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Abstract

Human rights, as a system or set of moral claims, does not exist in a vacuum, or just serves its own end. It constitutes one dimension of norms, along with social obligation, for co-existence in society. Human rights , thus, has its own dynamics and susceptible to changing circumstances.

Globalization serves as the starting point for this modem change and development, following the rise of industrial capitalism of the West and then expanding its power onto the tropical world of Asia, Africal, and Latin America. The main purpose is to open up the markets as well as exploit their rich natural resources for industrial raw materials. This so-called globalization is fashionably defined within the narrow-minded economics discipline as global economic integration. In truth, however, it is none other than self-aggrandizement and domination over the non-Western world under the guise of Economic Liberalism. It has gone through in its first phase by means of colonialism and semi-colonialism. But soon after the Second World War, overwhelmed by the forces of nation a-

(1110 )

lism struggling for sovereignty and the right to selfdetermination of the newly-created nation states, globalization transforms itself into Neo-Liberalism, which is well equipped with the all-powerful technology, particularly in the fields of information and biology, as well as military.

Thailand similarly falls victim to the globalization forces through those two phases of semi -colonialism and neo-liberalism respectively. Quite apart from the struggles to maintain the sovereignty of the newly established nation state, as generally talked-about, the focus of this study is specifically on the adverse impact of centralization reform that imposes absolute power over traditionally selfgoverning grassroots communities, and along with them, the local resources bases and traditional knowledge. They all come under exploitation and threats ever since the coming into force of the "free market" economic system, like the Bowring Treaty imposed upon Thailand century and a half ago. It is getting worse under the current rule of democracy and western-styled economic development, where exploitation and threats could be "lawfully" enforced upon. And all this, in the name of modernization and economic progress that becomes deep-rooted in the belief system among the well-educated elite. Hence, contradiction and alienation within Thai society and the adverse impact on the state of human rights.

With the free-market economic system at its worst to the point of becoming the tyranny of the global market and totalitarianism in practically all aspects, human rights development can be said to have come into another period of transformation, This is well expressed in the on-going community rights movements on the one hand, and on the other, all the persistent attempt in search for alternative economic system and development that allows ample room for pluralistic ways of life with freedom and justice, and in the same vein for conserving nature that serves to sustain life on earth.

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