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PRCTICA:
CONDUCTIVIDAD TRMICA
CURSO:
LABORATORIO DE OPERACIONES UNITARIAS
AGROINDUSTRIALES II
PROFESOR:
ALEX SAMUEL SILVA
INTEGRANTES:
CDIGOS:
1. TABLA DE CONTENIDO
2. RESUMEN
3. INTRODUCCIN
4. PRINCIPIOS TERICOS
5. DETALLES EXPERIMENTALES
6. GRFICAS DEL ALUMINIO
7. DISCUSIN DE RESULTADOS
8. CONCLUSIONES
9. RECOMENDACIONES
10. BIBLIOGRAFA
11. APNDICE
3. RESUMEN
El presente informe tiene como objetivo determinar experimentalmente la conductividad
trmica en slidos metlicos utilizando barras cilndricas de aluminio y cobre
El proceso de transferencia de calor se lleva a cabo por enfriamiento de una barra cilndrica
que se sumerge en agua a temperatura constante. La variacin de la temperatura con el
tiempo, se determina en el centro de la barra cilndrica con la ayuda de un termmetro digital.
Usaremos el mtodo de la resistencia interna despreciable, cuya suposicin dice en esencia
que, la temperatura del slido es espacialmente uniforme en cualquier instante durante el
proceso transitorio.
La conductividad trmica experimental del aluminio y del cobre con su porcentaje de error
comparados con las propiedades de los elementos extrados de la bibliografa, para cada una
de las cuatro corridas, figuran en la siguiente tabla.
INTRODUCCIN
PRINCIPIOS TERICOS
DETALLES EXPERIMENTALES
MATERIALES Y EQUIPO
1 Horno elctrico.
1 Barra cilndrica de aluminio.
1 Barra cilndrica de cobre.
1 Termmetro digital.
1 Termmetro de vidrio.
1 Cronmetro.
1 Tanque con agua.
Aceite.
Pinzas de metal.
Guantes
PROCEDIMIENTO
1. Primero se toman las dimensiones de cada barra (altura, dimetro).
2. Verificar que estn completamente limpias las barras, observar que no haya residuos de
aceites en su interior.
3. Introducir al horno las dos barras de aluminio y cobre a una temperatura de 200C por un
tiempo de 30 minutos.
4. Pasado el tiempo, retirar la barra de aluminio con ayuda del guante e inmediatamente echar
aceite por el orificio que presenta la barra en la parte superior. Evitar que no rebalse el aceite
por la barra. (La otra barra de cobre permanece en el horno)
5. Medir con el termmetro digital la temperatura que marca en ese instante.
6. Tomar la temperatura del tanque antes de introducir la barra de aluminio.
7. Introducir la barra de aluminio con la ayuda de la pinza en el tanque para enfriarla
sbitamente y medir las temperaturas que registra en ese momento por cada cinco segundos,
hasta que la temperatura que marque el termmetro digital sea constante.
Realizar de esta manera para la barra de aluminio.
Repetir el mismo procedimiento para la barra de cobre
para el Cobre
Cobre (Cu)
Aluminio (Al)
Altura (cm)
14.8
14.8
Dimetro (cm)
5,413
5,00
7.995
Dimetro (cm)
1.01
0.0108m
para el Aluminio
Aluminio (Al)
6,364
0.0108m
0,882
(Kg/m3)
K (W/m.C)
Aluminio (Al)
903
2702
237
Cobre (Cu)
385
8933
401
Cp (J/Kg.C)
(Kg/m3)
K (W/m.C)
Aluminio (Al)
903
2702
237
Cobre (Cu)
385
8933
401
Tiempo
para llegar
al equilibrio
(t) s
tempera
tura
en el
bloque
Temperatura
en el tiempo
t (T) C
129.6
21.6
10
122.8
15
LN
T T 00
T iT 00
T T 00
T iT 00
T T 00
1
ln
B
T iT 00
0.89552239
-0.110348057
-13.07084433
21.6
0.83913765
-0.175380527
-20.77400936
117.6
21.6
0.7960199
-0.228131093
-27.02236974
20
112
21.6
0.74958541
-0.288235017
-34.14174325
25
107.6
21.6
0.71310116
-0.338131988
-40.05209237
30
104.2
21.6
0.68490879
-0.378469604
-44.83012571
35
101
21.6
0.65837479
-0.417980916
-49.51028252
40
97.3
21.6
0.62769486
-0.465701124
-55.16279172
45
93.8
21.6
0.5986733
-0.513039238
-60.77004156
50
90.8
21.6
0.57379768
-0.555478422
-65.7970078
55
88.3
21.6
0.55306799
-0.592274331
-70.1555223
60
85.5
21.6
0.52985075
-0.635159923
-75.23536607
65
83.3
21.6
0.51160862
-0.670195353
-79.38534995
70
81.2
21.6
0.49419569
-0.70482371
-83.48711552
75
79.2
21.6
0.47761194
-0.738956717
-87.5302063
80
77.3
21.6
0.46185738
-0.772499137
-91.50334159
85
75.2
21.6
0.44444444
-0.810930216
-96.05554362
90
73.8
21.6
0.43283582
-0.837396789
-99.19053726
95
72.1
21.6
0.41873964
-0.870505948
-103.1123522
100
70.2
21.6
0.40298507
-0.908855753
-107.6549273
105
68.7
21.6
0.39054726
-0.940206283
-111.3684308
110
67.6
21.6
0.3814262
-0.963837888
-114.1676194
115
66.1
21.6
0.36898839
-0.996990095
-118.0945335
120
64.8
21.6
0.35820896
-1.026638789
-121.6064527
125
63
21.6
0.34328358
-1.069198403
-126.6476841
130
61.8
21.6
0.33333333
-1.098612289
-130.13179
135
60.5
21.6
0.3225539
-1.131485034
-134.0256015
140
58.7
21.6
0.30762852
-1.178862315
-139.6374906
145
57.8
21.6
0.30016584
-1.203420165
-142.5463941
150
56.8
21.6
0.29187396
-1.231433202
-145.8645679
155
55.7
21.6
0.2827529
-1.2631819
-149.6252349
160
55
21.6
0.27694859
-1.283923384
-152.0820857
165
54
21.6
0.26865672
-1.314320861
-155.6826991
170
53.1
21.6
0.26119403
-1.342491738
-159.0195693
175
52.3
21.6
0.25456053
-1.36821663
-162.06671
180
51.5
21.6
0.24792703
-1.394620804
-165.1943124
185
50.6
21.6
0.24046434
-1.425183454
-168.8144907
190
49.8
21.6
0.23383085
-1.453157306
-172.1280231
195
49
21.6
0.22719735
-1.481936271
-175.536922
200
48.3
21.6
0.22139303
-1.507815719
-178.60237
205
47.3
21.6
0.21310116
-1.545988292
-183.1239518
210
46.7
21.6
0.20812604
-1.569611438
-185.9221385
215
46.3
21.6
0.20480929
-1.585676041
-187.8250077
220
45.6
21.6
0.19900498
-1.614425454
-191.2304061
225
45
21.6
0.19402985
-1.639743262
-194.2293273
230
44.1
21.6
0.18656716
-1.678963975
-198.8750624
235
43.6
21.6
0.18242123
-1.701436831
-201.536996
240
43.1
21.6
0.17827529
-1.724426349
-204.2601288
245
42.6
21.6
0.17412935
-1.747956847
-207.0473411
250
42
21.6
0.16915423
-1.776944383
-210.4809456
255
41.6
21.6
0.16583748
-1.796747011
-212.8265878
260
41
21.6
0.16086235
-1.827206218
-216.4345132
265
40.6
21.6
0.15754561
-1.848040305
-218.9023329
270
40.3
21.6
0.15505804
-1.86395576
-220.7875354
275
39.8
21.6
0.15091211
-1.89105769
-223.9977877
280
39.5
21.6
0.14842454
-1.907678571
-225.9665487
285
39
21.6
0.14427861
-1.936009078
-229.3223273
290
38.7
21.6
0.14179104
-1.953400821
-231.3823976
295
38.4
21.6
0.13930348
-1.971100398
-233.4789313
300
37.6
21.6
0.13266998
-2.019890562
-239.258178
305
37.5
21.6
0.1318408
-2.026160175
-240.0008203
310
37
21.6
0.12769486
-2.058111775
-243.7855211
315
36.6
21.6
0.12437811
-2.084429083
-246.9028342
320
36.2
21.6
0.12106136
-2.111457756
-250.1044091
325
35.9
21.6
0.1185738
-2.132219747
-252.563689
330
35.6
21.6
0.11608624
-2.153421955
-255.0751129
335
35.4
21.6
0.11442786
-2.167810692
-256.7794741
340
35.1
21.6
0.1119403
-2.189789599
-259.3828989
345
34.9
21.6
0.11028192
-2.204715249
-261.150858
350
34.6
21.6
0.10779436
-2.227529927
-263.8532808
355
34.4
21.6
0.10613599
-2.243034113
-265.6897681
360
34.1
21.6
0.10364842
-2.26675064
-268.4990158
365
33.7
21.6
0.10033167
-2.299273832
-272.3514224
370
33.6
21.6
0.09950249
-2.307572635
-273.3344244
375
33.4
21.6
0.09784411
-2.324379753
-275.3252453
380
33.1
21.6
0.09535655
-2.350132249
-278.3756558
385
32.8
21.6
0.09286899
-2.376565506
-281.5067031
390
32.2
21.6
0.08789386
-2.431625283
-288.0285921
395
31.9
21.6
0.0854063
-2.460335389
-291.4293345
400
31.6
21.6
0.08291874
-2.489894191
-294.930606
405
31.4
21.6
0.08126036
-2.510096899
-297.3236381
410
31.3
21.6
0.08043118
-2.520353399
-298.5385314
415
31.1
21.6
0.0787728
-2.541187486
-301.0063511
420
31
21.6
0.07794362
-2.551769595
-302.2598132
425
30.8
21.6
0.07628524
-2.5732758
-304.807246
430
30.6
21.6
0.07462687
-2.595254707
-307.4106707
435
30.4
21.6
0.07296849
-2.617727563
-310.0726043
440
30.3
21.6
0.0721393
-2.629156259
-311.4263455
445
30.2
21.6
0.07131012
-2.640717081
-312.7957371
450
30
21.6
0.06965174
-2.664247578
-315.5829495
455
29.8
21.6
0.06799337
-2.68834513
-318.43733
460
29.7
21.6
0.06716418
-2.700615223
-319.8907355
465
29.6
21.6
0.06633499
-2.713037743
-321.3621962
470
29.5
21.6
0.0655058
-2.725616525
-322.8521662
475
29.4
21.6
0.06467662
-2.738355551
-324.3611174
480
29.3
21.6
0.06384743
-2.751258955
-325.8895393
485
29.1
21.6
0.06218905
-2.777576264
-329.0068524
490
28.9
21.6
0.06053068
-2.804604936
-332.2084273
495
28.8
21.6
0.05970149
-2.818398258
-333.8422609
500
28.6
21.6
0.05804312
-2.846569135
-337.1791311
505
28.5
21.6
0.05721393
-2.860957873
-338.8834923
510
28.3
21.6
0.05555556
-2.890371758
-342.3675982
515
28.2
21.6
0.05472637
-2.905409635
-344.1488507
520
28
21.6
0.05306799
-2.936181294
-347.7937863
525
27.8
21.6
0.05140962
-2.967929992
-351.5544533
530
27.7
21.6
0.05058043
-2.984190513
-353.4805292
535
27.5
21.6
0.04892206
-3.017526933
-357.4292635
540
27.4
21.6
0.04809287
-3.034621367
-359.4541173
545
27.3
21.6
0.04726368
-3.052013109
-361.5141876
550
27.3
21.6
0.04726368
-3.052013109
-361.5141876
555
27.1
21.6
0.04560531
-3.087731192
-365.7450324
560
27
21.6
0.04477612
-3.106080331
-367.9185073
565
27
21.6
0.04477612
-3.106080331
-367.9185073
570
26.9
21.6
0.04394693
-3.124772464
-370.1326103
575
26.8
21.6
0.04311774
-3.143820659
-372.3888892
580
26.7
21.6
0.04228856
-3.163238745
-374.688982
585
26.5
21.6
0.04063018
-3.203244079
-379.4276563
590
26.3
21.6
0.03897181
-3.244916776
-384.3638314
595
26.1
21.6
0.03731343
-3.288401888
-389.514689
600
26
21.6
0.03648425
-3.310874743
-392.1766225
605
25.9
21.6
0.03565506
-3.333864262
-394.8997553
610
25.8
21.6
0.03482587
-3.357394759
-397.6869677
615
25.7
21.6
0.03399668
-3.381492311
-400.5413482
620
25.6
21.6
0.0331675
-3.406184923
-403.4662144
625
25.5
21.6
0.03233831
-3.431502731
-406.4651356
630
25.4
21.6
0.03150912
-3.457478218
-409.5419595
635
25.2
21.6
0.02985075
-3.511545439
-415.9462791
640
25.1
21.6
0.02902156
-3.539716316
-419.2831494
645
25
21.6
0.02819237
-3.568703853
-422.7167538
650
24.9
21.6
0.02736318
-3.598556816
-426.2528689
655
24.8
21.6
0.026534
-3.629328474
-429.8978045
660
24.7
21.6
0.02570481
-3.661077173
-433.6584715
665
24.6
21.6
0.02487562
-3.693866996
-437.5424608
670
24.2
21.6
0.02155887
-3.836967839
-454.4929074
675
24.1
21.6
0.02072968
-3.876188552
-459.1386424
680
24
21.6
0.0199005
-3.917010547
-463.9740509
685
23.9
21.6
0.01907131
-3.959570161
-469.0152824
690
23.8
21.6
0.01824212
-4.004021924
-474.2806408
695
23.7
21.6
0.01741294
-4.05054194
-479.7909859
700
23.6
21.6
0.01658375
-4.099332104
-485.5702326
705
23.6
21.6
0.01658375
-4.099332104
-485.5702326
710
23.4
21.6
0.01492537
-4.204692619
-498.0502973
715
23.3
21.6
0.01409619
-4.261851033
-504.820772
720
23.3
21.6
0.01409619
-4.261851033
-504.820772
Tiempo
para llegar
al
equilibrio
(t) s
temperat
ura
en el
bloque
Temperatura
en el tiempo
t (T) C
128.1
21.6
0.930131
-0.07242984
10
125.2
21.6
0.90480349
-0.10003749
15
120.8
21.6
0.86637555
-0.14343681
20
117.3
21.6
0.83580786
-0.17935652
25
113.3
21.6
0.80087336
-0.22205244
30
109.6
21.6
0.76855895
-0.26323801
35
105.7
21.6
0.73449782
-0.30856826
40
101.6
21.6
0.69868996
-0.35854819
45
98.3
21.6
0.669869
-0.40067311
50
95.2
21.6
0.64279476
-0.4419298
55
92.5
21.6
0.61921397
-0.47930439
60
89.7
21.6
0.59475983
-0.51959761
65
87.5
21.6
0.57554585
-0.55243638
70
84.9
21.6
0.55283843
-0.59268949
75
82.5
21.6
0.53187773
-0.63134165
LN
T T 00
T iT 00
T T 00
T iT 00
T T 00
1
ln
B
T iT 00
80
80.6
21.6
0.51528384
-0.66303738
85
79.7
21.6
0.50742358
-0.67840916
90
78.9
21.6
0.50043668
-0.6922742
95
77.2
21.6
0.48558952
-0.72239162
100
74.9
21.6
0.46550218
-0.76463849
105
72.2
21.6
0.4419214
-0.81662325
110
70.7
21.6
0.42882096
-0.84671579
115
69.4
21.6
0.41746725
-0.87354918
120
67.6
21.6
0.40174672
-0.91193343
125
66.6
21.6
0.3930131
-0.93391233
130
65.7
21.6
0.38515284
-0.95411504
135
62.6
21.6
0.3580786
-1.02700276
140
61.2
21.6
0.34585153
-1.0617457
145
59.6
21.6
0.33187773
-1.10298866
150
58.7
21.6
0.32401747
-1.12695785
155
57.6
21.6
0.31441048
-1.15705588
160
56.3
21.6
0.30305677
-1.19383514
165
55
21.6
0.29170306
-1.23201892
170
53.7
21.6
0.28034934
-1.27171879
175
52.9
21.6
0.27336245
-1.29695673
180
52
21.6
0.26550218
-1.32613221
185
51.3
21.6
0.25938865
-1.34942778
190
50.3
21.6
0.25065502
-1.3836777
195
49.5
21.6
0.24366812
-1.41194813
200
48.6
21.6
0.23580786
-1.44473796
205
47.6
21.6
0.22707424
-1.48247828
210
47.2
21.6
0.22358079
-1.49798247
215
46.2
21.6
0.21484716
-1.53782838
220
45.7
21.6
0.21048035
-1.55836298
225
45
21.6
0.20436681
-1.5878388
230
44.3
21.6
0.19825328
-1.6182099
235
43.7
21.6
0.1930131
-1.64499721
240
42.8
21.6
0.18515284
-1.68657364
245
42.5
21.6
0.18253275
-1.70082566
250
41.9
21.6
0.17729258
-1.72995394
255
41.2
21.6
0.17117904
-1.76504526
260
40.5
21.6
0.1650655
-1.8014129
265
40.3
21.6
0.16331878
-1.8120513
270
39.7
21.6
0.1580786
-1.84466288
275
39.1
21.6
0.15283843
-1.87837394
280
38.8
21.6
0.15021834
-1.89566544
285
38.3
21.6
0.14585153
-1.9251661
290
38
21.6
0.14323144
-1.94329349
295
37.6
21.6
0.13973799
-1.9679861
300
37.2
21.6
0.13624454
-1.99330391
305
36.3
21.6
0.12838428
-2.05272733
310
36.3
21.6
0.12838428
-2.05272733
315
36
21.6
0.12576419
-2.07334662
320
35.7
21.6
0.1231441
-2.09440003
325
35.4
21.6
0.12052402
-2.11590623
330
35.2
21.6
0.11877729
-2.13050503
335
34.6
21.6
0.11353712
-2.17562547
340
34.1
21.6
0.10917031
-2.21484618
345
33.8
21.6
0.10655022
-2.23913887
350
33.4
21.6
0.10305677
-2.27247529
355
34.1
21.6
0.10917031
-2.21484618
360
33.9
21.6
0.10742358
-2.23097556
365
33.1
21.6
0.10043668
-2.29822779
370
32.9
21.6
0.09868996
-2.3157721
375
32.3
21.6
0.09344978
-2.37033108
380
31.8
21.6
0.08908297
-2.4181871
385
31.6
21.6
0.08733624
-2.43798973
390
31.3
21.6
0.08471616
-2.46844894
395
31.2
21.6
0.08384279
-2.47881172
400
30.8
21.6
0.08034934
-2.52137134
405
30.7
21.6
0.07947598
-2.53230041
410
30.6
21.6
0.07860262
-2.54335025
415
30.4
21.6
0.0768559
-2.5658231
420
30
21.6
0.07336245
-2.61234312
430
29.6
21.6
0.069869
-2.66113328
440
29.3
21.6
0.06724891
-2.69935449
450
29
21.6
0.06462882
-2.73909482
460
28.9
21.6
0.06375546
-2.75270047
470
28.5
21.6
0.06026201
-2.80905341
480
28.3
21.6
0.05851528
-2.8384673
490
28.2
21.6
0.05764192
-2.85350517
500
27.9
21.6
0.05502183
-2.90002519
510
27.7
21.6
0.05327511
-2.93228605
520
27.6
21.6
0.05240175
-2.94881535
530
27.4
21.6
0.05065502
-2.98271691
540
27.2
21.6
0.0489083
-3.01780823
550
27
21.6
0.04716157
-3.05417587
560
26.9
21.6
0.04628821
-3.072868
570
26.7
21.6
0.04454148
-3.11133428
580
26.5
21.6
0.04279476
-3.15133962
590
26.4
21.6
0.0419214
-3.17195891
600
26.3
21.6
0.04104803
-3.19301231
610
26.2
21.6
0.04017467
-3.21451852
620
26
21.6
0.03842795
-3.25897028
630
25.9
21.6
0.03755459
-3.2819598
640
25.7
21.6
0.03580786
-3.32958785
650
25.6
21.6
0.0349345
-3.35428046
660
25.4
21.6
0.03318777
-3.40557376
670
25.3
21.6
0.03231441
-3.432242
680
25.3
21.6
0.03231441
-3.432242
690
25.2
21.6
0.03144105
-3.45964098
700
25
21.6
0.02969432
-3.51679939
710
24.9
21.6
0.02882096
-3.54665235
720
24.7
21.6
0.02707424
-3.60917271
730
24.6
21.6
0.02620087
-3.64196253
740
24.5
21.6
0.02532751
-3.67586409
750
24.4
21.6
0.02445415
-3.71095541
760
24.4
21.6
0.02445415
-3.71095541
770
24.3
21.6
0.02358079
-3.74732305
780
24.2
21.6
0.02270742
-3.78506338
790
24.1
21.6
0.02183406
-3.82428409
800
24
21.6
0.0209607
-3.86510609
810
24
21.6
0.0209607
-3.86510609
820
23.9
21.6
0.02008734
-3.9076657
830
23.8
21.6
0.01921397
-3.95211746
840
23.7
21.6
0.01834061
-3.99863748
850
23.7
21.6
0.01834061
-3.99863748
860
23.7
21.6
0.01834061
-3.99863748
870
23.6
21.6
0.01746725
-4.04742764
880
23.6
21.6
0.01746725
-4.04742764
890
23.6
21.6
0.01746725
-4.04742764
900
23.6
21.6
0.01746725
-4.04742764
EJEMPLO DE CLCULOS
Donde:
T
t = tiempo de enfriamiento
V = Volumen de la barra
S = Superficie de la barra
T T
T iT
para t = 0s
h
cpv
T T
para t = 5s
T iT
T = 129.6C
Ti = 142.2C
T = 21.6C
Obtenemos = Ln(
129.621.6
= -0.110348057
142.221.6
*Todos los valores que corresponden a esta parte de clculo se encuentran en la Tabla N .
Se realiza la grfica correspondiente, Ln (
T T
T iT
m==
h
c ppv
s
h
Luego: -0.005038028 = - c ppv
s
S=
S = 0,02969 m2
Donde:
V
= Volumen de la barra.
= Superficie de la barra
v
=0.011255
s
,
Reemplazando en (II):
c
-0.005038028 =
v
s
-0.005038028= -
h
38589330.011255
h=195.0243
luego
Entonces reemplazando:
La
es
W/mK
Calculamos el B:
B =8.4423 x
103
(1/B) = 118.45
*El B (Biot), es menor de 0.1. Esto nos permite realizar los clculos despreciando la resistencia
interna
(estado no estacionario).
Graficamos vs. t.
k
=7.5594105
c
(v /s)2
=7.5594105
K=
259.9848
W/mK