BY: KATIE MORGAN.

Section One:
Introduction:
In this article I will be exploring the physics of sound and how they work.
I will include: sound waves, pitching forks, frequencies, the Doppler
Effect, response and Fletcher Munson curves, envelopes, amplitude,
phase, harmonics, EQ and decibels.
Sound Waves:
Sound is an energy that travels through a medium. For example, it ripples
in the air it is the same as the waves that are created when it is
disturbed.

On the other hand, sound is omnidirectional. The energy is equal and

travels in all directions.

A sound wave is a pictured representation of a sound

bubble.

BY: KATIE MORGAN.

There are many different types of sound wave. Some are complex and
some are not. (Put in diagrams).
A snare drum is complex:

A vocal waveforms look like this (they look like this in Logic):

Sound waves go through the air. The air contains gases and they are:
nitrogen and oxygen. This is made of carbon dioxide and atoms. These are
molecules. When this is disturbed these particles cause a chain reaction.
The molecules and atoms go passed each other with force. They do this
through the oscillations and vibrations. Compression and rarefaction is in
the air molecules.
Here is a diagram to show a vibrating string:

BY: KATIE MORGAN.

Pitching Forks:
Pitching forks (referred to as tuning forks) make low and high pressure
as they vibrate. These are the compressions and rarefactions. The air
molecules produce different frequencies. They have a constant pitch. To
do this it vibrates when it is hit against an object or surface. They emit
musical tones. But, you have wait until the high overtones to disappear.

Frequencies:
Frequencies consist of 1 compression and 1 rarefaction. The cycles in a
second is known as a frequency. This as measured in Hertz (Hz).
Frequencies have their own wavelength. Also reverberation has something
to do with this because it is caused by the undeviating signal that
reflects off an object. The high frequencies absorb quicker than low
frequencies.
The frequency spectrum has a wide range of pitch is from 20Hz
20,000Hz. 20,000Hz is also known as 20KHz. Here is the radio spectrum:

On a keyboard the musical notes have its own frequency, for example, D
is 294Hz and B is 494hZ. These notes have different frequencies so they
dont sound the same. If they sounded the same there would be no point

BY: KATIE MORGAN.

in having musical notes. Likewise, different instruments have different
frequencies, for example,

The Doppler Effect:

This is when the frequency of a wave changes for an object moving to its
source, for example,

(Austrian physicist Christian Doppler, made this theory in 1842).

Response and Fletcher Munson Curves:
Response Curves is the response of a fragile apparatus to differing
starting point. Also microphones sounds diff in intensity.

BY: KATIE MORGAN.

Fletcher Munson Curves are the sets of the equal loudness that is form
of the human ear, using headphones.
The tones are at numerous frequencies and intensities! (The reference
tone is 1000Hz) and was modified. It
was the same volume as the test
tone.

Microphone Frequencies:
Dynamic microphones have a low frequency response and less fragile to
low level sound. Meanwhile the condenser microphone is fragile to high
frequencies and to low level frequencies. (We record things to put on
Logic using a dynamic microphone).

The speed of sound:

The speed of sound is 6260 m / s.
The speed of sound at sea level is 340.29 m / s.

BY: KATIE MORGAN.

Envelopes:
You can also use envelopes to create sound. You can change the ADSR.
This stand for attack, decay, sustain and release. Envelopes are used in
Logic like this:

Amplitude:
The maximum oscillation or vibration that is measured at the position of
the force.

Phases:
Adjusting something so it can synchronize with something else. Phases
are used in Logic like this:

BY: KATIE MORGAN.

Harmonics:
This is the component frequency or wave an oscillation. Harmonics are
used in Logic like this:

EQ:
EQ mean equalisation. We use the equaliser to find the EQ. An equaliser
is a technology, track or software that allows you to control the relative
amplitude of the many different frequencies that are in the bandwidth.
This bandwidth is audible.
With the EQ we edit the sound that we recorded to bring it back to its
original tone. We can also change the frequency of the midi or audio
regions. This make it sound better and fuses together the music or sound
effects. Plus, this makes it more imaginative.
There are two key types of EQ and they are:
Shelving EQ is known for the wide frequency response which increases
and decreases. The frequency weakens to a specific level stay like that
until the spectrum ends.

BY: KATIE MORGAN.

The Bell (Peak) EQ is a EQ that most people use. It has a filter that is
known as a peaking filter. The peak can be encouraged or lightened by
frequencys center.

This EQ can also have a Semi Parametric EQ. However, there is no Q

(The quality factor). So, because of this curve will be doing the same
thing over and over again.

Decibels (dB SPL):

SPL stands of Sound Pressure Level.

This is a unit that is used to

measure sounds intensity or an
electrical signal (The noise loudness)
that compares level on a scale that
is logarithmic.

Thats it for Section 1. I left you on

a high note! The next is Section 2,
which is about the principles of
musical instruments. Ill write about
this in a new word document.

BY: KATIE MORGAN.

Pictures References:
https://www.reddit.com/r/Cinema4D/comments/30zy6p/need_help_for_a_ripple_effec
t_in_water/
https://www.earthled.com/collections/60-watt-equivalent-led-a19-omni-directionallight-bulbs
http://www.tokenrock.com/cymatics/cymatics_seeing_sound.php
http://www.planetoftunes.com/sound-audio-theory/complexsoundwaves.html#.Vmb_37iLTIU
http://www.videomaker.com/community/forums/topic/problems-with-recording-using-alavalier-microphone
http://support.ircam.fr/docs/AudioSculpt/3.0/co/Acoustic%20Notions.html
http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/lili/personen/vgramley/teaching/HTHS/acoustic_2010.html
http://people.ece.cornell.edu/land/courses/ece4760/FinalProjects/f2012/ajw89_bwj8/
ajw89_bwj8/
http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/87751/do-low-frequency-sounds-reallycarry-longer-distances
http://www.spaceacademy.net.au/spacelink/radiospace.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_response_curve
http://www.uaudio.com/blog/how-the-ear-works/
http://www.cs.unc.edu/Research/assist/et/2005/SoundSynthesizer.html
http://www.henrys.com/Audio-Video-Overview.aspx
http://pages.uoregon.edu/stanm/PHYS152SUMMER2011/LECTURES3and4-WAVES.html
My own screen shot
http://www.frankswebspace.org.uk/ScienceAndMaths/physics/physicsGCSE/amplitude
WavelengthFrequency.htm
My own screen shot
My own screen shot
http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/may03/articles/sequencereq.asp
http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/may03/articles/sequencereq.asp
http://www.themusicespionage.co.uk/mixing/studio-fx-plug-ins/eq/
http://www.bestearplugsforsleeping.net/noise-reduction-rating-mean/