Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
KAMPUS TAPAH
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES AND SKILLS
BIO300
PROJECT PROPOSAL
AS1205F
TITLE:
EFFICIENCY OF CALENDULA sp.
EXTRACT (Diptera: CULICIDAE)
REPELLENT
Page | 1
PART A:
i.
RESEARCHER BACKGROUND
ii.
PROJECT MEMBERS:
NO.
NAME
01
02
03
iii.
MATRIC
NUMBER
CONTACT
NUMBER
PROJECT SUPERVISOR:
MADAM NADIA NISHA BT. HAJI MUSA
iv.
v.
LECTURER (Lecture/Laboratory)
MADAM MARLINA BINTI MOHD MYDIN
Page | 2
OBJECTIVES:
To determine the efficiency of calendula as repellent to culicidae
ii.
Hypothesis
iii.
Variable
1. Independent variable : Part of calendula.
2. Dependent variable : The diversity of culicidae after using the
calendula as repellent.
3. Control variable : Time taken to observe the result.
Sampling technique.
Concentration of extract.
Page | 3
iv.
SIGNIFICANCE OF PROJECT:
This project was presenting the new problem solving to repel the common
insect that regularly disturb our living home, mosquitoes. Commonly the repellent
product that have been produced was use ingredients base on calendula sp and also
only non-organic chemical. Now, was presenting the innovation of mosquitoes
repellent that use flowers as the base ingredients Calendula sp., or the local name is
Marigold flower was find out have a chance to repel the mosquitoes.
the lutein. The active component in Marigold flower can be used as repellent same
effective as DEET and at the same time can lower the cost of mosquitoes repellent.
This repellent is non-toxic and very safe for every age group and do not harm pets
also. The smell of the oil relieves from new mosquitoes repellent can calms the body.
Page | 5
v.
DEFINITION OF TERMS/CONCEPTS:
Terms
Calendula
Definition
A plant that is grown for its bright yellow
or orange flowers, which is one of the
richest natural sources of xanthophylls,
Culicidae
mainly lutein
A slender long-legged fly with aquatic
larvae.The bite of the bloodsucking female
can transmit a number of serious diseases
Aqueous
FTIR
Rotavapour
spectroscopy
A piece of apparatus consisting of a motor
unit that rotates the evaporation flask, a
vacuum system, a heated water bath and a
condenser , which is used to remove
solvents from samples under reduced
Lutein
pressure
A deep yellow pigment of the xanthophyll
class, found in the petal of plants, in egg
Bare leg
their population.
vi.
LITERATURE REVIEW:
1. Culicidae
Page | 7
Source : http://www.wumcd.org/mosquito/lifecycle.gif
There are some 3300 species of mosquitoes belonging to 41 genera, all contained
in the family Culicidae. This family is divided into three subfamilies: Toxorhynchitinae,
Anophelinae (anophelines) and Culicinae (culicines).
Page | 8
According to Laurel(2014), the mosquito goes through four separate and distinct
stages of its life cycle which is egg, larva, pupa and adult. Eggs are laid one at a time or
attached together to form "rafts" and float at the surface of water. The larva lives in the
water and comes to the surface to breath . Larvae shed (molt) their skins four time,
growing larger after each molt. Most larvae have siphon tubes for breathing and hang
upside down from the water surface. The pupa stage is resting, non-feeding stage of
development, but pupae are mobile, responding to light changes and moving (tumble)
with a flip of their tails toward the bottom or protective areas. This is the time the
mosquito change to adult. The newly emerged adult rests on the surface of the water for a
short time to allow itself to dry and all its body part to harden. The wings have to spread
out and and dry properly before it can fly.
Page | 9
Page | 10
During the day they are inactive and are often found resting in dark corners of rooms,
shelters and culverts. Numerous studies have shown that the seasonal patterns of
Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus abundances are linked with local rainfall, and
these patterns have been interpreted as being a result of dry-season egg mortality and
rainy-season competitive ability.
For mansonia, this species is very sensitive to low humidities and most males
and unfed females are dead after exposure to sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide
solutions also at a temperature of 27-29C as stated by B. R. Lacresce (n.d).
Anopheles mosquitos are active between sunset and sunrise. Each species has
specific peak biting hours, and there are also variations in their preference for biting
indoors or outdoors. The anophelines that enter houses to feed often rest indoors for a
few hours after feeding. They may then leave for outdoor sheltered resting sites,
among them vegetation, rodent burrows, cracks and crevices in trees or in the ground,
caves and the undersides of bridges. Alternatively, they may stay indoors for the
whole period needed to digest the blood-meal and produce eggs. Indoor resting is
most common in dry or windy areas where safe outdoor resting sites are scarce.
include drainage ditches that fill during storm, woodland pools created by melting snow,
or spring and early summer rains, floodplains along the banks of stream and rivers, also
irrigated pastures and field.
According to Orkin (2015), hot, humid environment are most amenable to mosquito
growth and survival. Infestation can occur easily in tropical areas. Mosquito larvae are
active in transient water such as flood water, ditches and woodland pools. Mosquito
prefer stagnant water within which they lay egg such as pond, marshes and swamps.
2. Natural Plant
Page | 12
Source: hdimgegallery.net
measles and smallpox. Marigold is beneficial for the eyes, and old herbal reports.
Page | 14
According to Lim, Serena (2003) there was two main extraction methods, which
are conventional method and rotavapor method, were investigated using the chosen
raw material. Behr Labor Technique (n.d) states that continue the heat solvent vessel
until all the solvent has been evaporated and condensed in the rotavapor extractor.
According to The Interactive Lab Primer (n.d), when a compound of low solubility
needs to be extracted from solid mixture at rotavapor interaction can be carried out.
The technique places a specialized piece of glassware in flask and a condenser.
According to Asikin (2012), the content of lutein extracted from Marigold flower
was found to be 2.5354% and the maximum amount of lutein extracted was obtained
at temperature 45C, volume of solvent at 150 ml and extraction time at 30 minutes.
The optimum results demonstrated that temperature was influenced variable on the
extraction content of lutein. The extraction rate constant, k of lutein decreased with
increasing temperature and volume of solvent, and the k values were (0.0405-0.2712)
min-1. According to Hojnik et al. (2008, as cited at Sakinah,2012) was find that when
Page | 15
temperature is increase from 20C to 40C, a small increase in the final extraction
efficiency of lutein can be observed and remains constant with further rise of
temperature to 60C. According to Chromatoqr (2013), the addition of acetone
enhance the extraction yield of lutein in many flowers..
Page | 16
Page | 17
3.2 Rotavapor
Page | 18
Page | 19
Page | 20
Page | 21
vii.
RESEARCH METHOD
Series no:UiTM/P8A2/A/1W823/2015W00010
MODEL:PERKIN ELMER/FRONTIER
2.Do the FTIR test to check the presence of lutein in the petals
2.Click icon on desktop 'spectrum'.
3.Log in
4.Insert basic parameter instrument
5.Then do the background scan
6.Scan the sampel
7.After that, print out the spectrum result.
8.Log out.
9.Separate the petals from the sepals
Page | 22
Page | 23
10)
19.Turn on the vacuum controller. Press the button menu and set.
20.Turn the selection knob and set the pressure at 556 atm for acetone sample.
21.Press ok and the button start.
22.Wait until all the acetone evaporate then, turn the rotation knob and stop the
evaporating flask.
23.Press the stop button twice to let out the pressure
24.Switch off heating bath and the vacuum controller
25.Press the lift brake in the holder to lift up the evaporating flask
26.Take the sample in the evaporating flask. Clean up the apparatus.
27. Keep the extraction oil in the glass bottle to avoid evaporate and durable
28. By using bare legs method which take 5 days to collect the population of the
mosquitoes with lutein and without lutein for 5 days
Day 1
1.30pm-7.30pm
7.30pm-1.30am
1.30am-7.30am
7.30am-1.30pm
Day 2
1.30pm-7.30pm
7.30pm-1.30am
1.30am-7.30am
7.30am-1.30pm
Day 3
1.30pm-7.30pm
17.30pm-1.30am
1.30am-7.30am
7.30am-1.30pm
Day 4
1.30pm-7.30pm
7.30pm-1.30am
1.30am-7.30am
7.30am-1.30pm
Name
Fatin and Nabiha
Farah and Hazwani
Fatin and Nabiha
Farah and Hazwani
Fatin and Nabiha
Farah and Hazwani
Fatin and Nabiha
Farah and Hazwani
Fatin and Nabiha
Farah and Hazwani
Fatin and Nabiha
Farah and Hazwani
Fatin and Nabiha
Farah and Hazwani
Fatin and Nabiha
Farah and Hazwani
Page | 24
Day 5
1.30pm-7.30pm
7.30pm-1.30am
1.30am-7.30am
7.30am-1.30pm
29. By following shift time which 1.30 p.m until 7.30 p.m and 7.30 p,m to 1.30
a,m to 7.30 am the mosquitoes will collect along the time scheduled.
30. Repeat procedure 29 with lutein for 5 days (2/9/2015-6/9/2015) and without
lutein for 5 days (7/9/2015-11/9/2015)
31. The mosquitoes collected will be kept in bijou bottle.
32.The collected mosquitoes is calculated by using SPSS to get standard
deviation, mean and significance
33.Record all the results in the table
viii.
LIST OF EQUIPMENTS/FACILITIES
1) Rotavapour
2) FTIR
3) Test tube
4) Beaker
5)Measuring cylinder
6)Bijou bottle
7)Spray bottle
8)Compound Microscope
Page | 25
LIST OF CHEMICALS/MEDIA:
1)Lutein(in the petals)
3)500 ml of Acetone
ix.
GANTT CHART
Research Activities /
Duration
Discussion
June
July
August
September
W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4
with
Advisor
Submission of first
draft
Proposal
Submission
Proposal
Presentation
Page | 26
Collection
of
participants
information
Interpretation
of
Project
presentation
x.
FLOW CHART
Page | 27
5. Extract the
sample using
rotavapour.
6. Spray
the
extraction
oil at the
leg
4. Soak in the
acetone solvents for
one week.
Page | 28
Fresh Marigold
Page | 29
Page | 30
Bare Leg
Technique
Calculation
Page | 31
xi.
REFERENCES
Noor Asikin Ahmad Sfri (2012), Study on Extraction Kinetics and Formation of
Natural Mosquito Repellent Solution from Marigold Flower Extract: Universiti
Malaysia Pahang
Page | 32
http://theflowerexpert.com/content/growingflowers/flowersandseasons/marigolds
Jonason.D (2014), Surveys Moths Using Light Traps: Effect Of Weather And Time
Of Year .Retrieved from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?
id=10.1371/journal.pone.0092453
Page | 33
http://www.mosquitocatalog.org/files/pdfs/075600-0.pdf
Page | 34
from : www.mosquitoworld.net/about-mosquitoes/habitats/
Page | 36
Page | 38