= lim
= =1
x 0
x 0
x 0
d
1
1
x
( x)
dx
Example 18
x 128
.
x3 8
7
Evaluate lim
x2
Solution
For this example, f ( x) = x 7 128 and g ( x) = x 3 8 , and the form is 0/0.
d 7
( x 128)
x 7 128
lim 3
= lim dx
x2 x 8
x2
d 3
( x 8)
dx
Page 11 of 25
lHopitals rule
7x6
x2 3x 2
7x4
= lim
x2 3
7(2) 4 112
=
=
3
3
= lim
Example 19
Simplify
Limit of a quotient
1 cos x
.
x0
sec x
Evaluate lim
Solution
You must always remember to check that you have an indeterminate form before applying
lHopitals rule. The limit is
(1 cos x) 0
1 cos x lim
= x 0
= =0
x0
sec x
lim sec x
1
lim
x 0
ATTENTION: If you blindly apply lHopitals rule in Example 19, you obtain the WRONG
answer:
lim
x 0
Example 20
Evaluate lim
x 0
1 cos x
sin x
= lim
x
0
sec x
sec x tan x
cos x 1
= lim
= =1
x 0 sec x
1
x sin x
.
x3
Solution
This is a 0/0 indeterminate form, and we find that
lim
x 0
x sin x
1 cos x
= lim
3
x 0
x
3x 2
This is still the indeterminate form 0/0, so lHopitals rule can be applied once again:
lim
x 0
Example 21
1 cos x
( sin x) 1
sin x 1
1
= lim
= lim
= (1) =
2
x
0
x
0
6x
6
x
6
6
3x
2 x 2 3x + 1
.
x + 3 x 2 + 5 x 2
Evaluate lim
Solution
We could compute this limit by multiplying by 1 x 2
the form and apply lHopitals rule:
2 x 2 3x + 1
4x 3
= lim
lim
x + 3 x 2 + 5 x 2
x + 6 x + 5
Page 12 of 25
4 2
=
x + 6
3
= lim
Example 22
(1 cos x) sin 4 x
Evaluate lim
.
x 0
x 3 cos x
Solution
The limit has the form 0/0, but direct application of lHopitals rule leads to a real mess.
Instead, we compute the given limit by using the product rule for limits first, followed by two
simple applications of lHopitals rule. Specifically, using the product rule for limits, we have
(1 cos x) sin 4 x
(1 cos x)
sin 4 x
1
lim
lim
= lim
3
2
x 0 x x 0 cos x
x 0
x cos x
x
x 0
lim
sin x
4 cos 4 x
1
= lim
lim
lim
x 0 2 x x 0
x
0
1
cos x
cos x 4(1) 1
= lim
x 0 2 1 1
1
= (4 )(1) = 2
2
Example 23
x + sin x
Evaluate lim
.
x + x cos x
Solution
This limit has the indeterminate form . If you try to apply lHopitals rule, you find
lim
x +
x + sin x
1 + cos x
= lim
.
x
+
x cos x
1 + sin x
The limit on the right does not exist, because both sin x and cos x oscillate between -1 and 1
as x +. Recall that lHopitals rule applies only if lim
x c
f ( x)
= L or is . This does
g ( x)
not mean that the limit of the original expression does not exist or that we cannot find it; it
simply means that we cannot apply lHopitals rule. To find this limit, factor out an x from the
numerator and denominator and proceed as follows:
sin x
sin x
x1 +
1+
x + sin x
x
x = 1+ 0 = 1
lim
= lim
= lim
x + x cos x
x +
x
+
cos x 1 0
cos x
1
x 1
x
x
Page 13 of 25
x +
1
= e.
x
Solution
Note that this limit is indeed of the indeterminate form 1 . Let
1
L = lim 1 +
x +
x
1
ln L = ln lim 1 +
x +
x
1
= lim ln1 +
x +
x
1
= lim x ln1 +
x +
x
1
ln1 +
x
= lim
x +
1
x
1
1+1
= lim
x +
Property of logarithms
Form 0/0
1
x x2
1
2
x
= lim
x +
ln x is continuous
1+
lHopitals rule
Simplify
1
x
1
1+ 0
=1
=
Thus, ln L = 1 and L = e1 = e
Example 25
Evaluate lim x
x 2
tan x.
2
Solution
The limit has the form 0 , because
lim x = 0
x 2
2
Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET
and
lim tan x = +
x 2
Page 14 of 25
Write tan x =
1
to obtain
cot x
2
Form 0/0
lim x tan x = lim
x 2
x 2 cot x
2
1
lHopitals rule
= lim
2
x 2 csc x
= lim ( sin 2 x) = 1
x
x 2
Example 26
Limit of the form 0 0
Find lim+ x sin x .
x0
Solution
This is a 0 0 indeterminate form. We begin by using properties of logarithms.
L = lim+ x sin x
x 0
ln L = ln lim+ x sin x
x 0
= lim+ ln x sin x
ln x is continuous
= lim+ (sin x) ln x
This is 0. form
x 0
x 0
= lim+
x 0
ln x
csc x
1x
x 0 csc x cot x
sin 2 x
= lim+
x 0 x cos x
sin x sin x
= lim+
x 0
x cos x
= (1)(0) = 0
= lim+
Thus,
L = e0 = 1
This is form
lHopitals rule
Example 27
Limit of the form 0
Find lim x1 x .
x +
Solution
This is a limit of the indeterminate form 0 .
If L = lim x1 x , then
x +
Page 15 of 25
ln L = ln lim x 1 x
x +
= lim ln x1 x
x +
1
ln x
x + x
ln x
= lim
x + x
1
= lim x
x + 1
=0
Thus, we have ln L = 0; therefore, L = e 0 = 1
= lim
Example 28
This is
lHopitals rule
1
1
Evaluate lim+
.
x0 x
sin x
Solution
As it stands, this has the form , because
1
1
+ and
+ as x 0 from
x
sin x
1
sin x x
1
lim+
= lim+
x0 x
sin x x 0 x sin x
This limit is now of the form 0/0, so the hypotheses of lHopitals rule are satisfied.
Thus,
lim+
x0
sin x x
cos x 1
This is 0/0 form
= lim+
x 0 sin x + x cos x
x sin x
sin x
0
= lim+
= =0
x 0 cos x + x ( sin x ) + cos x
2
ATTENTION: Not all limits that appear indeterminate actually are indeterminate. For
example,
0 form
lim (csc x ln x) = +
+ - (-) form
x0
x0 +
tan x
=0
ln x
0
form
x0
Other such false indeterminate forms include + + (+), 0 , and ., which are all
actually infinite.
lim+
Do it yourself
1. An incorrect use of lHopitals rule is illustrated in the following limit computations. In
each case, explain what is wrong and find the correct value of the limit.
Mohd Nasir Mahmud@UniKL MICET
Page 16 of 25
1 cos x
sin x
= lim
=0
x
x
x
1
sin x
cos x
= lim
=0
b) lim
x 2
x 2
x
1
a)
lim
3 sec x
x 2 2 + tan x
1
h)
lim
+ tan x
x( 2 ) 2 x
g)
i)
j)
k)
l)
lim
lim 1 +
x +
2x
ln(ln x)
lim
x +
x
lim+ e x + x
x0
3x
1x
lim+ 2 ln x
x0 x
Page 17 of 25
d k
(e at e bt )
dt b a
k
k
( a )e at (b)e bt =
(be bt ae at )
ba
ba
be bt = ae at
at
b
= e bt e at = e bt
a
b
bt at = ln
a
1
b
t=
ln
ba a
k
(e at e bt )
t +
t + b a
k
1
1
=
lim bt
tlim
at
+
t
+
ba
e
e
k
=
(0 0)
ba
=0
lim C (t ) = lim
Page 18 of 25
Solution
P( x) = Ax s e sx r
s
P( x) = Ax s e sx r + e sx r .sAx s 1 = 0
r
sA s sx r
xe
= sAx s 1e sx r
r
xs
= x s 1
r
xs
=r
x s 1
x s s +1 = r
x = r
Example 32 Beehives are formed by packing together cells that may be modeled as
regular hexagonal prisms open at one end. It can be shown that a cell with hexagonal
side of length s and prism height h has surface area
S () = 6 sh + 1.5s 2 ( cot + 3 csc )
for 0 < < . What is the angle (to the nearest degree) that minimizes the surface
2
area of the cell (assuming that s and h are fixed)?
Solution
S () = 6 sh + 1.5s 2 ( cot + 3 csc )
S () = 1.5s 2 ( csc 2 3 csc cot ) = 0
Page 19 of 25
df f dx f dy f dz
=
+
+
dt x dt y dt z dt
()
Example 33 The height of a right circular cone is increasing at 3 mm/s and its
radius is decreasing at 2 mm/s. Determine, correct to 3 significant figures, the rate at
which the volume is changing (in cm3/s) when the height is 3.2 cm and the radius is
1.5 cm.
Solution
1 2
r h
3
Using equation (), the rate of change of volume,
dV V dr V dh
=
+
dt
r dt h dt
V 2
V 1 2
= rh and
= r
r 3
h 3
dh
= + 0 .3
dt
dr
and since the radius is decreasing at 2 mm/s, i.e 0.2 cm/s, then
= 0 .2 .
dt
Hence
dV 2
= rh ( 0.2 ) + r 2 (+ 0.3)
dt 3
0 .4
=
rh + 0.1r 2
3
However, h = 3.2 cm and r = 1.5 cm.
Hence
dV 0.4
=
(1.5)(3.2) + (0.1) (1.5) 2
dt
3
= 1.304 cm 3 / s
Thus the rate of change of volume is 1.304 cm3/s decreasing.
1
ac sin B, where B is the
2
angle between sides a and c. If a is increasing at 0.4 units/s, c is decreasing at 0.8
units/s and B is increasing at 0.2 units/s, find the rate of change of the area of the
triangle, correct to 3 significant figures, when a is 3 units, c is 4 units and B is 6
radians.
Solution
Using equation(), the rate of change of area,
Page 20 of 25
dA A da A dc A dB
=
+
+
dt a dt c dt B dt
1
A 1
ac sin B,
= c sin B ,
2
a 2
A 1
A 1
= a sin B and
= ac cos B
c 2
B 2
da
dc
dB
= 0.4 units/s,
= 0.8 units/s and
= 0.2 units/s
dt
dt
dt
Hence
dA 1
1
1
= (4) sin (0.4) + (3) sin (0.8) + (3)(4) cos (0.2)
dt 2
6
6
6
2
2
2
= 0.839 units / s (correct to 3 significant figures)
Since A =
f
f
f
x + y + z
z
x
y
.( )
k
k
= V 1.4 and
= 1.4V 0.4 .
p
V
4
p = 0.04 p.
100
Page 21 of 25
Since
the volume is
1 .5
V =
V = 0.015V .
100
decreased
by
1.5%,
the
change
in
volume
G
G
G
R +
+
L .
R
L
( R 4 ) G 4 R 3 G R 4
G R 4
Since G =
,
=
,
=
and
=
.
L
R
L
L
L
L2
2
Since
R
is
increased
by
2%,
R =
R = 0.02 R .
100
= 0.05 and L = 0.04 L.
Hence
4 R 3
R4
R 4
(0.02 R ) +
( 0.05 ) + 2 (0.04 L )
G
L
L
L
Using G
Similarly,
R 4
1
0.01
, i.e. G
G
L
100
Hence the approximate percentage error in G a 1% decrease.
Du f ( xo , yo ) = lim
h0
f ( xo + hu1 , yo + hu2 ) f ( xo , yo )
h
Page 22 of 25
Example 37
3
j.
2
Solution
First, find the partial derivatives f x ( x, y ) = 4 x and f y ( x, y ) = 3 y 2 . Then since
u1 =
1
3
and u2 =
, we have
2
2
3
1
Du f (1, 2) = f x (1, 2) + f y (1, 2)
2
2
3
1
= 2 6 3 12.4
= 4(1) + 3(2) 2
2
2
The Gradient
Let f be a differentiable function at ( x, y ) have partial derivatives f x ( x, y ) and
f y ( x, y ). Then the gradient of f , denoted by f (pronounced del eff), is a vector
given by
f ( x, y ) = f x ( x, y )i + f y ( x, y ) j
The value of the gradient at the point Po ( xo , yo ) is denoted by
f o = f x ( xo , yo )i + f y ( xo , yo ) j
( x y + y 3 ) = 2 xy and f y ( x, y ) = ( x 2 y + y 3 ) = x 2 + 3 y 2
x
y
Then f ( x, y ) = 2 xyi + ( x 2 + 3 y 2 ) j
Page 23 of 25
2
26
f x ( x, y ) =
2x
, so
x + y3
f y ( x, y ) =
3y2
27
, so f y (1, - 3) =
2
3
26
x +y
f o = f (1,3) =
f x (1, - 3) =
2
27
i
j
26 26
2i 3 j
v
1
=
=
(2i 3 j )
2
2
v
13
2 + (3)
Thus,
2 2 27 3
Du ( x, y ) = f .u =
+
26 13 26 13
=
77 13
338
Page 24 of 25
Because the thermal conductivity k is positive, we can say that heat flows from Po in
the direction of the unit vector u given by
u=
(6i + 8 j )
3 4
= i j
5 5
(6) 2 + (8) 2
Page 25 of 25